The neocortical circuit: themes and variations

Harris, Kenneth D; Shepherd, Gordon M G

doi:10.1038/nn.3917

Cited by 1,215Neural dynamics and brain functionNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchMemory and Neural Mechanisms

The neocortical circuit: themes and variations

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Harris, Kenneth D, Shepherd, Gordon M G·2015·Nature Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nn.3917PMC PMC4889215

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Abstract

Similarities in neocortical circuit organization across areas and species suggest a common strategy to process diverse types of information, including sensation from diverse modalities, motor control and higher cognitive processes. Cortical neurons belong to a small number of main classes. The properties of these classes, including their local and long-range connectivity, developmental history, gene expression, intrinsic physiology and in vivo activity patterns, are remarkably similar across areas. Each class contains subclasses; for a rapidly growing number of these, conserved patterns of input and output connections are also becoming evident. The ensemble of circuit connections constitutes a basic circuit pattern that appears to be repeated across neocortical areas, with area- and species-specific modifications. Such 'serially homologous' organization may adapt individual neocortical regions to the type of information each must process.

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The brain exhibits extreme anatomical specialization with distinct cell types, circuit motifs, and processing principles across regions.
“The brain exhibits extreme anatomical specialization with distinct cell types, circuit motifs, and processing principles across regions—from the unique neuronal types of the cerebellum to the columnar organization of sensory cortices to the distinct microcircuits of the basal ganglia (Harris and Shepherd 2015; Nelken 2004).”
From The myth of the Bayesian brain (2025) · cites this paper as Harris and Shepherd 2015
The Abstract and Introduction describe area-specific modifications and functional specialization within the neocortex. But they emphasize shared cell classes and a common circuit pattern across cortical areas, rather than extreme anatomical specialization or distinct processing principles. The cited passages do not establish the sentence’s examples concerning the cerebellum or basal ganglia (page numbers unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Layer marker distributions within AARs agreed with known biology of cortical layers.
“we found that layer marker distributions within our AARs agreed with the biology described in the literature,11,48”
From Uncovering the signatures of aging and senescence in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
Cortical neurons exhibit extreme diversity in gene expression as well as in morphological and electrophysiological properties.
“Cortical neurons exhibit extreme diversity in gene expression as well as in morphological and electrophysiological properties1,2.”
From Phenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
Glutamatergic neuronal types are organized by layers and their long-range projection patterns.
“Glutamatergic neuronal types are organized by layers and their long-range projection patterns”
From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Harris and Shepherd, 2015
L4 IT CTX Rspo1 likely represents L4 spiny stellate or star pyramid neurons that are morphologically distinct from pyramidal neurons in other layers.
“This supertype likely represents the L4 spiny stellate or star pyramid neurons that are morphologically distinct from the pyramidal neurons in other layers (Harris and Shepherd, 2015)”
From A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation (2021) · cites this paper as Harris and Shepherd, 2015

Layer 4 (L4) of mammalian neocortex is the main direct target of sensory inputs from the thalamus and acts as the first level of cortical processing for sensory signals.
“In this stereotypical architecture, layer 4 (L4) is the main direct target of sensory inputs coming from the thalamus, thus acting as the first level of cortical processing for sensory signals1.”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [1]
In the mammalian cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons regulate the balance and dynamic organization of pyramidal neuron ensembles, which mediate information processing streams and output channels.
“In the mammalian cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons regulate the balance and dynamic organization of pyramidal neuron ensembles3, which in turn mediate myriad information processing streams and output channels4,5.”
From The diversity of GABAergic neurons and neural communication elements (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Earlier studies identified three main interneuron groups in neocortex-Pvalb+, Sst+, and Htr3a+-each containing distinct types.
“leading to the characterization of three major populations (i.e., Pvalb+, Sst+, and Htr3a+) of neocortical interneurons, each with distinct types”
From Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Earlier work described excitatory neuron groups whose properties are often tied to cortical layer and axonal projection targets.
“excitatory neuron populations with features often linked to their laminar locations as well as the locations to which they project their axons2–4”
From Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
PCs can be segregated into distinct subtypes based on the projection target of their long-range axons.
“Importantly, PCs can be segregated into distinct subtypes based on the projection target of their long-range axons (313, 432, 466), and recent work suggests this informs connectivity rules with local interneurons (607).”
From Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons (2017) · cites this paper as [466]

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Background
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Authors: Harris, K. D., & Shepherd, G. M. G.
Affiliations: UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Harris, Kenneth D
Shepherd, Gordon M G
ORCID: Shepherd, Gordon M G
Venue: Nature Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-01-27
Volume: 18
Issue: 2
Pages: 170-181
ISSN: 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
1546-1726
DOI: 10.1038/nn.3917
PMC: PMC4889215
OpenAlex: W2040868835
Cited by: 1,215
References: 150
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 147 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 99 · 2019: 104 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 56 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 8.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (095668)
Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/I005102/1, EP/I005102/2, EP/K015141/1)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (R56DC013272, DC013272)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS061963, R01NS061963, NS087479, R21NS087479, R37NS061963)
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U01EB017695, EB017695)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: neocortical circuits, cortical connectivity, species-specific variation, cortical neurons, long-range connectivity, local connectivity, gene expression, in vivo neuronal activity, sensory processing, motor control, higher cognition
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Interneurons, Nerve Net, Neocortex

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