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Cited by 8,490Health Promotion and Cardiovascular PreventionClinical practice guidelines implementationCardiovascular Health and Risk Factors

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 867 of the 881 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 14 are not checked yet; 1 of the 655 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012)

Open access
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, Joep, De Backer, Guy, Gohlke, Helmut, Graham, Ian, Reiner, Željko, Verschuren, Monique, Albus, Christian, Benlian, Pascale, Boysen, Gudrun, Cifkova, Renata, Deaton, Christi, Ebrahim, Shah, Fisher, Miles, Germano, Giuseppe, Hobbs, Richard, Hoes, Arno, Karadeniz, Sehnaz, Mezzani, Alessandro, Prescott, Eva, Ryden, Lars, Scherer, Martin, Syvänne, Mikko, Scholte Op Reimer, Wilma J.M., Vrints, Christiaan, Wood, David, Zamorano, Jose Luis, Zannad, Faiez, Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines:, Cooney, Marie Therese, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):, Bax, Jeroen, Baumgartner, Helmut, Ceconi, Claudio, Dean, Veronica, Deaton, Christi, Fagard, Robert, Funck-Brentano, Christian, Hasdai, David, Hoes, Arno, Kirchhof, Paulus, Knuuti, Juhani, Kolh, Philippe, McDonagh, Theresa, Moulin, Cyril, Popescu, Bogdan A., Reiner, Željko, Sechtem, Udo, Sirnes, Per Anton, Tendera, Michal, Torbicki, Adam, Vahanian, Alec, Windecker, Stephan, Document Reviewers:, Funck-Brentano, Christian, Sirnes, Per Anton, Aboyans, Victor, Ezquerra, Eduardo Alegria, Baigent, Colin, Brotons, Carlos, Burell, Gunilla, Ceriello, Antonio, De Sutter, Johan, Deckers, Jaap, Del Prato, Stefano, Diener, Hans-Christoph, Fitzsimons, Donna, Fras, Zlatko, Hambrecht, Rainer, Jankowski, Piotr, Keil, Ulrich, Kirby, Mike, Larsen, Mogens Lytken, Mancia, Giuseppe, Manolis, Athanasios J., McMurray, John, Pająk, Andrzej, Parkhomenko, Alexander, Rallidis, Loukianos, Rigo, Fausto, Rocha, Evangelista, Ruilope, Luis Miguel, van der Velde, Enno, Vanuzzo, Diego, Viigimaa, Margus, Volpe, Massimo, Wiklund, Olov, Wolpert, Christian·2012·European Heart Journal
DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
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Abstract

nine societies and by invited experts)

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Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092

Cites

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Statistics

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Verification

Claims the paper makes

474 Not checked yet · 148 No basis given · 96 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 4 Own result · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured

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  • Probably not a substantial claim. 100
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 237
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
303 of 303

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Risk is a continuum and there is no threshold at which a drug is automatically indicated.

    “thresholds to trigger certain interventions are problematic since risk is a continuum and there is no threshold at which, for example, a drug is automatically indicated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Treatment of periodontitis improves endothelial dysfunction, one of the earliest signs of atherosclerosis.

    “Treatment of periodontitis improves endothelial dysfunction, one of the earliest signs of atherosclerosis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Detecting asymptomatic but diseased patients is crucial for an adequate prevention programme.

    “Detection of asymptomatic but diseased patients is crucial for an adequate prevention programme.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Management of all risk factors in diseases with increased cardiovascular risk is advisable even without randomized studies.

    “Management of all risk factors appears advisable even in the absence of randomized studies.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Motivation is the most important predictor of successful smoking cessation and can be increased by professional assistance.

    “The most important predictor of successful quitting is motivation, which can be increased by professional assistance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The momentum for smoking cessation is particularly strong at the time of diagnosing CVD and in connection with invasive treatment such as CABG, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or vascular surgery.

    “The momentum for smoking cessation is particularly strong at the time of diagnosing CVD and in connection with an invasive treatment such as CABG, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or vascular surgery.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Smoking cessation leads to average weight gain of about 5 kg.

    “Smokers should be advised about expected weight gain of on average 5 kg and that the health benefits of tobacco cessation far outweigh the risks from weight gain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long-term safety and efficacy data for all pharmacological smoking-cessation therapies are lacking.

    “All pharmacological smoking-cessation therapies should be used short term since long-term safety and efficacy data are lacking.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Support from partner and family is very important, and getting other family members who smoke to quit together with the patient is of great help.

    “Support from the partner and family is very important.Getting other family members who smoke to quit together with the patient is of great help.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Dietary habits influence cardiovascular risk through effects on risk factors such as serum cholesterol, BP, body weight, and diabetes, or independently of these risk factors.

    “Dietary habits are known to influence cardiovascular risk, either through an effect on risk factors such as serum cholesterol, BP, body weight, and diabetes, or through an effect independent of these risk factors.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A healthy diet reduces the risk of other chronic diseases such as cancer.

    “A healthy diet also reduces the risk of other chronic diseases such as cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In CVD prevention, the fatty acid composition of the diet is more important than total fat content.

    “In prevention, the fatty acid composition of the diet is more important than the total fat content.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Polyunsaturated fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol and, to a lesser extent, HDL cholesterol when they replace saturated fatty acids.

    “Polyunsaturated fatty acids lower LDL cholesterol levels, and to a lesser extent HDL cholesterol levels, when they replace saturated fatty acids.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Trans fatty acids increase total cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol.

    “The subclass of unsaturated fatty acids with a so-called 'trans configuration', the trans fatty acids, have been shown to increase total cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol levels.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The impact of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol is weak compared with that of fatty acid composition.

    “The impact of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol levels is weak compared with that of the fatty acid composition of the diet.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effect of sodium intake on BP is well established.

    “The effect of sodium intake on BP is well established.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Higher potassium intake reduces BP.

    “A higher potassium intake has been shown to reduce BP.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Case-control and prospective observational studies observed inverse associations between vitamin A and E levels and CVD risk.

    “Many case -control and prospective observational studies have observed inverse associations between levels of vitamin A and E and risk of CVDs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consumption of dietary fibre reduces the risk of CVD.

    “Consumption of dietary fibre reduces the risk of CVD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Observational studies show a protective effect of fruit and vegetable consumption on CVD prevention.

    “Observational studies have shown a protective effect of consumption of fruits and vegetables on CVD prevention.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Results from epidemiological studies show a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on CVD occurrence.

    “Results from epidemiological studies show a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the occurrence of CVD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The relationship between alcohol consumption and CVD is J-shaped, not explained by special characteristics of abstainers.

    “The relationship is J-shaped, which is not explained by special characteristics of abstainers.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    An intake of 30–45 g/day of fibre is assumed to be the optimal preventive level.

    “This intake is assumed to be the optimal preventive level.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    After multivariable adjustment, raised blood cholesterol and reduced HDL cholesterol remain independently associated with risk, while the association between weight and risk tends to lose significance.

    “Raised blood cholesterol and reduced HDL cholesterol levels remain independently associated with risk after adjustment for other major risk factors, whereas the association between weight and risk tends to lose significance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Increasing BMI is highly associated with risk of CVD.

    “Increasing BMI is highly associated with risk of CVD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diet, exercise, and behaviour modifications are mainstay therapies for overweight and obesity but are often unsuccessful for long-term treatment.

    “Although diet, exercise, and behaviour modifications are the mainstay therapies for overweight and obesity (Table 12), they are often unsuccessful for long-term treatment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Major issues in bariatric surgery are lack of consensus on available procedures and need for technique refinement to decrease associated risks.

    “The major issues in the field of bariatric surgery are the lack of consensus in terms of the diverse procedures available and of the refinement of techniques that will evolve to decrease the associated risks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Individuals with elevated BP more commonly have other CVD risk factors (diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia) and target organ damage.

    “Individuals with an elevated BP more commonly have other risk factors for CVD (diabetes, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia) and target organ damage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ambulatory and home BP monitoring allow diagnosis of white coat or isolated clinic hypertension and masked hypertension.

    “They also allow two specific clinical conditions to be diagnosed, namely 'white coat' or isolated clinic hypertension characterized by higher office BP with normal ambulatory BP values, and 'masked' hypertension characterized by normal office BP with high ambulatory BP values.417”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    BP thresholds for definition of hypertension by 24-h ambulatory and home BP monitoring differ from office or clinic measurements.

    “BP thresholds for the definition of hypertension by 24-h ambulatory and home BP monitoring differ from those measured at office or clinic (Table 14).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diagnosis of hypertension and assessment of treatment are still largely based on office or clinic blood pressure.

    “Diagnosis of hypertension and assessment of treatment are still largely based on office or clinic blood pressure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Established cardiovascular or renal disease dramatically increases risk of subsequent cardiovascular events regardless of BP level.

    “Established cardiovascular or renal disease (Table 15) dramatically increases the risk of subsequent cardiovascular events regardless of BP level.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Association of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, especially diabetes, also dramatically increases risk.

    “This is also the case for the association of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors, not least diabetes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Echocardiography is more sensitive than electrocardiography in diagnosing LVH and predicting cardiovascular risk, and may help in more precise risk stratification and directing therapy.

    “Echocardiography is more sensitive than electrocardiography in diagnosing LVH and in predicting cardiovascular risk, and may help in more precise stratification of the overall risk and in directing therapy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ultrasound scans limited to common carotid arteries are likely to detect vascular hypertrophy only, whereas assessment of atherosclerosis also requires scanning bifurcations and/or internal carotids where plaques are more frequent.

    “Ultrasound scans limited to the common carotid arteries (an infrequent site of atherosclerosis) are likely to detect vascular hypertrophy only, whereas assessment of atherosclerosis also requires scanning of bifurcations and/or internal carotids where plaques are more frequent.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Evidence of arterial damage may also be suggested by an ABI <0.9.

    “Evidence of arterial damage may also be suggested by an ABI ,0.9.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A threshold >12 m/s has been suggested as a conservative estimate of significant alterations of aortic function in middle-aged hypertensive patients.

    “Although the relationship between aortic stiffness and events is continuous, a threshold .12m/s has been suggested as a conservative estimate of significant alterations of aortic function in middle-aged hypertensive patients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Diagnosis of hypertension-induced renal damage is based on reduced renal function and/or elevated urinary albumin excretion.

    “The diagnosis of hypertension-induced renal damage is based on the finding of a reduced renal function and/or the detection of elevated urinary albumin excretion.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Renal insufficiency is classified according to eGFR calculated using MDRD, Cockcroft-Gault, or CKD-EPI.

    “Renal insufficiency is classified according to the eGFR calculated using the MDRD, Cockroft-Gault formula, or CKD-EPI.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The three formulae help detect mildly impaired renal function, particularly if serum creatinine is within normal range and body weight low and/or age advanced.

    “The three formulae help to detect mildly impaired renal function, particularly if serum creatinine values are still within the normal range and the body weight low and/or the age advanced.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Microalbuminuria can be measured from spot urine samples by indexing urinary albumin to creatinine; 24-h or night-time urine samples are discouraged due to inaccuracy.

    “Microalbuminuria can be measured from spot urine samples (24-h or night-time urine samples are discouraged due to the inaccuracy of urinary sample collection) by indexing the urinary albumin concentration to the urinary creatinine concentration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A delay in achieving blood pressure control in high-risk hypertensive patients is associated with a worse outcome.

    “A delay in achieving BP control in high-risk hypertensive patients is associated with a worse outcome.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In high-risk hypertensive patients, even intense cardiovascular drug therapy cannot lower total cardiovascular risk below the high-risk threshold.

    “This is because, in high-risk hypertensive patients, even intense cardiovascular drug therapy-although beneficialcannot lower total cardiovascular risk below the high-risk threshold.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tobacco smoking has a particularly adverse effect on cardiovascular risk.

    “As tobacco smoking has a particularly adverse effect on cardiovascular risk”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Long-term compliance with lifestyle changes may be poor.

    “As long-term compliance with lifestyle changes may be poor”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In type 2 diabetes, LDL cholesterol often remains within the normal range or is just moderately elevated, while a major CVD risk factor is diabetic dyslipidaemia characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL cholesterol.

    “However, it has to be stressed that in patients with type 2 diabetes, LDL cholesterol often remains within the normal range or is just moderately elevated, while one of the major CVD risk factors in these patients is diabetic dyslipidaemia characterized by hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL cholesterol.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are no randomized trials providing sufficient evidence to derive target levels for triglycerides.

    “There are, however, no randomized trials to provide sufficient evidence to derive target levels for triglycerides.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is insufficient scientific evidence for any HDL cholesterol value to be considered a goal of therapy.

    “However, there is still not sufficient scientific evidence for any HDL cholesterol value to be considered as a goal of therapy”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cardiovascular risk associated with hypertriglyceridaemia is stronger for moderate than for very severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>10 mmol/L or 900 mg/dL).

    “The risk is associated more strongly with moderate than with very severe hypertriglyceridaemia (.10 mmol/L or 900 mg/dL)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Very severe hypertriglyceridaemia (>10 mmol/L or 900 mg/dL) is a risk factor for pancreatitis.

    “which is on the other hand a risk factor for pancreatitis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fasting triglycerides above 1.7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) are a marker of increased cardiovascular risk.

    “At present, fasting triglycerides .1.7 mmol/L ( 150 mg/dL) continue to be considered as a marker of increased risk”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Measuring non-fasting triglycerides lacks standardization.

    “However, due to the lack of standardization, measuring non-fasting triglycerides is not recommended.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The combination of moderately elevated triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol is very common in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and physical inactivity.

    “The combination of moderately elevated triglycerides and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol is very common in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and who are physically inactive.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This combination is part of a pattern of deranged plasma lipoproteins characterized by increased triglycerides, small dense LDL particles, and low HDL cholesterol.

    “It is part of a pattern of deranged plasma lipoproteins characterized by a triad of increased triglycerides, the presence of small, dense, and very atherogenic LDL particles, and low concentrations of HDL cholesterol.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    HDL cholesterol below 1.0 mmol/L in men and below 1.2 mmol/L in women may be regarded as a marker of increased risk.

    “although HDL cholesterol ,1.0 mmol/L ( 40 mg/dL) in men and ,1.2 mmol/L ( 45 mg/dL) in women may be regarded as a marker of increased risk.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Measurement of apolipoproteins is not available to all physicians in Europe, is more costly than currently used lipid variables, and does not add more information.

    “As the measurement of apolipoproteins is not available to all physicians in Europe, is more costly than currently used lipid variables, and does not add more information”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Secondary dyslipidaemias can be caused by alcohol abuse, diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, liver and kidney diseases, and several drugs.

    “Secondary dyslipidaemias can also be caused by alcohol abuse, diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, diseases of the liver and kidneys, and several drugs (e.g.corticosteroids, isotretinoin and etretinate, cyclosporin).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Treatment of underlying disease often improves hyperlipidaemia and may make other antilipaemic therapy unnecessary.

    “as often the treatment of underlying disease improves hyperlipidaemia and no other antilipaemic therapy is necessary.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Dyslipidaemia is common in organ transplant patients due to underlying disease, lifestyle, and treatments including immunosuppressive therapy.

    “Dyslipidaemia is common in patients who have undergone organ transplantation due to a combination of factors relating to the underlying disease, lifestyle, and treatments, including immunosuppressive therapy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    5-10% of patients receiving statins develop myopathy, but rhabdomyolysis is extremely rare.

    “5-10% of patients receiving statins develop myopathy, but rhabdomyolysis is extremely rare.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The safety profile of statins is acceptable, and earlier observations that lipid-lowering treatment may increase non-cardiovascular mortality or mental disorders have not been confirmed.

    “In general, the safety profile of statins is acceptable, and earlier observations that lipid-lowering treatment may contribute an increase in non-cardiovascular mortality (e.g.cancers, suicides, depression) or mental disorders have not been confirmed.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bile acid sequestrants decrease total and LDL cholesterol but tend to increase triglyceride concentrations.

    “Bile acid sequestrants also decrease total and LDL cholesterol but tend to increase triglyceride concentrations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Combinations of a statin and a bile acid sequestrant or a statin and ezetimibe can achieve greater LDL cholesterol reduction than either drug alone.

    “Combinations of a statin and a bile acid sequestrant or a combination of a statin and ezetimibe can be used for greater reduction of LDL cholesterol than can be achieved with either drug alone.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Combinations of niacin and a statin increase HDL cholesterol and decrease triglycerides better than either drug alone, but flushing is the main adverse effect of niacin, which may affect compliance.

    “Combinations of niacin and a statin increase HDL cholesterol and decrease triglycerides better than either of these drugs alone, but flushing is the main adverse effect of niacin, which may affect compliance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Adding laropiprant to niacin might help reduce the incidence of flushing.

    “Adding laropiprant to niacin might help in reducing the incidence of this adverse effect.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Fibrates, particularly fenofibrate, may be useful for decreasing high triglycerides and increasing low HDL cholesterol, and can further lower LDL cholesterol when combined with a statin.

    “Fibrates, particularly fenofibrate, may be useful, not only for decreasing high triglyceride concentrations and increasing low HDL cholesterol, but can further lower LDL cholesterol when applied together with a statin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Stroke is the most serious complication of atrial fibrillation.

    “Stroke is the most serious complication of AF.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Atrial fibrillation is often unrecognized and untreated in patients admitted with acute ischaemic stroke.

    “AF is often unrecognized and untreated in patients admitted with acute ischaemic stroke.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cost-related medication non-adherence is a relevant problem in many healthcare systems, especially in the elderly and people of low socio-economic status.

    “Cost-related medication non-adherence is a relevant problem in many healthcare systems, especially in the elderly and people of low socio-economic status.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cardiovascular disease is the single most important cause of death for both men and women and can often be prevented.

    “Cardiovascular disease is the single most important cause of death for both men and women and can often be prevented!”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    After a cardiovascular event, secondary preventive efforts within a structured rehabilitation programme have been shown to be particularly important and cost-effective.

    “After a cardiovascular event, secondary preventive efforts within a structured rehabilitation programme have been shown to be particularly important and cost-effective.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Smoking bans in public places, by law, lead to a decrease in incidence of myocardial infarction.

    “Smoking bans in public places, by law, lead to a decrease in incidence of myocardial infarction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, rising progressively from normal GFR to end-stage renal disease.

    “Microalbuminuria is a risk factor for CVD, which rises progressively from a normal GFR to end-stage renal disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Effective prevention programmes are undeniably needed.

    “However, the need for effective prevention programmes is undeniable, and the evidence shows that nurses can successfully lead or co-ordinate such schemes in a variety of settings.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    General practitioners are critical to the implementation and success of CVD prevention programmes in Europe.

    “General practitioners are critical to the implementation and success of CVD prevention programmes in Europe.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In most countries, general practitioners deliver more than 90% of consultations and provide most public health medicine.

    “In most countries, they deliver .90% of consultations and provide most public health medicine (preventive care, disease screening, chronic disease monitoring, and follow-up).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Primary prevention of CVD performs worse at least partly because it is more difficult to predict who is at greater risk and may benefit from treatment.

    “The performance of primary prevention of CVD is even worse, at least partly because of additional difficulties in predicting those at greater risk who may benefit from treatment interventions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most cases of CVD are preventable through lifestyle changes and appropriate use of medications already in existence.

    “It was concluded that most cases of CVD are preventable through lifestyle changes and appropriate use of medications already in existence.”
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Citations

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Research works printed but not linked: 24

  1. SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network), 2007, Risk Estimation and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. A National Clinical Guideline
  2. World Health Organization, 2002, Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases
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  4. Tunstall-Pedoe H (World Health Organization), 2003, MONICA Monograph and Multimedia Sourcebook
  5. Vander Stichele, 2008, Is the decline in coronary attack rates leveling off in Flanders?, Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 15 suppl 1, S1
  6. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2010, Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Costing Report
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  8. Cooney, 2009, HDL cholesterol protects against cardiovascular disease in both genders, at all ages and at all levels of risk, Atherosclerosis, 206, 611, 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.041 · DOI · Paper page
  9. World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory Data Repository
  10. Fajardo, 1999, Is the pathology of radiation injury different in small vs large blood vessels?, Cardiovasc Radiat Med, 1, 108
  11. Thun, 1997, Age and the exposure–response relationships between cigarette smoking and premature death in Cancer Prevention Study II, 383
  12. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioural Basis for Smoking-attributable Disease
  13. WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation TobReg, 2005, Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators
  14. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2007, Tobacco Control: Reversal of Risk After Quitting Smoking. IARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention
  15. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2008, NICE Public Health Guidance 10. Smoking Cessation Services in Primary Care, Pharmacies, Local Authorities and Workplaces, Particularly for Manual Working Groups, Pregnant Women and Hard to Reach Communities
  16. European Heart, 2011, Diet, Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Europe
  17. Abuannadi, 2011, Give me sunshine: vitamin D cardiovascular health, Prim Care Cardiovasc J, 4, 59
  18. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008, Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report
  19. US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008, 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans
  20. World Health Organization, 1998, Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation, World Health Organization Technical Report Series
  21. Lohman, 1998, Anthoropometric Standardization Reference Manual
  22. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration, 2002, Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients, BMJ, 324, 71, 10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Liu, 2000, Anticoagulants for preventing recurrence following ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2
  24. Wood, 2007, Clinical reality of coronary prevention in Europe: a comparison of EUROPASPIRE I, II, and III surveys. Paper presented at, The 29th Annual Congress of the European Society of Cardiology

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Authors
Authors/Task Force Members:, Perk, J., De Backer, G., Gohlke, H., Graham, I., Reiner, Ž., Verschuren, M., Albus, C., Benlian, P., Boysen, G., Cifkova, R., Deaton, C., Ebrahim, S., Fisher, M., Germano, G., Hobbs, R., Hoes, A., Karadeniz, S., Mezzani, A., Prescott, E., Ryden, L., Scherer, M., Syvänne, M., Scholte Op Reimer, W. J. M., Vrints, C., Wood, D., Zamorano, J. L., Zannad, F., guidelines:, O. E. W. C. T. P. O. T., Cooney, M. T., ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):, Bax, J., Baumgartner, H., Ceconi, C., Dean, V., Deaton, C., Fagard, R., Funck-Brentano, C., Hasdai, D., Hoes, A., Kirchhof, P., Knuuti, J., Kolh, P., McDonagh, T., Moulin, C., Popescu, B. A., Reiner, Ž., Sechtem, U., Sirnes, P. A., Tendera, M., Torbicki, A., Vahanian, A., Windecker, S., Reviewers:, D., Funck-Brentano, C., Sirnes, P. A., Aboyans, V., Ezquerra, E. A., Baigent, C., Brotons, C., Burell, G., Ceriello, A., De Sutter, J., Deckers, J., Del Prato, S., Diener, H.-C., Fitzsimons, D., Fras, Z., Hambrecht, R., Jankowski, P., Keil, U., Kirby, M., Larsen, M. L., Mancia, G., Manolis, A. J., McMurray, J., Pająk, A., Parkhomenko, A., Rallidis, L., Rigo, F., Rocha, E., Ruilope, L. M., van der Velde, E., Vanuzzo, D., Viigimaa, M., Volpe, M., Wiklund, O., & Wolpert, C.
Affiliations
  • Linnaeus University (SE)
  • 1 Societies: 1European Society of Cardiology (ESC)
  • European Society of Cardiology (FR)
  • European Society of Hypertension (IT)
  • 5 European Society of Hypertension (ESH)
  • European Association for the Study of Diabetes (DE)
  • 6 European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD)
  • European Heart Network (BE)
Corresponding author
Authors/Task Force Members:
ORCID
Venue
European Heart Journal
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2012-05-03
Volume
33
Issue
13
Pages
1635-1701
ISSN
  • 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
  • 1522-9645
DOI
10.1093/eurheartj/ehs092
OpenAlex
W3021842026
Cited by
8,490
References
868
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 237 · 2023: 331 · 2022: 409 · 2021: 740 · 2020: 895 · 2019: 837 · 2018: 799 · 2017: 802 · 2016: 694 · 2015: 684 · 2014: 693 · 2013: 561 · 2012: 329
FWCI
700.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
  • Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
  • ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast) (submittedVersion)
  • Lenus, The Irish Health Repository (Dr Steevens Hospital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Wellcome Trust (084674)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Prevention
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
Keywords
cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiovascular risk management, primary prevention, secondary prevention, cardiovascular risk assessment
MeSH terms
Smoking Prevention, Adult, Aged, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Cardiology, Cardiovascular Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diabetic Angiopathies, Diagnostic Imaging, Diet, Drug Combinations, Female, Health Promotion, Hospitalization, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Life Style, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Physician's Role, Primary Health Care, Prognosis, Self Care, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Exercise, Smoking Cessation, Risk Assessment, Patient Selection, Evidence-Based Medicine, Nurse's Role, Risk Reduction Behavior, Early Diagnosis, Medication Adherence, Electronic Health Records, General Practice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-04, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-04 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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