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Metabolic Syndrome and Insulin Resistance: Underlying Causes and Modification by Exercise Training
Open accessAbstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant debate regarding the criteria and concept of the syndrome, this clustering of risk factors is unequivocally linked to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regardless of the true definition, based on current population estimates, nearly 100 million have MS. It is often characterized by insulin resistance, which some have suggested is a major underpinning link between physical inactivity and MS. The purpose of this review is to: (i) provide an overview of the history, causes and clinical aspects of MS, (ii) review the molecular mechanisms of insulin action and the causes of insulin resistance, and (iii) discuss the epidemiological and intervention data on the effects of exercise on MS and insulin sensitivity. © 2013 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol 3:1‐58, 2013.
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Loh, K., Deng, H., Fukushima, A., Cai, X., Boivin, B., Galic, S., Bruce, C., Shields, B. J., Skiba, B., Ooms, L. M., et al. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.009 · Cited by 581
Wang, Y., Lam, K. S. L., Kraegen, E. W., Sweeney, G., Zhang, J., Tso, A. W., Chow, W.-S., Wat, N. M., Xu, J. Y., Hoo, R. L., et al. (2007) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2006.075614 · Cited by 578
Metabolic Syndrome and Incident Diabetes
Ford, E. S., Li, C., & Sattar, N. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-0423 · Cited by 577
Effect of the volume and intensity of exercise training on insulin sensitivity
Houmard, J. A., Tanner, C. J., Slentz, C. A., Duscha, B. D., McCartney, J. S., & Kraus, W. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2003 · Cited by 568
Sleep apnea is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome
Vgontzas, A. N., Bixler, E. O., & Chrousos, G. P. (2005) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.01.006 · Cited by 559
Muscle and Liver Insulin Resistance Indexes Derived From the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Abdul-Ghani, M. A., Matsuda, M., Balas, B., & DeFronzo, R. A. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1519 · Cited by 555
HSP72 protects against obesity-induced insulin resistance
Chung, J., Nguyen, A.-K., Henstridge, D. C., Holmes, A. G., Chan, M. H. S., Mesa, J. L., Lancaster, G. I., Southgate, R. J., Bruce, C. R., Duffy, S. J., et al. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0705799105 · Cited by 553
Self-citation
Cited by
Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: A position statement of the American Diabetes Association
Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Yardley, J. E., Riddell, M. C., Dunstan, D. W., Dempsey, P. C., Horton, E. S., Castorino, K., & Tate, D. F. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-1728 · Cited by 2,991
2020 ESC guidelines on sports cardiology and exercise in patients with cardiovascular disease
Pelliccia, A., Sharma, S., Gati, S., Bäck, M., Börjesson, M., Caselli, S., Collet, J.-P., Corrado, D., Drezner, J. A., Halle, M., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa605 · Cited by 1,958
Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and frailty
McPhee, J. S., French, D. P., Jackson, D., Nazroo, J., Pendleton, N., & Degens, H. (2016) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0 · Cited by 1,369
Trends in insulin resistance: insights into mechanisms and therapeutic strategy
Li, M., Chi, X., Wang, Y., Setrerrahmane, S., Xie, W., & Xu, H. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01073-0 · Cited by 939
Pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome
McCracken, E., Monaghan, M., & Sreenivasan, S. (2018) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2017.09.004 · Cited by 728
Metadata
- Authors
- Roberts, C. K., Hevener, A. L., & Barnard, R. J.
- Venue
- Comprehensive Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-58
- ISSN
- 2040-4603 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1699868108
- Cited by
- 831
- References
- 730
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.