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The job demands-resources model of burnout.
Open accessAbstract
The job demands-resources (JD-R) model proposes that working conditions can be categorized into 2 broad categories, job demands and job resources. that are differentially related to specific outcomes. A series of LISREL analyses using self-reports as well as observer ratings of the working conditions provided strong evidence for the JD-R model: Job demands are primarily related to the exhaustion component of burnout, whereas (lack of) job resources are primarily related to disengagement. Highly similar patterns were observed in each of 3 occupational groups: human services, industry, and transport (total N = 374). In addition, results confirmed the 2-factor structure (exhaustion and disengagement) of a new burnout instrument--the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory--and suggested that this structure is essentially invariant across occupational groups.
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In the citing paper
“Job demands-resources model proposes a motivational process from job resources to work engagement and an energetic process from demands to job burnout.”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Supervisors who provide feedback can often ameliorate stress-related outcomes by helping employees improve their ability to withstand stressors (Demerouti et al. 2001).”
From Leadership and technostress: A systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al. 2001
In the citing paper
“The most popular model is the Job Demand-Resources (JD-R) model (Demerouti et al., 2001; Bakker and Demerouti, 2007) which posits that “job burnout develops when job demands are high and when job resources are limited, because such negative working conditions lead to energy depletion and undermine employees' motivation, respectively” (Demerouti et al., 2001, p. 499).”
From A Theoretical and Clinical Framework for Parental Burnout: The Balance Between Risks and Resources (BR2) (2018) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“The job resources-demands model [11] builds on the view of burnout as a work-based mismatch but differs from Maslach’s model in that it posits that burnout develops via two separate pathways: excessive job demands leading to exhaustion, and insufficient job resources leading to disengagement.”
From Burnout in nursing: a theoretical review. (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“According to the JD-R model (Demerouti et al., 2001; Bakker et al., 2003a) high level of psychological, social, physical, and organizational demands are related to work burnout, whereas psychological, social, physical, and organizational resources are related to work engagement (Xanthopoulou et al., 2009; Alarcon, 2011; Salmela-Aro and Upadyaya, 2014).”
From Work Burnout and Engagement Profiles Among Teachers (2019) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“As theorised by the Job Demands-Resources Model, burnout may stem largely from chronic work environment conditions, such as excessive job demands (e.g., work overload and time pressure) coupled with a lack of job resources (e.g., support, autonomy, or feedback) [32].”
From A workplace Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) intervention for improving healthcare staff psychological distress: A randomised controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [32]
In the citing paper
“Research of the past decades has revealed that burnout is often the result of high job demandsaspects of the job that require sustained physical, emotional, or cognitive effort (Demerouti et al., 2001).”
From Job Demands—Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout (2021) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
In the citing paper
“Job resources are less strongly (negatively) related to burnout than job demands, but show a consistent negative relationship with the cynicism component of burnout (Demerouti et al., 2001).”
From Job Demands—Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout (2021) · cites this paper as Demerouti et al., 2001
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Metadata
- Authors
- Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Psychology
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 499-512
- ISSN
- 0021-9010 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1854
- OpenAlex
- W2127625785
- Semantic Scholar
- 6b0866b9aeb3e772a4efcaf917e57da4720628d9
- Cited by
- 13,643
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1834 · 2025: 1563 · 2024: 1222 · 2023: 1225 · 2022: 1217 · 2021: 1057 · 2020: 844 · 2019: 683 · 2018: 544 · 2017: 546 · 2016: 465 · 2015: 436 · 2014: 423 · 2013: 342 · 2012: 308
- FWCI
- 49.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Keywords
- job demands-resources model, burnout, job demands, job resources, emotional exhaustion, disengagement, working conditions, occupational groups, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory, factor structure, measurement invariance
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Burnout, Professional, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Occupational Health, Workload
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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