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Normal Sexual Dimorphism of the Adult Human Brain Assessed by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Abstract
The etiology and consistency of findings on normal sexual dimorphisms of the adult human brain are unresolved. In this study, we present a comprehensive evaluation of normal sexual dimorphisms of cortical and subcortical brain regions, using in vivo magnetic resonance imaging, in a community sample of 48 normal adults. The men and women were similar in age, education, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, general intelligence and handedness. Forty-five brain regions were assessed based on T(1)-weighted three-dimensional images acquired from a 1.5 T magnet. Sexual dimorphisms of adult brain volumes were more evident in the cortex, with women having larger volumes, relative to cerebrum size, particularly in frontal and medial paralimbic cortices. Men had larger volumes, relative to cerebrum size, in frontomedial cortex, the amygdala and hypothalamus. A permutation test showed that, compared to other brain areas assessed in this study, there was greater sexual dimorphism among brain areas that are homologous with those identified in animal studies showing greater levels of sex steroid receptors during critical periods of brain development. These findings have implications for developmental studies that would directly test hypotheses about mechanisms relating sex steroid hormones to sexual dimorphisms in humans.
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Bramble, M. S., Lipson, A., Vashist, N., & Vilain, E. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23832 · Cited by 42
Sex differences in amygdala subregions: evidence from subregional shape analysis
Kim, H. J., Kim, N., Kim, S., Hong, S., Park, K., Lim, S., Park, J.-M., Na, B., Chae, Y., Lee, J., et al. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.025 · Cited by 40
Sex differences in functional brain networks involved in interoception: An fMRI study
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Robust sex differences in functional brain connectivity are present in utero
Cook, K. M., De Asis-Cruz, J., Lopez, C., Quistorff, J., Kapse, K., Andersen, N., Vezina, G., & Limperopoulos, C. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac218 · Cited by 31
Sex-Based Differences in Cortical and Subcortical Development in 436 Individuals Aged 4–54 Years
Duerden, E. G., Chakravarty, M. M., Lerch, J. P., & Taylor, M. J. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz279 · Cited by 28
An MRI study of amygdala in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goldstein, J. M.
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2001-06-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 490-497
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- OpenAlex
- W2153979740
- Cited by
- 1,026
- References
- 7
- FWCI
- 5.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
