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Cited by 87Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchVisual perception and processing mechanismsNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

Light reintroduction after dark exposure reactivates plasticity in adults via perisynaptic activation of MMP-9

Open access
Murase, Sachiko, Lantz, Crystal L, Quinlan, Elizabeth M·2017·eLife
DOI 10.7554/elife.27345PMC PMC5630258
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Abstract

The sensitivity of ocular dominance to regulation by monocular deprivation is the canonical model of plasticity confined to a critical period. However, we have previously shown that visual deprivation through dark exposure (DE) reactivates critical period plasticity in adults. Previous work assumed that the elimination of visual input was sufficient to enhance plasticity in the adult mouse visual cortex. In contrast, here we show that light reintroduction (LRx) after DE is responsible for the reactivation of plasticity. LRx triggers degradation of the ECM, which is blocked by pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). LRx induces an increase in MMP-9 activity that is perisynaptic and enriched at thalamo-cortical synapses. The reactivation of plasticity by LRx is absent in Mmp9−/− mice, and is rescued by hyaluronidase, an enzyme that degrades core ECM components. Thus, the LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 removes constraints on structural and functional plasticity in the mature cortex.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Light reintroduction (LRx) after dark exposure, not dark exposure alone, reactivates adult ocular dominance plasticity by triggering perisynaptic MMP-9 activity that degrades extracellular matrix. This reactivation is absent in Mmp9−/− mice and can be rescued by hyaluronidase.

Key findings

  • After 10 days of dark exposure (DE), WFA labeling was unchanged (99.1±5.2% of control, n=6), but 24 hr LRx reduced WFA labeling to 74.7±3.3% of control (n=7, p=0.00036), most strongly 250–400 μm from cortex (48.8±5.3%, n=5). PV expression fell with DE (78.4±2.3%) and returned toward control after LRx (88.8±6.3%).
  • MMP-9 inhibition prevented LRx-induced ECM degradation; active MMP-9 decreased after DE and increased after LRx. In vivo zymography showed LRx doubled MMP activity puncta density and intensity and increased colocalization with VGluT2 thalamic axons, but not VGluT1 cortical axons.
  • In Mmp9−/− mice, LRx produced no ECM degradation (WFA F=0.21, p=0.81), no changes in FS/RS excitability or oscillatory power, and no reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity or spine-density changes. Hyaluronidase degraded ECM and rescued functional plasticity (non-deprived eye VEP F=16.668, p=0.001) and structural spine changes (p<0.0001) in Mmp9−/− mice.
  • In WT adults, LRx enhanced non-deprived eye VEP after MD (F=6.33, p=0.026) and MD after LRx reduced dendritic spine density in deprived V1b (F=24.9, p<0.0001).

Methods

  • Adult C57BL/6J and Mmp9−/− mice (>P90, both sexes) received 10 days DE followed by LRx; some received monocular deprivation. Reagents were delivered in vivo via micro-osmotic pumps or cannulae.
  • Analyses included WFA/aggrecan/PV immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging, Western blotting for active MMP-9, in vivo zymography with dye-quenched gelatin, Golgi staining for dendritic spines, and chronic awake head-fixed microelectrode recordings of single units, VEPs, and LFP oscillations.
  • Statistics used t-tests, one-way or repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer or Bonferroni post hoc, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.

Limitations

  • Stated: the MMP biomarker cannot distinguish MMP-9 from MMP-2 activity; LRx-induced plasticity is transient and must be quickly harnessed by visual experience; sensitivity to LRx is developmentally regulated and includes a refractory period in late adolescence. Recombinant MMP-9 delivery caused astrocyte/microglia reactivity, so hyaluronidase was used for rescue.
  • Evident: findings are from adult mice only, with no human data; several experiments use small subject/unit numbers; in Mmp9−/− mice, elevated baseline RS excitability may preclude the need for further excitability increases during hyaluronidase rescue.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7554/elife.27345

Cites

96 of 96 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 40 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the absence of Mmp9, there is no change in ECM following dark exposure or light reintroduction.

    “However, in the absence of Mmp9, we observed no change in ECM following DE or LRx (Figure 4G, one-way ANOVA, F(df,17)=0.21, p=0.81, p=0.2 Tukey-Kramer post hoc, n=5, 6, 7 Con, DE, LRx).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    There is no effect of light reintroduction on MMP biomarker puncta size, density, or intensity in the absence of Mmp9.

    “However, we observed no effect of LRx on biomarker puncta size, density or intensity in the absence of Mmp9 (Figure 4H).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In Mmp9−/− mice, there is no increase in the strength of the non-deprived input following monocular deprivation.

    “However, we did not observe an increase in the strength of the non-deprived input in Mmp9−/− mice, consistent with previous reports (Spolidoro et al., 2012; Kelly et al., 2015; Pielecka-Fortuna et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Spolidoro et al., 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kelly et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Pielecka-Fortuna et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingown data

    The level of active MMP-9 in medial prefrontal cortex is unchanged by dark exposure and light reintroduction in the same subjects.

    “The rapid activation of MMP-9 appears to be a result of visual experience, as the level of active MMP-9 in medial prefrontal cortex was unchanged in the same subjects (Figure 2—figure supplement 1B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Light reintroduction following dark exposure reactivates structural and functional plasticity in the adult visual cortex.

    “reactivates structural and functional plasticity the adult visual cortex.”
    • Also stated in: § LRx does not reactivate structural or functional ocular dominance plasticity in adult Mmp9−/− mice · plain
      “In WT adults, LRx promoted a significant enhancement of non-deprived eye VEP following MD (between subjects repeated measures ANOVA, F(df,1,8)=6.33, p=0.026, MD n=12, MD+LRx n=8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 19
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 10

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Aggrecan immunoreactivity is unchanged by dark exposure and significantly decreased by light reintroduction.

    “Aggrecan immunoreactivity was unchanged by dark exposure and significantly decreased by LRx (Figure 2A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Light reintroduction induces an increase only in MMP biomarker co-localization with VGluT2, not with VGluT1.

    “Importantly, LRx induced an increase only in biomarker co-localization with VGluT2 (Figure 3B), and line scans of fluorescent triple-labeled images revealed that this reduction was observed for both PV+ and PV- puncta (Figure 3C).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Light reintroduction induces a decrease in the power of high gamma (60-120 Hz) and an increase in the power of delta (1-4 Hz) oscillations in wild-type mice.

    “LRx induced a decrease in the power of high γ (60–120 Hz, n=9 subjects, p=0.0168, paired Student’s T-test) and an increase in the power of δ (1–4 Hz, n=9 subjects, p=0.01903, paired Student’s T-test).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Light reintroduction induces a two-fold increase in the density and intensity of MMP biomarker fluorescence, with no change in puncta size.

    “In contrast, LRx induced a two-fold increase in the density and intensity of fluorescence, although puncta size was unchanged (Figure 3A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In Mmp9−/− mice, light reintroduction does not change the excitability of fast-spiking interneurons or regular spiking neurons.

    “However, we observed no change in the excitability of FS INs (n=5 subjects, 6 units) or RS neurons following LRx (n=5 subjects, 25 units; Figure 5A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The decrease in WFA staining after light reintroduction is most pronounced 250-400 μm from the cortical surface, a region highly enriched in thalamic afferents (48.8±5.3% of control, n=5 subjects).

    “The decrease in WFA staining was most pronounced 250 – 400 μm from the cortical surface, a region highly enriched in thalamic afferents (48.8±5.3% of control, n=5 subjects, One-way ANOVA, F(df,14)=6.01, p=0.016, p<0.05 Tukey-Kramer post hoc, Figure 1G and H).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In adult wild-type mice, light reintroduction for 6 hr induces a significant decrease in the visually-evoked response in fast-spiking interneurons and a significant increase in the response of regular spiking neurons.

    “In adult WTs, LRx (6 hr) induced a significant decrease in the visually-evoked response in FS INs (100% contrast, 0.05 cycle per degree gratings, reversing at 1 Hz, stimulus onset=time 0 s; n=8 subjects, 16 units, p=0.02083, unpaired Student’s T-test) and a significant increase in the response of RS neurons (n=8 subjects, 45 units, p=0.000209, unpaired Student’s T-test; Figure 5A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Quantitative immunoblotting of visual cortex homogenate reveals a significant decrease in active MMP-9 following dark exposure and a significant increase following light reintroduction.

    “Quantitative immunoblotting of visual cortex homogenate revealed a significant decrease in active MMP-9 following DE and a significant increase following LRx (Figure 2—figure supplement 1A).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Following LRx, there is an increase in MMP activity and a decrease in ECM density in PV+ and PV- regions that co-localize with a marker for thalamic axons.

    “Similarly, following LRx we observe an increase in MMP activity and a decrease in ECM density in PV+ and PV- regions that co-localize with a marker for thalamic axons, suggesting degradation of ECM at synapses onto PNN- and non-PNN-bearing neurons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    DE alone does not induce an increase in MMP-9 activity or extracellular proteolysis at thalamo-cortical synapses.

    “However, DE alone does not induce an increase in MMP-9 activity or extracellular proeolysis at thalmo-cortical synapses.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The increase in perisynaptic MMP activity induced by salient experience is associated with a specific class of synapse (thalamic inputs to cortex), and a decrease in aggrecan.

    “In addition, we show that the increase in perisynaptic MMP activity induced by salient experience is associated with a specific class of synapse (thalamic inputs to cortex), and a decrease in aggrecan, a known MMP-9 substrate (Mercuri et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mercuri et al., 2000 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The differential distribution of ECM molecules, including the concentration into PNNs, appears normal in Mmp9−/− mice.

    “The differential distribution of ECM molecules, including the concentration into PNNs, appears normal in Mmp9−/− mice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reactivation of plasticity through dark exposure has been demonstrated in several species, including kittens, and is effective in mice up to P535 days old.

    “The reactivation of plasticity through dark exposure has now been demonstrated in several species, including kittens (Duffy and Mitchell, 2013; Mitchell et al., 2016) and is effective in mice up to P535 days old (Stodieck et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Duffy and Mitchell, 2013

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mitchell et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Stodieck et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    MMP-9 activity is primarily associated with the growth and strengthening of synapses.

    “MMP-9 activity has been primarily associated with the growth and strengthening of synapses (Wang et al., 2008; Szepesi et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Wang et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Szepesi et al., 2014 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dark-rearing from birth delays the maturation of PNNs and prolongs the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity.

    “Furthermore, dark-rearing from birth delays the maturation of PNNs and prolongs the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity (Pizzorusso et al., 2002; Mower, 1991; Lander et al., 1997).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Pizzorusso et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mower, 1991 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lander et al., 1997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During the critical period, monocular deprivation induces a significant decrease in the density of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in deprived V1b, but this plasticity is lost with age.

    “During the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity, MD induces a significant decrease in the density of dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in deprived V1b (contralateral to the occlusion), but this plasticity is lost with age (Mataga et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mataga et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Reduction in the inhibitory output of FS basket cells has been shown to reactivate plasticity in the adult visual cortex.

    “Reduction in the inhibitory output of FS basket cells has been shown to reactivate plasticity in the adult visual cortex (Kuhlman et al., 2013; Kaplan et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kuhlman et al., 2013 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kaplan et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Monocular deprivation reveals structural and functional plasticity that is highest during a postnatal critical period.

    “The structural and functional plasticity revealed by monocular deprivation (MD) is highest during a postnatal critical period (Wiesel and Hubel, 1963).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wiesel and Hubel, 1963

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    MMP-9 proteolysis is predicted to promote weakening of excitatory synapses onto inhibitory neurons and strengthening of excitatory synapses onto excitatory neurons.

    “Consequently, MMP-9 proteolysis is predicted to promote weakening of excitatory synapses onto inhibitory neurons and promote strengthening of excitatory synapses onto excitatory neurons.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Subsequent activity-dependent change in the strength of excitatory inputs onto RS neurons are enabled by baseline MMP-9 activity.

    “We hypothesize that subsequent activity-dependent change in the strength of excitatory inputs onto RS neurons are enabled by baseline MMP-9 activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sensitivity to LRx is developmentally regulated and includes a refractory period in late adolescence.

    “In addition, the sensitivity to LRx is developmentally regulated and includes a refractory period in late adolescence (Huang et al., 2010) which may explain the modest response to DE at some ages (Erchova et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Huang et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Erchova et al., 2017 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This work underscores the importance of bidirectional control of synaptic plasticity by manipulations of extracellular signaling pathways, and highlights the therapeutic potential of extracellular proteolysis for the recovery of structural and functional plasticity of adult circuits.

    “This work underscores the importance of bidirectional control of synaptic plasticity by manipulations of extracellular signaling pathways, and highlights the therapeutic potential of extracellular proteolysis for the recovery of structural and functional plasticity of adult circuits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The enhanced baseline excitability of RS neurons in Mmp9−/− mice may preclude the need to further enhance excitability to reactivate plasticity.

    “However, the enhanced baseline excitability of RS neurons in Mmp9−/− mice may preclude the need to further enhance excitability to reactivate plasticity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 activity at synapses onto PV+ INs is predicted to reduce the strength of these synapses and enhance pyramidal neuron excitability via disinhibition.

    “The LRx-induced increase in MMP-9 activity at synapses onto PV+ INs predicted to reduce the strength of these synapses, and enhance pyramidal neuron excitability via disinhibition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    RS neurons in Mmp9−/− visual cortex have elevated excitability and reduced dendritic spine density.

    “However, RS neurons in Mmp9−/− visual cortex have elevated excitability and reduced dendritic spine density, as previously reported (Murase et al., 2016; Kelly et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Murase et al., 2016 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kelly et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Developmental changes in the dynamics of ECM synthesis/degradation may underlie the refractory period for reactivation of plasticity by LRx.

    “We propose that developmental changes in the dynamics of ECM synthesis/degradation may also underlie the expression of the refractory period for reactivation of plasticity by LRx.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
26 of 26

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Very little is known regarding the mechanism by which dark exposure enhances plasticity in the adult visual cortex.

    “However, very little is known regarding the mechanism by which dark exposure enhances plasticity in the adult visual cortex.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    MMP-9 is relatively promiscuous, so the consequence of MMP-9 activity is highly dependent on the location of enzyme activation.

    “MMP-9 is relatively promiscuous, therefore the consequence of MMP-9 activity is highly dependent on the location of enzyme activation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The MMP-9 inhibitor used is specific for MMP-9.

    “we examined the response to LRx in the presence of a potent MMP-9 inhibitor (Inhibitor I, CAS 1177749-58-4; IC50=5 nM).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mmp9−/− mice lack MMP-9 activity (extracellular proteolysis is absent in Mmp9−/− mice).

    “extracellular proteolysis, which is absent in Mmp9−/− mice”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Enhancement of non-deprived eye VEP is a valid measure of functional ocular dominance plasticity.

    “LRx promotes significant enhancement of non-deprived eye VEP following MD in WT adults”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Changes in dendritic spine density and diameter reflect structural plasticity.

    “Significant difference in the distribution of spine densities in deprived versus non-deprived V1b following 7 days of MD in WT LRx but not Mmp9−/− mice.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    VEPs evoked with high contrast, low spatial frequency visual stimuli are larger in Mmp9−/− mice than in controls.

    “VEPs evoked with high contrast, low spatial frequency visual stimuli are larger in Mmp9−/− mice than controls, therefore, the effect of visual stimulus spatial frequency on VEP amplitudes was examined at 50% contrast”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The role of PNNs in neural and network excitability is only beginning to be understood.

    “However, the role of PNNs in neural and network excitability is only beginning to be understood (Balmer, 2016; Murase et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2017).”

    From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Murase et al., 2017

  • PV, PNN, and MMP-9 interactions are important for driving adult plasticity.

    “A recent study by Murase and colleagues demonstrated that PV, PNN, and MMP-9 interactions are important for driving adult plasticity (Murase et al., 2017).”

    From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Murase et al., 2017

  • Aggrecan-rich PNNs may be unstable in the presence of MMP-9, leading to abnormal development and neural excitability.

    “As aggrecan has been previously identified as an MMP-9 target (Mercuri et al., 2000; Madsen et al., 2010; Rankin-Gee et al., 2015), aggrecan-rich PNNs may be unstable in the presence of MMP-9, leading to abnormal development and neural excitability (Murase et al., 2017; Wen et al., 2017).”

    From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Murase et al., 2017

  • In adult mice, monocular deprivation followed by light exposure was associated with reduced WFA-expressing PNNs, lower aggrecan levels, and increased MMP-9 activity, as well as reduced PV cell output, increased firing of regular-spiking cells, and reduced gamma power.

    “In this study, monocular deprivation followed by light exposure in adult mice was associated with reduced WFA-expressing PNNs, lower aggrecan levels, and increased MMP-9 activity, as well as reduced PV cell output, increased firing of regular-spiking cells, and reduced gamma power (Murase et al., 2017).”

    From The Perineuronal ‘Safety’ Net? Perineuronal Net Abnormalities in Neurological Disorders (2018) · cites this paper as Murase et al., 2017

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Co-localization change called both an increase and a reduction

    Minor

    The Results say the change observed in PV+ and PV- puncta was a reduction, but the Figure 3 caption describes it as an increase.

  • Different ANOVA results for knockout VEPs

    Minor

    The Results report F=0.633 for the Mmp9−/− VEP comparison, while the Figure 6 caption reports F=0.020. Both give p=0.890.

  • Different p-values for regional WFA staining

    Minor

    The Results and Figure 1 caption give p=0.016 and p=0.0016, respectively, for the same F=6.01 regional WFA analysis.

  • Conflicting hyaluronidase recording sample sizes

    Minor

    The Results and Figure 7 caption disagree on the post-treatment unit counts for both neuron types and on the number of subjects for regular-spiking neurons.

  • Different ANOVA results for PV expression

    Minor

    The Results and Figure 1 caption report different F statistics for the same PV-expression comparison after dark exposure and light reintroduction.

5 of 5

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Related

Authors
Murase, S., Lantz, C. L., & Quinlan, E. M.
Affiliations
Brandeis University (US)
Corresponding author
  • Murase, Sachiko
  • Quinlan, Elizabeth M
ORCID
Venue
eLife
Publisher
eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
Published
2017-09-06
Volume
6
ISSN
2050-084X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.7554/elife.27345
PMC
PMC5630258
OpenAlex
W2752091474
Semantic Scholar
48bb2b79adedee72db85933da0955054bd53ff49
Cited by
87
References
96
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5
FWCI
3.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Eye Institute (R01)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
critical period plasticity, ocular dominance, monocular deprivation, dark exposure, MMP-9, extracellular matrix degradation, thalamocortical synapses, visual cortex, hyaluronidase, adult plasticity
MeSH terms
Animals, Darkness, Extracellular Matrix, Light, Neuronal Plasticity, Thalamus, Visual Cortex, Visual Pathways, Mice, Knockout, Matrix Metalloproteinase 9, Mice, Proteolysis

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