The DOI matches its Crossref record; 113 of the 114 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 87 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to UV light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and thus in photoaging. Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant‐based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age‐related skin pathologies. In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging. Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways. In this review, we focus our attention on the double role of oxidants in cell metabolism and on environmental and xenobiotic agents involved in skin photoaging. Moreover, we discuss the protective role of dietary antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and report their antiaging properties related to the reduction of oxidative stress pathways.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review summarizes how UV-induced ROS drive skin photoaging and how plant-derived antioxidants (phenolics, ascorbic acid, carotenoids) may protect skin by absorbing UV, reducing oxidative stress/inflammation, and modulating signaling. It synthesizes in vitro, animal, and human evidence, but is a narrative review without systematic methods.
Key findings
- Up to 80–90% of skin aging is attributed to environmental and xenobiotic agents (extrinsic aging), and photoaging accounts for about 80% of aging-related adverse effects; UV exposure rapidly generates ROS in skin cells.
- Plant secondary metabolites—phenolic compounds (e.g., flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes), ascorbic acid, and carotenoids—can protect skin by preventing UV penetration, inhibiting UV-induced free radical reactions, and modulating endogenous antioxidant and inflammatory systems.
- Human intervention examples: 800 mg EGCG (single or divided doses) reduced UV-induced erythema size; oral lycopene-rich tomato nutrient complex plus lutein inhibited UV-induced upregulation of HO-1, ICAM-1, and MMP-1; tomato paste supplementation reduced erythema and mitochondrial DNA damage.
- Not all antioxidant trials were positive: β-carotene (50 mg on alternate days) over 12 years did not protect healthy men from melanoma, and safety concerns/prooxidant effects have been raised for long-term β-carotene supplementation.
Methods
- Narrative review of the literature on ROS, oxidative stress, environmental/xenobiotic skin aging, and plant-derived antioxidants.
- Synthesizes findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human intervention studies, including cited studies on phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and carotenoids; no primary experimental data are reported.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis, with tables summarizing antioxidant defense systems and examples of synthetic/natural antioxidants, and figures schematizing oxidative stress responses and photoaging protection.
Limitations
- Not stated in the paper: the review does not include a limitations section.
- Evident from the text: it is a narrative review without described systematic search strategy, inclusion/exclusion criteria, or quality assessment of cited studies.
- Evident from the text: conclusions rely on cited primary studies, and the review notes context-dependent effects (e.g., EGCG antioxidant at nM vs prooxidant at μM; β-carotene prooxidant/safety concerns), which limit simple generalization.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
58 Not checked yet · 5 Own interpretation · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
In the paper
“In another paper, we showed the beneficial effects of water extracts from Opuntia ficus-indica L. cladodes on human keratinocytes [91].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Petruk G. Di Lorenzo F. Imbimbo P. Protective effect of Opuntia ficus-indica L. cladodes against UVA-induced oxidative stress in normal human keratinocytes Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2017 27 24 5485 5489 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.043 2-s2.0-85032262672 29107540 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Natural compounds used against photoaging comprise phenolic compounds, including flavonoids (catechins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins), phenolic acids (benzoic, gallic, and cinnamic acids), and stilbenes derived from plants such as tea, grape, bergamot, fernblock, rooibos, grapefruit, and red orange [4, 88, 90].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Cavinato M. Waltenberger B. Baraldo G. Grade C. V. C. Stuppner H. Jansen-Dürr P. Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging Biogerontology 2017 18 4 499 516 10.1007/s10522-017-9715-7 2-s2.0-85023189943 28702744 PMC5514221 source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Bosch R. Philips N. Suárez-Pérez J. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with phytochemicals Antioxidants 2015 4 2 248 268 10.3390/antiox4020248 26783703 PMC4665475 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We recently demonstrated that two phenolic compounds, malvidin and cyanidin, extracted from fruits of the açai tree (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), a South American palm, were able to counteract UVA-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts [74].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Petruk G. Illiano A. Del Giudice R. Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017 172 42 51 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.013 2-s2.0-85019181869 28527426 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Exposure to UV irradiation induces photochronical generation of ROS that activates cell surface growth factors, cytokine receptors, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [52].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Ullrich A. Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity Cell 1990 61 2 203 212 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-K 2-s2.0-0025343230 2158859 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging.”
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · plain
“In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these molecules can be used as natural antioxidants able to protect the skin from photoaging.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Kostyuk V. Potapovich A. Albuhaydar A. R. Mayer W. De Luca C. Korkina L. Natural substances for prevention of skin photoaging: screening systems in the development of sunscreen and rejuvenation cosmetics Rejuvenation Research 2018 21 2 91 101 10.1089/rej.2017.1931 28661208 PMC5910042 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“During the last decade, different studies demonstrated that chronological aging and photoaging activate the same oxidative stress-related pathways.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Subedi L. Lee T. H. Wahedi H. M. Baek S.-H. Kim S. Y. Resveratrol-enriched rice attenuates UVB-ROS-induced skin aging via downregulation of inflammatory cascades Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 2017 15 8379539 10.1155/2017/8379539 2-s2.0-85028688000 PMC5576414 28900534 source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Chen J. Li Y. Zhu Q. Anti-skin-aging effect of epigallocatechin gallate by regulating epidermal growth factor receptor pathway on aging mouse model induced by d -galactose Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2017 164 1 7 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.007 2-s2.0-85016395280 28343910 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this context, antioxidants are known to inhibit damages induced by oxidation, caused by ROS, as described in this review in paragraph 5 [54, 59, 60].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Subedi L. Lee T. H. Wahedi H. M. Baek S.-H. Kim S. Y. Resveratrol-enriched rice attenuates UVB-ROS-induced skin aging via downregulation of inflammatory cascades Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017 2017 15 8379539 10.1155/2017/8379539 2-s2.0-85028688000 PMC5576414 28900534 source
- Not checked yetcites [60] Chen J. Li Y. Zhu Q. Anti-skin-aging effect of epigallocatechin gallate by regulating epidermal growth factor receptor pathway on aging mouse model induced by d -galactose Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 2017 164 1 7 10.1016/j.mad.2017.03.007 2-s2.0-85016395280 28343910 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging.”
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · plain
“In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these molecules can be used as natural antioxidants able to protect the skin from photoaging.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Kostyuk V. Potapovich A. Albuhaydar A. R. Mayer W. De Luca C. Korkina L. Natural substances for prevention of skin photoaging: screening systems in the development of sunscreen and rejuvenation cosmetics Rejuvenation Research 2018 21 2 91 101 10.1089/rej.2017.1931 28661208 PMC5910042 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · plain
In the paper
“Oxidative stress may result in cell damage, thus leading to the development of many types of diseases, as well as aging [1].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Nishigori C. Hattori Y. Arima Y. Miyachi Y. Photoaging and oxidative stress Experimental Dermatology 2003 12 Supplement 2 18 21 10.1034/j.1600-0625.12.s2.3.x 14756519 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recently, it has been found that also grape extracts from the stems, a part of the grape tree rich in phenolic compounds, are able to reduce UVB-induced oxidative damage [93].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [93] Che D. N. Xie G. H. Cho B. O. Shin J. Y. Kang H. J. Jang S. I. Protective effects of grape stem extract against UVB-induced damage in C57BL mice skin Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017 173 551 559 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.042 2-s2.0-85021939664 28697472 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 34
- Probably not a substantial claim. 6
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In particular, supplementation of tomato paste before UV exposure was able to dampen skin erythema and to reduce mitochondrial DNA damage [112, 113].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Rizwan M. Rodriguez-Blanco I. Harbottle A. Birch-Machin M. A. Watson R. E. B. Rhodes L. E. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial British Journal of Dermatology 2011 164 1 154 162 10.1111/J.1365-2133.2010.10057.X 2-s2.0-78650478990 20854436 source
- Partly supportedcites [113] Cooperstone J. L. Tober K. L. Riedl K. M. Tomatoes protect against development of UV-induced keratinocyte carcinoma via metabolomic alterations Scientific Reports 2017 7 1 p. 5106 10.1038/s41598-017-05568-7 2-s2.0-85023183017 28698610 PMC5506060 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction reports human clinical data suggesting that continued tomato-paste consumption dampens UV-induced skin erythema. The Results and Discussion mention reduced UV-induced DNA damage in earlier mouse work, but do not identify mitochondrial DNA damage; that part of the claim is unsupported. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, it has been reported that up to 80–90% of skin aging is due to environmental and xenobiotic agents (extrinsic aging) [26, 28].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 3. Environmental and Xenobiotic Agents Involved in Skin Aging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Lephart E. D. Skin aging and oxidative stress: Equol’s anti-aging effects via biochemical and molecular mechanisms Ageing Research Reviews 2016 31 36 54 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.001 2-s2.0-84988420056 27521253 source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Lephart E. Equol’s anti-aging effects protect against environmental assaults by increasing skin antioxidant defense and ECM proteins while decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation Cosmetics 2018 5 1 p. 16 10.3390/cosmetics5010016 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These active compounds can protect the skin by (i) absorbing UV radiations, (ii) inhibiting free radical reactions induced by UV in cells, and (iii) modulating endogenous antioxidant and inflammatory systems [4, 89].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Kostyuk V. Potapovich A. Albuhaydar A. R. Mayer W. De Luca C. Korkina L. Natural substances for prevention of skin photoaging: screening systems in the development of sunscreen and rejuvenation cosmetics Rejuvenation Research 2018 21 2 91 101 10.1089/rej.2017.1931 28661208 PMC5910042 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All these compounds can prevent penetration of radiations into the skin and, in addition, they can reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and influence several signalling pathways in order to protect the skin against UV damage [4].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, two nuclear transcription factors, activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), involved in transcription of genes for matrix-degrading enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines, respectively, are activated [54].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“UV radiations are the major cause of stem cell DNA damage; they can contribute to depletion of stem cells and damage of stem cell niche, eventually leading to photoinduced skin aging [50].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 3. Environmental and Xenobiotic Agents Involved in Skin Aging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Panich U. Sittithumcharee G. Rathviboon N. Jirawatnotai S. Ultraviolet radiation-induced skin aging: the role of DNA damage and oxidative stress in epidermal stem cell damage mediated skin aging Stem Cells International 2016 2016 14 10.1155/2016/7370642 2-s2.0-84966440489 7370642 PMC4842382 27148370 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [88] Cavinato M. Waltenberger B. Baraldo G. Grade C. V. C. Stuppner H. Jansen-Dürr P. Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging Biogerontology 2017 18 4 499 516 10.1007/s10522-017-9715-7 2-s2.0-85023189943 28702744 PMC5514221 source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Bosch R. Philips N. Suárez-Pérez J. Mechanisms of photoaging and cutaneous photocarcinogenesis, and photoprotective strategies with phytochemicals Antioxidants 2015 4 2 248 268 10.3390/antiox4020248 26783703 PMC4665475 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, the preincubation of UVA-irradiated BALB/3T3 cells with açai phenolic compounds interfered with ROS production and kept GSH levels and lipid peroxidation comparable to normal cellular levels [74].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [74] Petruk G. Illiano A. Del Giudice R. Malvidin and cyanidin derivatives from açai fruit (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) counteract UV-A-induced oxidative stress in immortalized fibroblasts Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017 172 42 51 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.05.013 2-s2.0-85019181869 28527426 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin pathologies.”
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · hedged
“Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin oxidative damage [86].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Godic A. Poljšak B. Adamic M. Dahmane R. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 2014 6 860479 10.1155/2014/860479 2-s2.0-84899581041 PMC3984781 24790705 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These transcription factors are associated with skin dryness, pigmentation, laxity, deep wrinkling [55, 56], and apoptosis activation [57, 58].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] Matsumura Y. Ananthaswamy H. N. Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2004 195 3 298 308 10.1016/J.TAAP.2003.08.019 2-s2.0-1542407660 15020192 source
- Not checked yetcites [56] Komatsu T. Sasaki S. Manabe Y. Hirata T. Sugawara T. Preventive effect of dietary astaxanthin on UVA-induced skin photoaging in hairless mice PLoS One 2017 12 2, article e0171178 10.1371/journal.pone.0171178 2-s2.0-85011964948 28170435 PMC5295690 source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Shaulian E. Karin M. AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death Nature Cell Biology 2002 4 5 E131 E136 10.1038/ncb0502-e131 2-s2.0-0036098552 11988758 source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Schuler M. Green D. R. Mechanisms of p53-dependent apoptosis Biochemical Society Transactions 2001 29 6 684 688 10.1042/bst0290684 11709054 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, it has been demonstrated that people with lighter skin colour, living in sunny countries, developed more easily skin cancers, such as basal cell cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma [54].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fisher G. J. Kang S. Varani J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging Archives of Dermatology 2002 138 11 1462 1470 12437452 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, antioxidants can regulate gene expression inducing the translocation of the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) from the cytosol to the nucleus, upon dissociation from its inhibitor, Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein 1 (Keap-1).”
- Also stated in: § 5. Antioxidants as Antagonists of ROS in Skin Disorders · plain
“Once in the nucleus, Nrf-2, can bind antioxidant response elements (ARE) and induces the transcription of stress response genes, such as glutathione S-transferase (GST), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H: quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) [14, 63, 64].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 5. Antioxidants as Antagonists of ROS in Skin Disorders
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Lobo V. Patil A. Phatak A. Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health Pharmacognosy Reviews 2010 4 8 118 126 10.4103/0973-7847.70902 2-s2.0-78651391894 22228951 PMC3249911 source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Ji L. L. Sheng Y. C. Zheng Z. Y. Shi L. Wang Z. T. The involvement of p62–Keap1–Nrf2 antioxidative signaling pathway and JNK in the protection of natural flavonoid quercetin against hepatotoxicity Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2015 85 12 23 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.035 2-s2.0-84929617951 25881548 source
- Not checked yetcites [64] Kanlaya R. Khamchun S. Kapincharanon C. Thongboonkerd V. Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) via Nrf2 pathway against oxalate-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular cells Scientific Reports 2016 6 1, article 30233 10.1038/srep30233 2-s2.0-84979643088 27452398 PMC4958994 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 5. Antioxidants as Antagonists of ROS in Skin Disorders · plain
In the paper
“Exposure to UV light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and thus in photoaging.”
- Also stated in: § 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress · plain
“Exposure to UV irradiation induces photochronical generation of ROS that activates cell surface growth factors, cytokine receptors, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase [52].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Ullrich A. Schlessinger J. Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity Cell 1990 61 2 203 212 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-K 2-s2.0-0025343230 2158859 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 4. Skin Photoaging as a Consequence of Oxidative Stress · plain
In the paper
“Several secondary plant metabolites are endowed with antioxidant activity and have been studied to prevent, retard, and control the development of age-related pathologies [4].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With aging, a decreased performance of cell endogenous antioxidant system occurs; thus, elderly people are more susceptible to oxidative stress [2, 3].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Spector A. Review: oxidative stress and disease Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2000 16 2 193 201 10.1089/jop.2000.16.193 2-s2.0-0034052298 10803430 source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Rittié L. Fisher G. J. Natural and sun-induced aging of human skin Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 2015 5 1, article a015370 10.1101/cshperspect.a015370 2-s2.0-84923806755 25561721 PMC4292080 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, UVA radiations are considered more dangerous than UVB as, although they are weakly absorbed by DNA, they can excite endogenous chromophores, leading to DNA damage.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 3. Environmental and Xenobiotic Agents Involved in Skin Aging
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Sies H. Berndt C. Jones D. P. Oxidative stress Annual Review of Biochemistry 2017 86 1 715 748 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037 2-s2.0-85009852867 28441057 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In plants, these compounds are components of the photosynthetic machinery where they act as accessory light-harvesting pigments and protect from photooxidative damage [103].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Sagawa J. M. Stanley L. E. LaFountain A. M. Frank H. A. Liu C. Yuan Y.-W. An R2R3-MYB transcription factor regulates carotenoid pigmentation in Mimulus lewisii flowers The New Phytologist 2016 209 3 1049 1057 10.1111/nph.13647 2-s2.0-84954395771 26377817 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The photoprotective effects of several carotenoids have been investigated by intervention studies in humans, in which a carotenoid-rich diet has been investigated for its ability to decrease the erythema size upon UV radiation exposure [104–106], even though a long period (at least ten weeks) is necessary for successful intervention [106].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [104] Stahl W. Heinrich U. Wiseman S. Eichler O. Sies H. Tronnier H. Dietary tomato paste protects against ultraviolet light–induced erythema in humans The Journal of Nutrition 2001 131 5 1449 1451 10.1093/jn/131.5.1449 11340098 source
- Not checked yetcites [105] Heinrich U. Gärtner C. Wiebusch M. Supplementation with β-carotene or a similar amount of mixed carotenoids protects humans from UV-induced erythema The Journal of Nutrition 2003 133 1 98 101 10.1093/jn/133.1.98 12514275 source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Sies H. Stahl W. Carotenoids and UV protection Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2004 3 8 749 752 10.1039/b316082c 2-s2.0-4644305288 15295630 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the skin is normally protected from the negative effects of oxidative stress by endogenous antioxidant systems, which, unfortunately, undergo a progressive decline during aging.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 7. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies suggested that the protection from UV radiation is more effective upon treatment with combined tomato antioxidant compounds, compared to the effects of lycopene treatment alone, and this is probably due to a synergistic effect of the different tomato phytonutrients [79, 111].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] Grether-Beck S. Marini A. Jaenicke T. Stahl W. Krutmann J. Molecular evidence that oral supplementation with lycopene or lutein protects human skin against ultraviolet radiation: results from a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study British Journal of Dermatology 2017 176 5 1231 1240 10.1111/bjd.15080 2-s2.0-85015165059 27662341 source
- Not checked yetcites [111] Aust O. Stahl W. Sies H. Tronnier H. Heinrich U. Supplementation with tomato-based products increases lycopene, phytofluene, and phytoene levels in human serum and protects against UV-light-induced erythema International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 2005 75 1 54 60 10.1024/0300-9831.75.1.54 2-s2.0-15244350242 15830922 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, it has been found that ascorbic acid acts as a photoprotectant at doses above the minimal erythema dose and that stimulates collagen synthesis, protects against damage from UVA/B radiation, and mitigates inflammation in the skin [86, 99, 100].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.2. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] Godic A. Poljšak B. Adamic M. Dahmane R. The role of antioxidants in skin cancer prevention and treatment Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2014 2014 6 860479 10.1155/2014/860479 2-s2.0-84899581041 PMC3984781 24790705 source
- Not checked yetcites [99] Costa A. Pereira E. Assumpcao E. Assessment of clinical effects and safety of an oral supplement based on marine protein, vitamin C, grape seed extract, zinc, and tomato extract in the improvement of visible signs of skin aging in men Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2015 8 319 328 10.2147/CCID.S79447 2-s2.0-84936888988 PMC4492544 26170708 source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A single application of resveratrol on hairless mice's skin before exposure to UVB radiation led to the inhibition of skin edema, cyclooxygenase, and ornithine decarboxylase induction and lipid peroxidation in the skin [4, 76].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Afaq F. Adhami V. M. Ahmad N. Prevention of short-term ultraviolet B radiation-mediated damages by resveratrol in SKH-1 hairless mice Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2003 186 1 28 37 10.1016/S0041-008X(02)00014-5 2-s2.0-0037288709 12583990 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential cofactor in several enzymatic reactions but, since it cannot be synthesized by the human body, it has to be introduced in the organism by diet [98].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.2. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [98] Levine M. Rumsey S. C. Daruwala R. Park J. B. Wang Y. Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake JAMA 1999 281 15 1415 1423 10.1001/jama.281.15.1415 2-s2.0-0033590959 10217058 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“As recently reviewed by Davinelli and colleagues [94], the interaction of resveratrol with the specific binding partner is able to block apoptotic events and mitochondrial dysfunctions in keratinocytes, delaying skin aging.”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Davinelli S. Bertoglio J. C. Polimeni A. Scapagnini G. Cytoprotective polyphenols against chronological skin aging and cutaneous photodamage Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018 24 2 99 105 10.2174/1381612823666171109102426 29119916 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In human keratinocytes, resveratrol can also modulate cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) levels and stimulate the expression of HSP70, a factor important for cell repair and also for cytoprotection ([75] and references therein).”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] Park K. Lee J. H. Protective effects of resveratrol on UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells through attenuation of the caspase pathway Oncology Reports 2008 19 2 413 417 18202789
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, in irradiated keratinocytes, lycopene pretreatment resulted in the overexpression of BAX gene, a cell cycle delay at S-phase transition, and in a consequent decrease of cells in G0/G1 phase [110].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Ascenso A. Pedrosa T. Pinho S. The effect of lycopene preexposure on UV-B-irradiated human keratinocytes Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 2016 15 10.1155/2016/8214631 2-s2.0-84948844263 8214631 PMC4664803 26664697 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, cell pretreatment with these carotenoids decreased the formation of UVB-induced DNA strand breaks and counteracted caspase-3 activation [108].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Fernández-García E. Carvajal-Lérida I. Pérez-Gálvez A. Carotenoids exclusively synthesized in red pepper (capsanthin and capsorubin) protect human dermal fibroblasts against UVB induced DNA damage Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2016 15 9 1204 1211 10.1039/C6PP00134C 2-s2.0-84984905682 27537377 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, pretreatment of cells with ascorbic acid or with tomato extracts before UVA exposure was able to maintain ROS, GSH, and lipid peroxidation levels at the basal levels and there was no evidence of apoptosis or inflammation [83].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.2. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83] Petruk G. Raiola A. Del Giudice R. An ascorbic acid-enriched tomato genotype to fight UVA-induced oxidative stress in normal human keratinocytes Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2016 163 284 289 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.08.047 2-s2.0-84985029765 27599115 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, lycopene preexposure on UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes was found to play a diversified role in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes, depending on the level of damage, correcting the injury in mild photodamaged cells and acting as a cytotoxic agent in preneoplastic cells [110].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] Ascenso A. Pedrosa T. Pinho S. The effect of lycopene preexposure on UV-B-irradiated human keratinocytes Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 2016 15 10.1155/2016/8214631 2-s2.0-84948844263 8214631 PMC4664803 26664697 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Accordingly, consumption of tomato paste has been shown, in a randomized controlled study, to protect against acute and long-term photodamage [112].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] Rizwan M. Rodriguez-Blanco I. Harbottle A. Birch-Machin M. A. Watson R. E. B. Rhodes L. E. Tomato paste rich in lycopene protects against cutaneous photodamage in humans in vivo: a randomized controlled trial British Journal of Dermatology 2011 164 1 154 162 10.1111/J.1365-2133.2010.10057.X 2-s2.0-78650478990 20854436 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Attention should be paid to the local EGCG concentration as, when tested in nM concentrations, it acts as antioxidant, whereas when tested in the μM concentration range, EGCG acts as a prooxidant [96].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Kim H.-S. Quon M. J. Kim J.-a. New insights into the mechanisms of polyphenols beyond antioxidant properties; lessons from the green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin 3-gallate Redox Biology 2014 2 187 195 10.1016/j.redox.2013.12.022 2-s2.0-84893196378 24494192 PMC3909779 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Grape seeds are also rich in phytoalexin resveratrol (trans-3, 4′,5-trihydroxy-stilbene), a polyphenolic antioxidant with strong anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity [4, 87].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Saewan N. Jimtaisong A. Natural products as photoprotection Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2015 14 1 47 63 10.1111/jocd.12123 2-s2.0-84923696245 25582033 source
- Not checked yetcites [87] Cătană C.-S. Atanasov A. G. Berindan-Neagoe I. Natural products with anti-aging potential: affected targets and molecular mechanisms Biotechnology Advances 2018 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.012 29597027 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings have been corroborated by Pullar et al., who demonstrated that ascorbic acid prevents lipid peroxidation and protects keratinocyte exposed to UV radiation from apoptosis [100].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.2. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In particular, we found that carotenoids extracted from both fresh and processed tomato fruits showed cytoprotective activity, were able to mitigate ROS production induced by oxidative stress, and prevented GSH depletion and lipid peroxidation [80].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.3. Carotenoids
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] Del Giudice R. Petruk G. Raiola A. Barone A. Monti D. M. Rigano M. M. Carotenoids in fresh and processed tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits protect cells from oxidative stress injury Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2017 97 5 1616 1623 10.1002/jsfa.7910 2-s2.0-84982221259 27434883 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid, which is found in fruits such as acerola, orange, lemon, tangerine, and tomato, makes it a good candidate as a protective compound against UV irradiation [99, 100].”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.2. Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Costa A. Pereira E. Assumpcao E. Assessment of clinical effects and safety of an oral supplement based on marine protein, vitamin C, grape seed extract, zinc, and tomato extract in the improvement of visible signs of skin aging in men Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2015 8 319 328 10.2147/CCID.S79447 2-s2.0-84936888988 PMC4492544 26170708 source
- Not checked yetcites [100] Pullar J. Carr A. Vissers M. The roles of vitamin C in skin health Nutrients 2017 9 8 p. 866 10.3390/nu9080866 2-s2.0-85027548991 28805671 PMC5579659 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, one should keep in mind that resveratrol has very low solubility and high sensitivity to oxidation, thus making this molecule very unstable ([94] and references therein).”
§ Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging > 6. Fruits and Vegetables as Powerful Sources of Antiaging Antioxidants > 6.1. Phenolic Compounds
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Davinelli S. Bertoglio J. C. Polimeni A. Scapagnini G. Cytoprotective polyphenols against chronological skin aging and cutaneous photodamage Current Pharmaceutical Design 2018 24 2 99 105 10.2174/1381612823666171109102426 29119916 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Photoaging accounts for about 80% of the aging-related adverse effects.
“However, photoaging accounts for about 80% of the aging-related adverse effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A regular intake of vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols from plant sources contributes to the prevention of age-related diseases.
“Indeed, a regular intake of vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and polyphenols from plant sources has been shown to contribute to the prevention of age-related diseases.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This could be associated with the fact that the interaction between structurally different antioxidant molecules may provide more comprehensive protection against oxidative injury [103].”
From Boosting the Photoaged Skin: The Potential Role of Dietary Components (2021) · cites this paper as [103]
Citations
Cites
Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease
Valko, M., Leibfritz, D., Moncol, J., Cronin, M. T. D., Mazur, M., & Telser, J. (2007) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001 · Cited by 14,269
Molecular Mechanisms of Stress-Responsive Changes in Collagen and Elastin Networks in Skin
Aziz, J., Shezali, H., Radzi, Z., Yahya, N. A., Abu Kassim, N. H., Czernuszka, J., & Rahman, M. T. (2016) · Skin Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1159/000447017 · Cited by 7,323
Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer
Valko, M., Rhodes, C. J., Moncol, J., Izakovic, M., & Mazur, M. (2006) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009 · Cited by 6,680
Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs.
Chance, B., Sies, H., & Boveris, A. (1979) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1979.59.3.527 · Cited by 5,827
Signal transduction by receptors with tyrosine kinase activity
Ullrich, A., & Schlessinger, J. (1990) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90801-k · Cited by 5,435
Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health
Lobo, V, Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N. (2010) · Pharmacognosy Reviews · doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70902 · Cited by 5,435
Sies, H., Berndt, C., & Jones, D. P. (2017) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-045037 · Cited by 3,520
The Consensus Coding Sequences of Human Breast and Colorectal Cancers
Sjöblom, T., Jones, S., Wood, L. D., Parsons, D. W., Lin, J., Barber, T. D., Mandelker, D. L., Leary, R. J., Ptak, J., Silliman, N., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1133427 · Cited by 3,161
AP-1 as a regulator of cell life and death
Shaulian, E., & Karin, M. (2002) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb0502-e131 · Cited by 2,961 · cited 1×
“These transcription factors are associated with skin dryness, pigmentation, laxity, deep wrinkling [55, 56], and apoptosis activation [57, 58].”
BackgroundRole of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction
Simon, H.-U., Haj-Yehia, A., & Levi-Schaffer, F. (2000) · Apoptosis · doi:10.1023/a:1009616228304 · Cited by 2,774
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biomarkers, oxidative stress and autophagy in skin aging
Gu, Y., Han, J., Jiang, C., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101036 · Cited by 797
Prasanth, M. I., Sivamaruthi, B. S., Chaiyasut, C., & Tencomnao, T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11020474 · Cited by 457
Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging
Papaccio, F., D’Arino, A., Caputo, S., & Bellei, B. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11061121 · Cited by 452
Hoang, H. T., Moon, J.-Y., & Lee, Y.-C. (2021) · Cosmetics · doi:10.3390/cosmetics8040106 · Cited by 329
Fernandes, A., Rodrigues, P. M., Pintado, M., & Tavaria, F. K. (2023) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154824 · Cited by 264
Metadata
- Authors
- Petruk, G., Del Giudice, R., Rigano, M. M., & Monti, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Monti, Daria Maria
- Venue
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 2018
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1454936-1454936
- ISSN
- 1942-0994 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-0900
- PMC
- PMC6098906
- OpenAlex
- W2886272186
- Cited by
- 283
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Keywords
- photoaging, dietary antioxidants, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, carotenoids, plant secondary metabolites, skin inflammation, anti-aging, fruits and vegetables
- MeSH terms
- Antioxidants, Humans, Plants, Skin Diseases, Skin Aging, Reactive Oxygen Species
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
