Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum.

Krueger, Robert F.; Hicks, Brian M.; Patrick, Christopher J.; Carlson, Scott R.; Iacono, William G.; McGue, Matt

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.411

Cited by 1,378Personality Traits and PsychologySubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum.

Krueger, Robert F., Hicks, Brian M., Patrick, Christopher J., Carlson, Scott R., Iacono, William G., McGue, Matt·2002·Journal of Abnormal Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.411

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Abstract

A hierarchical biometric model is presented of the origins of comorbidity among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and a disinhibited personality style. The model posits a spectrum of personality and psychopathology, united by an externalizing factor linked to each phenotype within the spectrum, as well as specific factors that account for distinctions among phenotypes within the spectrum. This model fit self-report and mother-report data from 1,048 male and female 17-year-old twins. The variance of the externalizing factor was mostly genetic, but both genetic and environmental factors accounted for distinctions among phenotypes within the spectrum. These results reconcile evidence for general and specific causal factors within the externalizing spectrum and offer the externalizing factor as a novel target for future research.

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Externalizing traits share genetic liability.
“Collectively, this group of correlated traits are classified as externalizing3. Twin studies have demonstrated that externalizing liability is highly heritable (~80%)4,5.”
From Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Externalizing liability is highly heritable, around 80%, according to twin studies.
“Twin studies have demonstrated that externalizing liability is highly heritable (~80%)4,5.”
From Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction. (2021) · cites this paper as [5]
Another influential dispositional profile combines high negative emotionality, impulsivity, and low agreeableness.
“Another influential dispositional profile combines high negative emotionality, impulsivity, and low agreeableness (Sher and Trull 2002; Krueger et al. 2002; Miller et al. 2003).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Krueger et al. 2002
Temperamental traits such as disinhibition, negative affectivity, and heightened reward sensitivity are key predispositions for both externalizing behaviors and alcohol misuse.
“Temperamental traits such as disinhibition, negative affectivity, and heightened reward sensitivity are key predispositions for both externalizing behaviors and alcohol misuse.”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Krueger et al. 2002
These traits show moderate heritability and contribute to a broader 'behavioral disinhibition' liability spanning both domains.
“These traits show moderate heritability and contribute to a broader “behavioral disinhibition” liability spanning both domains (Krueger et al. 2002; Iacono et al. 2008; Young et al. 2009).”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Krueger et al. 2002

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Unequal rate of monozygotic and like-sex dizygotic twin birth: Evidence from the Minnesota twin family study
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A twin study of antisocial and neurotic symptoms in childhood
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Smiths' Sea Fishes
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Young (2000) · doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20001009)96:5

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The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies.
Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Brown, T. A., Carpenter, W. T., Caspi, A., Clark, L. A., et al. (2017) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000258 · Cited by 3,335 · see citing works
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Linking “big” personality traits to anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders: A meta-analysis
Kotov, R., Gamez, W., Schmidt, F., & Watson, D. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0020327 · Cited by 2,677 · see citing works
The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women
Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending linehan’s theory.
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Gene-environment interplay and psychopathology: multiple varieties but real effects
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Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description
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Linking antisocial behavior, substance use, and personality: An integrative quantitative model of the adult externalizing spectrum.
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Heart rate variability as a transdiagnostic biomarker of psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.08.004 · Cited by 870 · see citing works
Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences
23and Me Research Team, Karlsson Linnér, R., eQTLgen Consortium, International Cannabis Consortium, Social Science Genetic Association Consortium, Biroli, P., Kong, E., Meddens, S. F. W., Wedow, R., Fontana, M. A., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0309-3 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Temperament as a unifying basis for personality and psychopathology.
Clark, L. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.505 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Polyvagal Theory and developmental psychopathology: Emotion dysregulation and conduct problems from preschool to adolescence
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An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: Evidence from a national sample
Eaton, N. R., Keyes, K. M., Krueger, R. F., Balsis, S., Skodol, A. E., Markon, K. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024780 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
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Adolescent risk taking, impulsivity, and brain development: Implications for prevention
Romer, D. (2010) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.20442 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
A Developmental Perspective on Alcohol and Youths 16 to 20 Years of Age
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Psychosocial health problems increase risk for HIV among urban young men who have sex with men: Preliminary evidence of a syndemic in need of attention
Mustanski, B., Garofalo, R., Herrick, A., & Donenberg, G. (2007) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02879919 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Future Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Multivariate analysis of 1.5 million people identifies genetic associations with traits related to self-regulation and addiction.
Karlsson Linnér, R., Mallard, T. T., Barr, P. B., Sanchez-Roige, S., Madole, J. W., Driver, M. N., Poore, H. E., de Vlaming, R., Grotzinger, A. D., Tielbeek, J. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-00908-3 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
“This approach was grounded in the literature showing shared genetic liability across numerous externalizing disorders and with nonpsychiatric variation in externalizing behavior 5,11 .”
Background
Higher-order genetic and environmental structure of prevalent forms of child and adolescent psychopathology
Lahey, B. B., Van Hulle, C. A., Singh, A. L., Waldman, I. D., & Rathouz, P. J. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.192 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Evaluation of behavioral measures of risk taking propensity with inner city adolescents
Aklin, W. M., Lejuez, C. W., Zvolensky, M. J., Kahler, C. W., & Gwadz, M. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.12.007 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Gender differences in cannabis use disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions
Khan, S. S., Secades-Villa, R., Okuda, M., Wang, S., Pérez-Fuentes, G., Kerridge, B. T., & Blanco, C. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.10.015 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Personality and psychopathology: working toward the bigger picture.
Krueger, R. F., & Tackett, J. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.17.2.109.23986 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
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The Genetic Basis of Addictive Disorders
Ducci, F., & Goldman, D. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.010 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of truancy in the US: results from a national sample
Vaughn, M. G., Maynard, B. R., Salas‐Wright, C. P., Perron, B. E., & Abdon, A. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.015 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Personality traits and the classification of mental disorders: Toward a more complete integration in DSM–5 and an empirical model of psychopathology.
Krueger, R. F., & Eaton, N. R. (2010) · Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment · doi:10.1037/a0018990 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citation
Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12303 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Integrating Etiological Models of Social Anxiety and Depression in Youth: Evidence for a Cumulative Interpersonal Risk Model
Epkins, C. C., & Heckler, D. R. (2011) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-011-0101-8 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Impulsivity in abstinent early- and late-onset alcoholics: differences in self-report measures and a discounting task
Dom, G., D’haene, P., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2006) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01270.x · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Alcohol, psychological dysregulation, and adolescent brain development
Clark, D. B., Thatcher, D. L., & Tapert, S. F. (2008) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00601.x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Ten good reasons to consider biological processes in prevention and intervention research
Beauchaine, T. P., Neuhaus, E., Brenner, S. L., & Gatzke-Kopp, L. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000369 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Association between childhood maltreatment and adult emotional dysregulation in a low-income, urban, African American sample: Moderation by oxytocin receptor gene
Bradley, B., Westen, D., Mercer, K. B., Binder, E. B., Jovanovic, T., Crain, D., Wingo, A., & Heim, C. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000162 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Liability to substance use disorders: 1. Common mechanisms and manifestations
Vanyukov, M. M., Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Kirillova, G. P., Maher, B. S., & Clark, D. B. (2003) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.002 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Genome-Wide Association Studies of a Broad Spectrum of Antisocial Behavior
Tielbeek, J. J., Johansson, A., Polderman, T. J. C., Rautiainen, M.-R., Jansen, P., Taylor, M., Tong, X., Lu, Q., Burt, A. S., Tiemeier, H., et al. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3069 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Disinhibitory psychopathology and delay discounting in alcohol dependence: Personality and cognitive correlates.
Bobova, L., Finn, P. R., Rickert, M. E., & Lucas, J. (2009) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0014503 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Parsing the undercontrol-disinhibition pathway to substance use disorders: A multilevel developmental problem
Zucker, R. A., Heitzeg, M. M., & Nigg, J. T. (2011) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00172.x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
The role of internalizing and externalizing liability factors in accounting for gender differences in the prevalence of common psychopathological syndromes
Kramer, M. D., Krueger, R. F., & Hicks, B. M. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001572 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citation
A syndemic of psychosocial health disparities and associations with risk for attempting suicide among young sexual minority men
Mustanski, B., Andrews, R., Herrick, A., Stall, R., & Schnarrs, P. W. (2014) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301744 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development
Durbin, C. E., & Hicks, B. M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1962 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citation
Categorical and Continuous Models of Liability to Externalizing Disorders: A Direct Comparison in NESARC
Markon, K. E., & Krueger, R. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.12.1352 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citation
Response Inhibition and Reward Response Bias Mediate the Predictive Relationships Between Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking and Common and Unique Variance in Conduct Disorder and Substance Misuse: DISINHIBITION AND EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS IN ADOLESCENCE
Castellanos-Ryan, N., Rubia, K., & Conrod, P. J. (2011) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01331.x · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 6 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Krueger, R. F., & South, S. C. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990328 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citation
A multimodal assessment of the relationship between emotion dysregulation and borderline personality disorder among inner-city substance users in residential treatment
Bornovalova, M. A., Gratz, K. L., Daughters, S. B., Nick, B., Delany-Brumsey, A., Lynch, T. R., Kosson, D., & Lejuez, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.07.014 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Psychiatric disorders in smokers seeking treatment for tobacco dependence: Relations with tobacco dependence and cessation.
Piper, M. E., Smith, S. S., Schlam, T. R., Fleming, M. F., Bittrich, A. A., Brown, J. L., Leitzke, C. J., Zehner, M. E., Fiore, M. C., & Baker, T. B. (2010) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018065 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Annual research review: on the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders
J. Conrod, P., & Nikolaou, K. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12516 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Human Aggression Across the Lifespan
Tuvblad, C., & Baker, L. A. (2011) · Advances in Genetics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380858-5.00007-1 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“On a phenotypic level, disruptive and problem behaviors within the disinhibitory spectrum can be united by a common higher order externalizing factor (Krueger et al., 2002, 2005, 2007).”
Background
Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders
Gatzke-Kopp, L. M., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., Liang, O., Johnson, L. C., & Aylward, E. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014378 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
A common genetic factor explains the covariation among ADHD ODD and CD symptoms in 9–10 year old boys and girls
Tuvblad, C., Zheng, M., Raine, A., & Baker, L. A. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9278-9 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Longitudinal trajectories of sensation seeking, risk taking propensity, and impulsivity across early to middle adolescence
Collado, A., Felton, J. W., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.01.024 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Differences in impulsivity and sexual risk behavior among inner-city crack/cocaine users and heroin users
Lejuez, C. W., Bornovalova, M. A., Daughters, S. B., & Curtin, J. J. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.013 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Time Doesn’t Change Everything: The Longitudinal Course of Distress Tolerance and its Relationship with Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms during Early Adolescence
Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Ojanen, T., Hunt, E., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9704-x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Evidence for a Multi-Dimensional Latent Structural Model of Externalizing Disorders
the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group, Witkiewitz, K., King, K., McMahon, R. J., Wu, J., Luk, J., Bierman, K. L., Coie, J. D., Dodge, K. A., Greenberg, M. T., et al. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-012-9674-z · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The P300 event-related brain potential as a neurobiological endophenotype for substance use disorders: a meta-analytic investigation
Euser, A. S., Arends, L. R., Evans, B. E., Greaves-Lord, K., Huizink, A. C., & Franken, I. H. A. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.09.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The psychoses: Cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 4 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Carpenter, W. T., Bustillo, J. R., Thaker, G. K., van Os, J., Krueger, R. F., & Green, M. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990286 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Impulsive errors on a Go–NoGo reaction time task: disinhibitory traits in relation to a family history of alcoholism
Saunders, B., Farag, N., Vincent, A. S., Collins, F. L., Sorocco, K. H., & Lovallo, W. R. (2008) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00648.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The utility of twins in developmental cognitive neuroscience research: How twins strengthen the ABCD research design
Iacono, W. G., Heath, A. C., Hewitt, J. K., Neale, M. C., Banich, M. T., Luciana, M. M., Madden, P. A., Barch, D. M., & Bjork, J. M. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.09.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“range of substantive topics, including reports that have examined how specific and generalized risk are associated with the development of adolescent SU (Krueger et al., 2002; Maes et al., 2004; Palmer et al., 2012, 2013b, 2009; Young et al., 2006, 2000), the strong relationship of antisocial behavior to alcohol and d…”
Self-citation
PTSD and substance-related problems: the mediating roles of disconstraint and negative emotionality
Miller, M. W., Vogt, D. S., Mozley, S. L., Kaloupek, D. G., & Keane, T. M. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.2.369 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The p factor and the n factor: associations between the general factors of psychopathology and neuroticism in children.
Brandes, C. M., Herzhoff, K., Smack, A. J., & Tackett, J. L. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619859332 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Neural responses to monetary incentives among self-injuring adolescent girls
Sauder, C. L., Derbidge, C. M., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579415000449 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Evidence for an interaction between age at first drink and genetic influences on DSM-IV alcohol dependence symptoms
Agrawal, A., Sartor, C. E., Lynskey, M. T., Grant, J. D., Pergadia, M. L., Grucza, R., Bucholz, K. K., Nelson, E. C., Madden, P. A. F., Martin, N. G., et al. (2009) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01044.x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Beyond dual systems: A genetically-informed, latent factor model of behavioral and self-report measures related to adolescent risk-taking
Harden, K. P., Kretsch, N., Mann, F. D., Herzhoff, K., Tackett, J. L., Steinberg, L., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Using presurgical psychological testing to predict 1-year appointment adherence and weight loss in bariatric surgery patients: predictive validity and methodological considerations
Marek, R. J., Tarescavage, A. M., Ben-Porath, Y. S., Ashton, K., Merrell Rish, J., & Heinberg, L. J. (2015) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2015.03.020 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Adolescent Substance Use
Chassin, L., Hussong, A., & Beltran, I. (2009) · Handbook of Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001022 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Adolescent drinking and brain morphometry: A co-twin control analysis
Wilson, S., Malone, S. M., Thomas, K. M., & Iacono, W. G. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene and Moderation of the Association Between Externalizing Behavior and IQ
DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., Séguin, J. R., Mejia, J. M., Pihl, R. O., Beitchman, J. H., Jain, U., Tremblay, R. E., Kennedy, J. L., & Palmour, R. M. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1410 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Using polygenic scores for identifying individuals at increased risk of substance use disorders in clinical and population samples
Barr, P. B., Ksinan, A., Su, J., Johnson, E. C., Meyers, J. L., Wetherill, L., Latvala, A., Aliev, F., Chan, G., Kuperman, S., et al. (2020) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-020-00865-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Etiology and measurement of relational aggression: A multi-informant behavior genetic investigation
Tackett, J. L., Waldman, I. D., & Lahey, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016949 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The developmental psychopathology of motivation in adolescence
Fairchild, G. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.07.009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Common genetic contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence symptomatology
Sartor, C. E., Grant, J. D., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Heath, A. C., Agrawal, A., Whitfield, J. B., Statham, D. J., Martin, N. G., & Lynskey, M. T. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01120.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Clustering of modifiable biobehavioral risk factors for chronic disease in US adults: a latent class analysis
Leventhal, A. M., Huh, J., & Dunton, G. F. (2014) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913913495780 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Family Transmission and Heritability of Externalizing Disorders: A Twin-Family Study
Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.922 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citation
Refinements in the hierarchical structure of externalizing psychiatric disorders: Patterns of lifetime liability from mid-adolescence through early adulthood.
Farmer, R. F., Seeley, J. R., Kosty, D. B., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017205 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Using epidemiologic methods to test hypotheses regarding causal influences on child and adolescent mental disorders
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Temperament and character traits associated with the use of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens: evidence from a large Brazilian web survey.
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Authors: Krueger, R. F., Hicks, B. M., Patrick, C. J., Carlson, S. R., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M.
Affiliations: University of Minnesota (US)
ORCID: Krueger, Robert F.
Hicks, Brian M.
Patrick, Christopher J.
Carlson, Scott R.
Iacono, William G.
McGue, Matt
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 111
Issue: 3
Pages: 411-424
ISSN: 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
1939-1846
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.111.3.411
OpenAlex: W2074805244
Cited by: 1,378
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 84 · 2013: 84 · 2012: 91
FWCI: 40.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1k02aa000175-01)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-00175, AA-09367)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH65137, R21MH065137)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-05147)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: substance dependence, antisocial behavior, comorbidities, genetic factors, environmental factors, personality traits, adolescent twins, mothers' reports, self-report
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Alcoholism, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Child Behavior Disorders, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Interviews as Topic, Male, Models, Psychological, Personality, Personality Assessment, Personality Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Self Disclosure, Twins, Comorbidity, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Substance-Related Disorders

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Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum.

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