The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Open accessAbstract
Trust pervades human societies. Trust is indispensable in friendship, love, families and organizations, and plays a key role in economic exchange and politics. In the absence of trust among trading partners, market transactions break down. In the absence of trust in a country's institutions and leaders, political legitimacy breaks down. Much recent evidence indicates that trust contributes to economic, political and social success. Little is known, however, about the biological basis of trust among humans. Here we show that intranasal administration of oxytocin, a neuropeptide that plays a key role in social attachment and affiliation in non-human mammals, causes a substantial increase in trust among humans, thereby greatly increasing the benefits from social interactions. We also show that the effect of oxytocin on trust is not due to a general increase in the readiness to bear risks. On the contrary, oxytocin specifically affects an individual's willingness to accept social risks arising through interpersonal interactions. These results concur with animal research suggesting an essential role for oxytocin as a biological basis of prosocial approach behaviour.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin is also involved in nursing behavior, trust, and “mind-reading” (Domes et al. 2007; Kosfeld et al. 2005)”
From Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging studies in humans have largely substantiated this view.”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In persons without known developmental or psychiatric disorders, the use of intranasal oxytocin increases social affiliation, social memory, and empathy.2–5”
From Intranasal Oxytocin in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In humans, intranasal administration of OT was found to increase bonding-related behavior, including gaze to eye region (Guastella et al., 2008), interpersonal trust and empathy (Hurlemann et al., 2010; Kosfeld et al., 2005), and social cognition (Kirsch et al., 2005).”
From Oxytocin during the initial stages of romantic attachment: Relations to couples’ interactive reciprocity (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A few recent studies show that it is possible to alter preferences and personality through experiments that change the brain's chemistry.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak et al. [2005]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin is crucially involved in human affiliation and trust[ 23 , 24 , 25 ]”
From Loneliness and the Social Brain: How Perceived Social Isolation Impairs Human Interactions (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Much of the interest in intranasal oxytocin followed a report that it enhanced trust (96)”
From Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions (2016) · cites this paper as [96]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Because all studies on trust so far (e.g.(1,4)) resorted to monetary paradigm”
From Is there a Publication Bias in Behavioural Intranasal Oxytocin Research on Humans? Opening the File Drawer of One Laboratory (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin, however, does not make subjects more generous, suggesting that trust is not simply altruism.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak et al. [2005]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, nasal sprays of oxytocin increase trust (distinct from altruism or ability to assess probabilities) in a game-theoretic experiment (Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak et al. [2005]).”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak et al. [2005]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MDMA’s ability to enhance social bonding is thought to be driven by its stimulation of oxytocin release (84), which increases prosocial feelings (85), greater trust in interpersonal interactions (86), and openness to social reward and connectedness (87).”
From Psychoanalytically informed MDMA-assisted therapy for pathological narcissism: a novel theoretical approach (2025) · cites this paper as [86]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“This effect is amplified for mothers who exhibit a secure attachment style compared to those who are insecurely attached, and correlates with oxytocin levels in the blood [43].”
From Could intranasal oxytocin be used to enhance relationships? Research imperatives, clinical policy, and ethical considerations (2013) · cites this paper as [43]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“This is not due to deficits in general learning and memory or olfaction since they do habituate to non-social odors [78].”
From Oxytocin and the Neural Mechanisms Regulating Social Cognition and Affiliative Behavior (2009) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, OTKO males fail to habituate after repeated exposures to the same mouse [78].”
From Oxytocin and the Neural Mechanisms Regulating Social Cognition and Affiliative Behavior (2009) · cites this paper as [78]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The first studies to report intranasal OT effects in humans were done in males only, showing a role for OT in trust and in the processing of socially relevant information”
From Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior (2016) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Administration of oxytocin in humans is associated with changes in social-approach behaviors, such as trust (2) and personal proximity (3).”
From Epigenetic modification of OXT and human sociability (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“exogenous OT increases trusting behavior in an economic game (Kosfeld et al., 2005)”
From The effect of oxytocin on cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma depends on the social context and a person's social value orientation (2014) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin inhaling was found to increase trust (18)”
From Oxytocin and the development of parenting in humans (2010) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Generally, in healthy subjects pro-social feelings, including generosity and trust (6–8), social communication and emotional recognition (9,10), self-perception (11), and social interactions with offspring are altered by OT(12).”
From Chronic intranasal oxytocin causes long-term impairments in partner preference formation in male prairie voles (2013) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“as well as with standardized testing, self-report or expert ratings (Kosfeld et al., 2005).”
From Effects of intranasal oxytocin on social anxiety in males with fragile X syndrome (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Previous studies have employed simulated social games (Andari et al., 2010; Kosfeld et al., 2005), and static social photographs (Guastella et al., 2008) to evaluate the effects of OT on social behaviors.”
From Effects of intranasal oxytocin on social anxiety in males with fragile X syndrome (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Intriguingly, intranasal application of OT has been shown to increase trusting behavior in humans [20], [21], identification of others' affective states [22] and amygdala responses to emotional faces [23].”
From The oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to prosocial fund allocations in the dictator game and the social value orientations task (2009) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“only scales related to social behavior were altered by the administration of intranasal oxytocin relative to a placebo, with the exception of openness to experiences.”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“While most studies examine the effects of oxytocin 45 minutes after administration (Ditzen et al., 2009; Kosfeld et al., 2005)”
From Acute intranasal oxytocin improves positive self-perceptions of personality (2012) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“More recently, studies in humans have demonstrated that OXT administration increases pro-social behaviors like trust, empathy, and willingness to take social risks (Kosfeld et al, 2005), whereas dampening psychophysiological responses to stressors (Ditzen et al, 2009).”
From Oxytocin modulation of amygdala functional connectivity to fearful faces in generalized social anxiety disorder (2015) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al, 2005
In the citing paper
“we have demonstrated that emotion discrimination abilities in mice are dependent on the OXT system”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“OXT has been associated with social cognitive functions, such as emotion recognition [8-10, 33-36, 38, 39].”
From Oxytocin Signaling in the Central Amygdala Modulates Emotion Discrimination in Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“trust (22)”
From Oxytocin administration to parent enhances infant physiological and behavioral readiness for social engagement (2012) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Intranasal administration of oxytocin attenuates anticipatory anxiety, subjective stress, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation to a psychosocial laboratory stress task and increases trust (de Oliveira et al., 2011; Heinrichs et al., 2003; Kosfeld et al., 2005).”
From Effect of oxytocin on craving and stress response in marijuana-dependent individuals: A pilot study (2013) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“Researchers have found that OT increases cooperation and trust in others, but also envy and gloating during the experience of loss and defensive responses and punishment for the out-group during threatening conditions (De Dreu et al. 2010; Kosfeld et al. 2005; Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“Researchers found that IN-OT increases cooperation and social trust in others (Kosfeld et al. 2005), increases envy and schadenfreude in situations of loss (Shamay-Tsoory et al. 2009), enhances mind-reading capacities (Domes et al. 2007b), increases memory for faces (Rimmele et al. 2009), and improves emotion recognition (Schulze et al. 2011).”
From A precision medicine approach to oxytocin trials (2017) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. 2005
In the citing paper
“Both published case studies 67 and anecdotal evidence 68 suggest off-label prescriptions of oxytocin are already a common practice by treating clinicians, despite concerns about pediatric use outside of a clinical trial setting.69”
From Beyond the hype and hope: critical considerations for intranasal oxytocin research in autism spectrum disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“This question has sparked more than a decade of research ever since the first report that administering a single dose of intranasal OT (compared to placebo) increases the willingness to trust in a dyadic economic game with real monetary stakes 8 .”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“In an influential paper, Kosfeld et al. (2005) showed that intranasal administration of Oxytocin (OT) increases the transfers made by investors in the trust game -suggesting that OT increases trust in strangers.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. (2005)
In the citing paper
“The Kosfeld et al. study 8 already suggested this: OT increased trusting decisions in the trust game, but did not augment risk-taking in an identically framed risk game played against a computer.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
In the citing paper
“reports that oxytocin increases trust14”
In the citing paper
“Several human studies showed that intranasal oxytocin can facilitate trust and prosocial behavior [40,41].”
From Efficacy of oxytocin administration early after psychotrauma in preventing the development of PTSD: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (2014) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“intranasal oxytocin administration has been shown to reliably modulate neuropsychological functions in a series of studies (2–5) in the absence of relevant side effects (16).”
From Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Research in humans has almost exclusively focused on the role of oxytocin in the regulation of prosocial behavior, including trust, attachment, and sexual behavior (2–5), largely ignoring potential effects of the neuropeptide on ingestive behavior and metabolism.”
From Oxytocin Reduces Reward-Driven Food Intake in Humans (2013) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin, the hypothalamic neuropeptide important for social cognition and behavior, has been shown to promote prosocial approach, such as trust and cooperative behaviors (16, 21, 22, but also see ref. 23)”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Trust signals prosocial approach to others (16) and is an important determinant to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships (17).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“The amount of investment indicated trust in others (16).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin, the hypothalamic neuropeptide important for social cognition and behavior, has been shown to promote prosocial approach, such as trust and cooperative behaviors (16, 21, 22, but also see ref. 23)”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“seminal work by Kosfeld et al. (2005) showed that intranasally administered OT can increase trust among human individuals.”
From Long-term oxytocin administration enhances the experience of attachment (2017) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. (2005)
In the citing paper
“using a social trust game with monetary stakes, Kosfeld et al. (2005) showed that a single-dose of OT significantly increased the readiness to bear social risks arising through interpersonal interactions.”
From Long-term oxytocin administration enhances the experience of attachment (2017) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al. (2005)
In the citing paper
“oxytocin administration exerts no significant behavioral change in strangers who share no pre-existing bonding relationship (Barraza et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012b; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007)”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“The positive effects of OT on social cognition may only be observed when the tasks demand a binding relationship in which reward contingencies are congruent between two players, where they form a partnership by becoming stake holders of common interest (Barraza et al., 2011; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007).”
From Approaching the biology of human parental attachment: Brain imaging, oxytocin and coordinated assessments of mothers and fathers (2014) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“thereby promoting in-group trust (Kosfeld et al, 2005)”
From Oxytocin Facilitates Pavlovian Fear Learning in Males (2016) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al, 2005
In the citing paper
“These studies have shown that intranasally delivered oxytocin can increase trust or generosity in economic games (Kosfeld et al., 2005, Zak et al., 2007)”
From Oxytocin decreases aversion to angry faces in an associative learning task (2010) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“While OT can facilitate appetitive approach behaviors, such as interpersonal trust and generosity (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007), pair bonding and maternal behavior (Strathearn et al., 2009; Scheele et al., 2012) and emotional empathy and face recognition (Hurlemann et al., 2010; Marsh et al., 2010)”
From Oxytocin facilitates approach behavior to positive social stimuli via decreasing anterior insula activity (2018) · cites this paper as Kosfeld et al., 2005
In the citing paper
“There is no doubt that oxytocin is implicated in the development of trust (10, 18), empathy, and prosociality (11), but these tendencies appear limited to individuals belonging to one's in-group (16, 17).”
From Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, intranasal administration of oxytocin in humans promotes trust and cooperation (11, 16–19), although such effects may be limited to in-group members and do not extend toward out-groups (16, 17).”
From Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“To conform with prior research showing that effects of oxytocin peak after ∼30–40 min (10, 16, 18), after 38–42 min, the computer switched to the experimental task (lasting 15–20 min).”
From Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism (2011) · cites this paper as [18]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Riggins, F. J., & Mitra, S. (1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-6637 · Cited by 16,590
A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556151 · Cited by 11,264
z-Tree: Zurich toolbox for ready-made economic experiments
Fischbacher, U. (2007) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-006-9159-4 · Cited by 9,524
Gamst, F. C. (1991) · Anthropology of Work Review · doi:10.1525/awr.1991.12.3.19 · Cited by 8,036
Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation
Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1997) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355300555475 · Cited by 7,484
Risk Aversion and Incentive Effects
Holt, C. A., & Laury, S. K. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282802762024700 · Cited by 5,893
Trust, Reciprocity, and Social History
Berg, J., Dickhaut, J., & McCabe, K. (1995) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1006/game.1995.1027 · Cited by 5,548
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,065
Zak, P. J., & Knack, S. (2001) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00609 · Cited by 2,810
Heinrichs, M., Baumgartner, T., Kirschbaum, C., & Ehlert, U. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00465-7 · Cited by 2,091
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Fischbacher, U. z-Tree. Zurich Toolbox for Readymade Economic Experiments (Working Paper No. 21, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, Univ., Zurich, 1999)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strong association of de novo copy number mutations with autism
Sebat, J., Lakshmi, B., Malhotra, D., Troge, J., Lese-Martin, C., Walsh, T., Yamrom, B., Yoon, S., Krasnitz, A., Kendall, J., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1138659 · Cited by 2,795
Evolution of indirect reciprocity
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04131 · Cited by 2,762
Trends in peptide drug discovery
Muttenthaler, M., King, G. F., Adams, D. J., & Alewood, P. F. (2021) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-020-00135-8 · Cited by 2,074
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014 · Cited by 2,007
The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) - Scope, Evolution and Enhancements
Wagner, G. G., Frick, J. R., & Schupp, J. (2007) · Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch · doi:10.3790/schm.127.1.139 · Cited by 2,394
The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans
Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008 · Cited by 1,704
Oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688
Self-citationOxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality
Donaldson, Z. R., & Young, L. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158668 · Cited by 1,645
Oxytocin Modulates Neural Circuitry for Social Cognition and Fear in Humans
Kirsch, P., Esslinger, C., Chen, Q., Mier, D., Lis, S., Siddhanti, S., Gruppe, H., Mattay, V. S., Gallhofer, B., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3984-05.2005 · Cited by 1,639
Toward a second-person neuroscience
Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Reddy, V., Costall, A., Bente, G., Schlicht, T., & Vogeley, K. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000660 · Cited by 1,510
Psychological well-being: evidence regarding its causes and consequences
Huppert, F. A. (2009) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2009.01008.x · Cited by 1,583
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: context and person matter
Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002 · Cited by 1,581
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,412
The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress responsivity
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007 · Cited by 1,373
Feldman, R. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x · Cited by 1,317
Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015 · Cited by 1,298
Self-citationReich, J. W., Zautra, A., & Hall, J. S. (2010) · Cited by 1,291
Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience
Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2649 · Cited by 1,272
Oxytocin shapes the neural circuitry of trust and trust adaptation in humans
Baumgartner, T., Heinrichs, M., Vonlanthen, A., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,258
Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: Mechanisms and experimental considerations
Dhuria, S. V., Hanson, L. R., & Frey, W. H. (2010) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.21924 · Cited by 1,239
Loneliness: clinical import and interventions
Cacioppo, S., Grippo, A. J., London, S., Goossens, L., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615570616 · Cited by 1,206
Lending a Hand: Social Regulation of the Neural Response to Threat
Coan, J. A., Schaefer, H. S., & Davidson, R. J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01832.x · Cited by 1,218
Russo, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Han, M.-H., Charney, D. S., & Nestler, E. J. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3234 · Cited by 1,206
Intranasal delivery of biologics to the central nervous system
Lochhead, J. J., & Thorne, R. G. (2012) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.002 · Cited by 1,214
Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments
Engelmann, D., & Strobel, M. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/0002828042002741 · Cited by 1,191
The Neuropeptide Oxytocin Regulates Parochial Altruism in Intergroup Conflict Among Humans
De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Handgraaf, M. J. J., Shalvi, S., Van Kleef, G. A., Baas, M., Ten Velden, F. S., Van Dijk, E., & Feith, S. W. W. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1189047 · Cited by 1,148
Having less, giving more: The influence of social class on prosocial behavior.
Piff, P. K., Kraus, M. W., Côté, S., Cheng, B. H., & Keltner, D. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020092 · Cited by 1,478
Stein, M. B., & Stein, D. J. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60488-2 · Cited by 1,137
Trust and Credit: The Role of Appearance in Peer-to-peer Lending
Duarte, J., Siegel, S., & Young, L. A. (2012) · Review of Financial Studies · doi:10.1093/rfs/hhs071 · Cited by 1,058
Neuromarketing: the hope and hype of neuroimaging in business
Dan Ariely, C., & Berns, G. S. (2010) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2795 · Cited by 1,192
Insel, T. R. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.005 · Cited by 1,044
Oxytocin: The Great Facilitator of Life
Lee, H.-J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J., & Young, W. S. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001 · Cited by 1,037
The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signaling to behavior
Jurek, B., & Neumann, I. D. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00031.2017 · Cited by 999
Neurobiology of Aggression and Violence
Siever, L. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111774 · Cited by 984
Dendritic peptide release and peptide-dependent behaviours
Ludwig, M., & Leng, G. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1845 · Cited by 945
Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders.
Andari, E., Duhamel, J.-R., Zalla, T., Herbrecht, E., Leboyer, M., & Sirigu, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910249107 · Cited by 941
The Social Salience Hypothesis of Oxytocin
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., & Abu-Akel, A. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.020 · Cited by 904
“3 prosocial behaviors (9, 10); the fear/stress account which suggests that OT affects social”
The German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP) - Evolution, Scope and EnhancementsPreprint
Wagner, G. G., Frick, J. R., & Schupp, J. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1028709 · Cited by 941
Social Bonds and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650 · Cited by 911
Violent Conflict and Behavior: A Field Experiment in Burundi
Voors, M. J., Nillesen, E., Verwimp, P., Bulte, E., Lensink, R., & Soest, D. P. V. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.941 · Cited by 989
Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation
Moll, J., Krueger, F., Zahn, R., Pardini, M., de Oliveira-Souza, R., & Grafman, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0604475103 · Cited by 900
Beetz, A., Uvnäs-Moberg, K., Julius, H., & Kotrschal, K. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00234 · Cited by 904
“…eye contact, empathy, face memory, trust, social skills, positive self-perception, and generosity and decreases depression (Heinrichs et al., 2003; Kosfeld et al., 2005; Ohlssson et al., 2005;Zak et al., 2005, 2007; Domes et al., 2007; Guastella et al., 2008; Jonas et al., 2008; Savaskan et al.,…”
Oxytocin and the Neural Mechanisms Regulating Social Cognition and Affiliative Behavior
Ross, H. E., & Young, L. J. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.004 · Cited by 856
“When administered intranasally to human subjects, OT stimulates behaviors consistent with an enhancement of interpersonal trust during economic games [99].”
BackgroundOxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism
De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Van Kleef, G. A., Shalvi, S., & Handgraaf, M. J. J. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1015316108 · Cited by 870
Oxytocin increases generosity in humans
Zak, P. J., Stanton, A. A., & Ahmadi, S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001128 · Cited by 831
Oxytocin receptor genetic variation relates to empathy and stress reactivity in humans
Rodrigues, S. M., Saslow, L. R., Garcia, N., John, O. P., & Keltner, D. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909579106 · Cited by 812
The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms
Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001 · Cited by 798
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior
Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005 · Cited by 799
Oxytocin increases gaze to the eye region of human faces
Guastella, A. J., Mitchell, P. B., & Dadds, M. R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.06.026 · Cited by 798
Developing constructs for psychopathology research: Research domain criteria
Sanislow, C. A., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K. J., Kozak, M. J., Garvey, M. A., Heinssen, R. K., Wang, P. S.-E., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020909 · Cited by 793
The Neuroscience of Social Decision-Making
Rilling, J. K., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131647 · Cited by 775
Social neuroeconomics: the neural circuitry of social preferences
Fehr, E., & Camerer, C. F. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.09.002 · Cited by 779
Feldman, R., Weller, A., Zagoory-Sharon, O., & Levine, A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02010.x · Cited by 787
Oxytocin enhances amygdala-dependent, socially reinforced learning and emotional empathy in humans
Hurlemann, R., Patin, A., Onur, O. A., Cohen, M. X., Baumgartner, T., Metzler, S., Dziobek, I., Gallinat, J., Wagner, M., Maier, W., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5538-09.2010 · Cited by 771
Oxytocin attenuates amygdala responses to emotional faces regardless of valence
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Gläscher, J., Büchel, C., Braus, D. F., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025 · Cited by 774
Ditzen, B., Schaer, M., Gabriel, B., Bodenmann, G., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.011 · Cited by 805
The Intergenerational Transmission of Risk and Trust Attitudes
Dohmen, T., Falk, A., Huffman, D., & Sunde, U. (2012) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdr027 · Cited by 1,037
Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues.
Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J., & Montague, P. R. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.103 · Cited by 773
What Have We Learned About Generalized Trust, If Anything?
Nannestad, P. (2008) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060606.135412 · Cited by 773
Evaluation of intranasal delivery route of drug administration for brain targeting
Erdő, F., Bors, L. A., Farkas, D., Bajza, Á., & Gizurarson, S. S. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.10.009 · Cited by 773
Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0077 · Cited by 740
Brain oxytocin: A key regulator of emotional and social behaviours in both females and males
Neumann, I. D. (2008) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01726.x · Cited by 743
Hostinar, C. E., Sullivan, R. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0032671 · Cited by 739
Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior
Carter, C. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110 · Cited by 714
The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making
Ruff, C. C., & Fehr, E. (2014) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3776 · Cited by 716
Self-citationOxytocin Increases Retention of Social Cognition in Autism
Hollander, E., Bartz, J., Chaplin, W., Phillips, A., Sumner, J., Soorya, L., Anagnostou, E., & Wasserman, S. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.030 · Cited by 693
Social Decision-Making: Insights from Game Theory and Neuroscience
Sanfey, A. G. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1142996 · Cited by 719
Mithoefer, M. C., Wagner, M. T., Mithoefer, A. T., Jerome, L., & Doblin, R. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881110378371 · Cited by 674
On The Economics and Biology of Trust
Fehr, E. (2009) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2009.7.2-3.235 · Cited by 680
CD38 is critical for social behaviour by regulating oxytocin secretion
Jin, D., Liu, H.-X., Hirai, H., Torashima, T., Nagai, T., Lopatina, O., Shnayder, N. A., Yamada, K., Noda, M., Seike, T., et al. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05526 · Cited by 665
Richerson, P., Baldini, R., Bell, A. V., Demps, K., Frost, K., Hillis, V., Mathew, S., Newton, E. K., Naar, N., Newson, L., et al. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400106x · Cited by 639
Brain basis of human social interaction: from concepts to brain imaging
Hari, R., & Kujala, M. V. (2009) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2007 · Cited by 638
Decomposing Trust and Trustworthiness
Ashraf, N., Bohnet, I., & Piankov, N. E. (2006) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-006-9122-4 · Cited by 625
Children's altruistic behavior in the dictator game
Benenson, J. F., Pascoe, J., & Radmore, N. (2007) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.10.003 · Cited by 668
Neuropeptidergic regulation of affiliative behavior and social bonding in animals
Lim, M. M., & Young, L. J. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.028 · Cited by 624
Intranasal Oxytocin: Myths and Delusions
Leng, G., & Ludwig, M. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.05.003 · Cited by 616
Revisiting gender differences: what we know and what lies ahead.
Meyers‐Levy, J., & Loken, B. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003 · Cited by 614
Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13001192 · Cited by 649
Sex, attachment, and the development of reproductive strategies
Giudice, M. D. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09000016 · Cited by 602
Intranasal drug delivery: opportunities and toxicologic challenges during drug development
Keller, L.-A., Merkel, O. M., & Popp, A. (2021) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-020-00891-5 · Cited by 636
Branding the brain: A critical review and outlook
Plaßmann, H., Ramsøy, T. Z., & Milosavljevic, M. (2012) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2011.11.010 · Cited by 687
The Peptide That Binds: A Systematic Review of Oxytocin and its Prosocial Effects in Humans
MacDonald, K., & MacDonald, T. M. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903523615 · Cited by 585
Positive social interactions and the human body at work: Linking organizations and physiology
Heaphy, E. D., & Dutton, J. E. (2008) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2008.27749365 · Cited by 578
Miyamoto, S., Miyake, N., Jarskog, L. F., Fleischhacker, W. W., & Lieberman, J. A. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.47 · Cited by 584
Music as a coevolved system for social bonding
Savage, P. E., Loui, P., Tarr, B., Schachner, A., Glowacki, L., Mithen, S., & Fitch, W. T. (2020) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x20000333 · Cited by 662
Tost, H., Kolachana, B., Hakimi, S., Lemaitre, H., Verchinski, B. A., Mattay, V. S., Weinberger, D. R., & Meyer–Lindenberg, A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1003296107 · Cited by 564
Music and social bonding: “self-other†merging and neurohormonal mechanisms
Tarr, B., Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01096 · Cited by 548
What Does the Brain Tell Us About Trust and Distrust? Evidence from a Functional Neuroimaging Study
Dimoka, A. (2010) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/20721433 · Cited by 579
Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Reactivity to Fear in Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder
Labuschagne, I., Phan, K. L., Wood, A., Angstadt, M., Chua, P., Heinrichs, M., Stout, J. C., & Nathan, P. J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.123 · Cited by 549
Dumais, K. M., & Veenema, A. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.04.003 · Cited by 520
“The first studies to report intranasal OT effects in humans were done in males only, showing a role for OT in trust and in the processing of socially relevant information (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007; Domes et al., 2007; Guastella et al., 2008a; Guastella et al., 2008b; Di Simplicio et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPersonality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540
Intranasal Administration of Oxytocin Increases Envy and Schadenfreude (Gloating)
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., & Levkovitz, Y. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009 · Cited by 542
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on emotional face processing in women
Domes, G., Lischke, A., Berger, C., Grossmann, A., Hauenstein, K., Heinrichs, M., & Herpertz, S. C. (2010) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.016 · Cited by 521
Ditzen, B., Neumann, I. D., Bodenmann, G., von Dawans, B., Turner, R. A., Ehlert, U., & Heinrichs, M. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.011 · Cited by 525
Self-citationNeuromodulation by Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Stoop, R. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.025 · Cited by 506
Lower CSF oxytocin concentrations in women with a history of childhood abuse
Heim, C., Young, L. J., Newport, D. J., Mletzko, T., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2009) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.112 · Cited by 518
Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy
Decety, J., & Svetlova, M. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.003 · Cited by 508
Elevation Leads to Altruistic Behavior
Schnall, S., Roper, J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359882 · Cited by 497
Betrayal Aversion: Evidence from Brazil, China, Oman, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United States
Bohnet, I., Greig, F., Herrmann, B., & Zeckhauser, R. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.1.294 · Cited by 481
Different amygdala subregions mediate valence-related and attentional effects of oxytocin in humans
Gamer, M., Zurowski, B., & Büchel, C. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1000985107 · Cited by 487
Metadata
- Authors
- Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Claremont Graduate University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heinrichs, Markus
- Fehr, Ernst
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 435
- Issue
- 7042
- Pages
- 673-676
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2138559331
- Cited by
- 3,690
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 92 · 2024: 111 · 2023: 128 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 209 · 2020: 205 · 2019: 233 · 2018: 184 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 208 · 2015: 232 · 2014: 260 · 2013: 238 · 2012: 236
- FWCI
- 148.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Cogito Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Universität Zürich
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- oxytocin, trust, social risk, prosocial behavior, social attachment, neuropeptides, intranasal administration, interpersonal interaction, risk-taking
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Intranasal, Adult, Games, Experimental, Humans, Investments, Male, Oxytocin, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk, Social Behavior, Trust
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
