An Item-Response Theory Analysis of Self-Report Measures of Adult Attachment
Abstract
Self-report measures of adult attachment are typically scored in ways (e.g., averaging or summing items) that can lead to erroneous inferences about important theoretical issues, such as the degree of continuity in attachment security and the differential stability of insecure attachment patterns. To determine whether existing attachment scales suffer from scaling problems, the authors conducted an item response theory (IRT) analysis of 4 commonly used self-report inventories: Experiences in Close Relationships scales (K. A. Brennan, C. L. Clark, & P. R. Shaver, 1998), Adult Attachment Scales (N. L. Collins & S. J. Read, 1990), Relationship Styles Questionnaire (D. W. Griffin & K. Bartholomew, 1994) and J. Simpson's (1990) attachment scales. Data from 1,085 individuals were analyzed using F. Samejima's (1969) graded response model. The authors' findings indicate that commonly used attachment scales can be improved in a number of important ways. Accordingly, the authors show how IRT techniques can be used to develop new attachment scales with desirable psychometric properties.
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The ECR/ECR-R assesses the two major dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance).
“The ECR/ECR-R assesses the two major dimensions of attachment (anxiety and avoidance; i.e., anxiety about abandonment or being afraid of disapproval).”
From Addiction to Social Media and Attachment Styles: A Systematic Literature Review (2019) · cites this paper as Fraley et al. 2000
Attachment styles were measured using the ECR-R, a well-validated, reliable 36-item measure.
“The Experience of Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) is a well-validated, reliable 36-item measure of anxious and avoidant attachment.21,22”
From Mental health services for parents who lost a child to cancer: if we build them, Will they come? (2015) · cites this paper as [21]
The ECR-R attachment anxiety and avoidance subscales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.929 and 0.944, respectively).
“This 36-item scale examines attachment anxiety (18 items, e.g., “I often worry that my partner doesn’t really love me”; Cronbach’s α = 0.929) and attachment avoidance (18 items, e.g., “I prefer not to be too close to romantic partners”; Cronbach’s α = 0.944)”
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- Authors
- Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 350-365
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4253600352
- Cited by
- 3,385
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 195 · 2021: 239 · 2020: 253 · 2019: 213 · 2018: 217 · 2017: 182 · 2016: 234 · 2015: 199 · 2014: 157 · 2013: 160 · 2012: 160
- FWCI
- 17.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- adult attachment, self-report measures, item response theory, psychometric properties
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Data Collection, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Object Attachment, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Models, Statistical, Cluster Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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