Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine
Abstract
The new edition of this well-established book is thoroughly revised and gives a comprehensive account of the role of free radicals, other reactive species (RS), and antioxidants in life, health, and disease. Chapter 1 reviews how oxygen (O2) is used by living organisms, why it can be toxic, and introduces the concept of oxygen radicals and other RS; their chemistry is detailed in Chapter 2, especially for superoxide, hydroxyl radical (including Fenton chemistry), peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, ozone, and singlet O2, with emphasis on their redox properties. Subsequent chapters detail what antioxidants can be made in vivo (e.g. superoxide dismutases, peroxiredoxins) and which can come from diet (e.g. vitamins E and C, carotenoids, and polyphenols such as the flavonoids) and how they work in vivo. The role of RS in cell proliferation, senescence, and death (e.g. by apoptosis, necrosis, or intermediate forms) is presented. Methods for measuring RS are described in detail, including electron paramagnetic resonance and biomarker determination. Useful roles for RS (e.g. cell signalling, phagocyte action), as well as systems in which they cause particular problems (e.g. premature babies, the eye, the ear) are presented. Acute and chronic inflammation are used to illustrate both roles There is a comprehensive description of the role of RS in human diseases, from cancer to heart disease to dementia, in the ageing process, and in the toxicity of many agents, from ethanol to carbon tetrachloride to paraquat. Therapeutic agents active against RS are reviewed in detail, including NADPH oxidase inhibitors, N-acetylcysteine, and Ebselen.
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Tyrosine nitration inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases due to steric interference of the NO2 group with the active site of the enzyme.
“With the NO2 functionality on Tyr, tyrosine phosphorylation by tyrosine kinases, including receptor tyrosine kinases, is inhibited due to steric interference of the NO2 group with the active site of the enzyme.”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
H2O2 can be decomposed to hydroxyl anion and the highly reactive hydroxyl free radical by Fe2+ or Cu+ in Fenton chemistry.
“In that case, H2O2, which has zero dipole moments and is therefore neutral and can diffuse into or through bilayers, can be decomposed to hydroxyl anion and the highly reactive hydroxyl free radical by Fe2+ or Cu+ in a process known as Fenton chemistry [8,13].”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
OH-mediated allylic hydrogen atom abstraction from unsaturated lipid acyl chains initiates lipid peroxidation, leading to highly reactive nucleophilic unsaturated aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal.
“while OH-mediated allylic hydrogen atom abstraction from unsaturated lipid acyl chains initiates the processes of lipid peroxidation, leading to highly reactive nucleophilic unsaturated aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) (Figure 2A) [8,13,25,26,27].”
From Mitochondrial Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Alzheimer Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
ROS are extremely reactive with half-life times in the nano-second range.
“In addition, criticism arises due to the fact that ROS are extremely reactive with half-life times in the nano-second range [63]”
From The Sixth Edition of the WHO Manual for Human Semen Analysis: A Critical Review and SWOT Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress, play a key role in immunity, and may improve recovery following exercise.
“Antioxidants reduce OS, play a key role in immunity and may improve recovery following exercise [58,59].”
From Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes (2019) · cites this paper as [58]
The most frequently occurring free radicals and reactive molecules in biological systems are derived from oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS).
“The most frequently occurring free radicals and reactive molecules in biological systems are derived from oxygen (reactive oxygen species, ROS) and nitrogen (Reactive Nitrogen Species, RNS).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
Free radicals contain at least one unpaired electron in the outer shell, which usually gives them high reactivity.
“Free radicals are chemical entities containing at least one unpaired electron in the outer shell which usually gives them high reactivity.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
ROS/RNS are formed during electron transfer reactions by losing or accepting electrons.
“ROS or RNS are formed during electron transfer reactions, by losing or accepting electron(s) (Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
The interaction (oxidation) of biomolecules with molecular dioxygen is spin restricted and therefore rather slow.
“Since chemical bonds of biomolecules are formed by two antiparallel electrons (↑↓), their interaction (oxidation) with molecular dioxygen (containing two parallel electrons) is spin restricted and therefore rather slow.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
Molecular oxygen in a triplet state contains two unpaired electrons with parallel spin states in antibonding π* orbitals and is a biradical.
“Molecular oxygen in a triplet state contains two unpaired electrons with parallel spin states (↑↑) in antibonding π* orbitals and therefore is a biradical.”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
Oxidative stress has been related to many pathological states of an organism.
“Oxidative stress has been related to many pathological states of an organism (Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015).”
From Reactive Oxygen Species, Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants: Chronic Diseases and Aging (2023) · cites this paper as Halliwell and Gutteridge 2015
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Wlaschek, M., Singh, K., Sindrilaru, A., Crisan, D., & Scharffetter-Kochanek, K. (2019) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.036 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“As stated by Halliwell and Gutteridge [33], interfering with transition metals induced oxidative stress helps to address the redox state of metals, reduces the concentration of accessible metals, and/or quenches generated ROS.”
BackgroundReflections of an aging free radical
Halliwell, B. (2020) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationBendova, P., Mackova, E., Haskova, P., Vavrova, A., Jirkovsky, E., Sterba, M., Popelova, O., Kalinowski, D. S., Kovarikova, P., Vavrova, K., et al. (2010) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx100125t · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Haack, F., Lemcke, H., Ewald, R., Rharass, T., & Uhrmacher, A. M. (2015) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004106 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Vitamin C Deficiency Causes Muscle Atrophy and a Deterioration in Physical Performance
Takisawa, S., Funakoshi, T., Yatsu, T., Nagata, K., Aigaki, T., Machida, S., & Ishigami, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-41229-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Peñas, E., Frias, J., Sidro, B., & Vidal-Valverde, C. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf903739a · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Vincent, A., Thauvin, M., Quévrain, E., Mathieu, E., Layani, S., Seksik, P., Batinic-Haberle, I., Vriz, S., Policar, C., & Delsuc, N. (2021) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111431 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Capitani, C. D., Carvalho, A. C. L., Rivelli, D. P., Barros, S. B. M., & Castro, I. A. (2009) · European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/ejlt.200800215 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Superoxide dismutase 1 knockdown induces oxidative stress and DNA methylation loss in the prostate
Bhusari, S. S., Dobosy, J. R., Fu, V., Almassi, N., Oberley, T., & Jarrard, D. F. (2010) · Epigenetics · doi:10.4161/epi.5.5.11853 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Involvement of NRF2 in Breast Cancer and Possible Therapeutical Role of Polyphenols and Melatonin
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Plant polyphenols and human skin: Friends or foes
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Role of glutathione in the oxidative stress response in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata
Gutiérrez-Escobedo, G., Orta-Zavalza, E., Castaño, I., & De Las Peñas, A. (2013) · Current Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00294-013-0390-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Petrović, J., Stanić, D., Dmitrašinović, G., Plećaš-Solarović, B., Ignjatović, S., Batinić, B., Popović, D., & Pešić, V. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/2019643 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cheah, I. K., Ong, R. L. S., Gruber, J., Yew, T. S. K., Ng, L. F., Chen, C. B., & Halliwell, B. (2013) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.3109/10715762.2013.848354 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C.
- ORCID
- Halliwell, Barry
- Venue
- Oxford University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2015-08-01
- OpenAlex
- W4300198507
- Cited by
- 8,990
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 311 · 2025: 396 · 2024: 508 · 2023: 497 · 2022: 549 · 2021: 578 · 2020: 544 · 2019: 476 · 2018: 444 · 2017: 462 · 2016: 386 · 2015: 357 · 2014: 383 · 2013: 345 · 2012: 400
- FWCI
- 41.27
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- free radicals, reactive species, antioxidants, oxygen toxicity, superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, Fenton reaction, peroxynitrite, nitric oxide, singlet oxygen, superoxide dismutase, peroxiredoxin, carotenoids, polyphenols, flavonoids, apoptosis, cellular senescence, cell death, electron spin resonance, biomarkers, signal transduction, phagocytes, preterm birth, inflammation, cancer, heart disease, dementia, aging, chemical toxicity, NADPH oxidase inhibitors, N-acetylcysteine, ebselen
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