The DOI matches its Crossref record; 83 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Abstract
A study was conducted in which 133 participants performed 11 memory tasks (some thought to reflect working memory and some thought to reflect short-term memory), 2 tests of general fluid intelligence, and the Verbal and Quantitative Scholastic Aptitude Tests. Structural equation modeling suggested that short-term and working memories reflect separate but highly related constructs and that many of the tasks used in the literature as working memory tasks reflect a common construct. Working memory shows a strong connection to fluid intelligence, but short-term memory does not. A theory of working memory capacity and general fluid intelligence is proposed: The authors argue that working memory capacity and fluid intelligence reflect the ability to keep a representation active, particularly in the face of interference and distraction. The authors also discuss the relationship of this capability to controlled attention, and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“working memory is a (likely causal) predictor of global IQ101–103 and age-related improvements in working memory lead directly to improvements in IQ.103”
From Executive function deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [103]
In the citing paper
“this finding suggests that about half of the cases with visuospatial WM impairments in the ADHD-C population are not the result of visuospatial STM impairments, but are solely caused by impairments in their central executive.”
From Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes (2015) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Since WM capacity is regarded as the sum of both STM- and central executive capacity [54],”
From Prevalence and diagnostic validity of motivational impairments and deficits in visuospatial short-term memory and working memory in ADHD subtypes (2015) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“prior latent-variable evidence indicates that they load on a common span construct (Engle et al., 1999; Redick & Lindsey, 2013)”
From The asymmetry of working memory training transfer: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Engle et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“WM capacity, that is, the number of items WM can retain and manipulate, is strongly correlated with fluid intelligence (Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999;Kane, Hambrick, & Conway, 2005)”
From Working memory training does not enhance older adults' cognitive skills: A comprehensive meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999
In the citing paper
“Two types of tasks are frequently used to measure individual differences in working memory capacity-complex span tasks and the n-back”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Engle et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“it is primarily the attentional component that drives the predictive validity of working memory capacity measures (e.g., Daneman & Carpenter, 1980;Engle et al., 1999).”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Engle et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“In the decades that followed, complex span tasks have been frequently used to measure working memory capacity in cognitive psychology (Engle et al., 1999;Kyllonen & Christal, 1990;Miyake et al., 2001).”
From Which “working memory” are we talking about? Complex span tasks versus N-back (2025) · cites this paper as Engle et al., 1999
In the citing paper
“A number of prior studies indicate that executive functions are central to the development of fluid intelligence in children (Fry & Hale, 1996; Kail, 2007) and adults (Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999).”
From Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood (2011) · cites this paper as Engle, Tuholski, Lauglin, & Conway, 1999
In the citing paper
“Indeed, lower WM ability in non-ADHD individuals is associated with poorer cognitive ability (7) and increased mind-wandering away from challenging activities in real-life settings (8).”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [7]
In the citing paper
“The OSPAN task has demonstrated convergent validity by showing consistency with other measures of working memory capacity (Engle et al. 1999).”
From Sleep Problems Across Development: A Pathway to Adolescent Risk Taking Through Working Memory (2015) · cites this paper as Engle et al. 1999
Citations
Cites
Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124192021002005 · Cited by 27,200
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
EQS : structural equations program manual
Bentler, P. M. (1989) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9,669
Testing Structural Equation Models.
Clogg, C. C., Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (1995) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2580595 · Cited by 8,246
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070
A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis
Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291170 · Cited by 7,330
Egeth, H. E., & Kahneman, D. J. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421603 · Cited by 6,976
Anderson, J. R. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9781315799438 · Cited by 6,761
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734 · Cited by 15,798
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Poverty impedes cognitive function.
Mani, A., Mullainathan, S., Shafir, E., & Zhao, J. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1238041 · Cited by 2,967
Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user’s guide
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., Bunting, M. F., Hambrick, D. Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196772 · Cited by 2,882
Self-citationExecutive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework.
Garon, N., Bryson, S. E., & Smith, I. M. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.1.31 · Cited by 2,695
An automated version of the operation span task
Unsworth, N., Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., & Engle, R. W. (2005) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03192720 · Cited by 1,861
Self-citationIs working memory training effective? A meta-analytic review
Melby-Lervåg, M., & Hulme, C. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0028228 · Cited by 1,782
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.47 · Cited by 1,725
Self-citationSnyder, H. R. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028727 · Cited by 1,667
An integrated process model of stereotype threat effects on performance
Schmader, T., Johns, M., & Forbes, C. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.2.336 · Cited by 1,576
A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity.
Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., & Engle, R. W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169 · Cited by 1,414
Self-citationUnsworth, N., & Engle, R. W. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.1.104 · Cited by 1,307
Self-citationExecutive functions and achievements in school: Shifting, updating, inhibition, and working memory
St Clair-Thompson, H. L., & Gathercole, S. E. (2006) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470210500162854 · Cited by 1,278
Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2003) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2003.10.005 · Cited by 1,223
Self-citationDimensions of executive functioning: evidence from children
Lehto, J. E., Juujärvi, P., Kooistra, L., & Pulkkinen, L. (2003) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151003321164627 · Cited by 1,226
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621 · Cited by 1,139
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., & Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00096-4 · Cited by 1,108
Self-citationExecutive Attention, Working Memory Capacity, and a Two-Factor Theory of Cognitive Control
Engle, R. W., & Kane, M. J. (2003) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(03)44005-x · Cited by 1,104
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of general fluid intelligence
Gray, J. R., Chabris, C. F., & Braver, T. S. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1014 · Cited by 1,080
Modelling neural correlates of working memory: A coordinate-based meta-analysis
Rottschy, C., Langner, R., Dogan, I., Reetz, K., Laird, A. R., Schulz, J. B., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.050 · Cited by 951
The concurrent validity of the N -back task as a working memory measure
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W. J., & Meier, B. (2010) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211003702171 · Cited by 981
Working Memory and Intelligence: The Same or Different Constructs?
Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30 · Cited by 969
Insights into the neural basis of response inhibition from cognitive and clinical neuroscience
Chambers, C. D., Garavan, H., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.016 · Cited by 938
Verbal and Visuospatial Short-Term and Working Memory in Children: Are They Separable?
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., & Pickering, S. J. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00968.x · Cited by 938
Working memory, attention control, and the N-back task: a question of construct validity
Kane, M. J., Conway, A. R. A., Miura, T. K., & Colflesh, G. J. H. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.3.615 · Cited by 933
Self-citationIndividual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.
Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 · Cited by 913
Self-citationThe bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience
Bialystok, E. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000099 · Cited by 906
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616635612 · Cited by 983
AT THE INTERFACE: DYNAMIC INTERACTIONS OF EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT LANGUAGE KNOWLEDGE
Ellis, N. C. (2005) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s027226310505014x · Cited by 893
Intelligence and neural efficiency
Neubauer, A. C., & Fink, A. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.04.001 · Cited by 878
The cocktail party phenomenon revisited: The importance of working memory capacity
Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., & Bunting, M. F. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196169 · Cited by 875
Self-citationHierarchical process memory: memory as an integral component of information processing
Hasson, U., Chen, J., & Honey, C. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.04.006 · Cited by 749
Cognitive predictors of achievement growth in mathematics: A 5-year longitudinal study.
Geary, D. C. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025510 · Cited by 836
Topographic mapping of a hierarchy of temporal receptive windows using a narrated story
Lerner, Y., Honey, C. J., Silbert, L. J., & Hasson, U. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3684-10.2011 · Cited by 834
Geary, D. C., Hoard, M. K., Byrd-Craven, J., Nugent, L., & Numtee, C. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01069.x · Cited by 824
Miller, E. K., Lundqvist, M., & Bastos, A. M. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.023 · Cited by 797
Working memory in children with reading disabilities
Gathercole, S. E., Alloway, T. P., Willis, C., & Adams, A.-M. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.08.003 · Cited by 795
Brain Drain: The Mere Presence of One’s Own Smartphone Reduces Available Cognitive Capacity
Ward, A. F., Duke, K., Gneezy, A., & Bos, M. W. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/691462 · Cited by 787
Anxiety and working memory capacity: A meta-analysis and narrative review.
Moran, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000051 · Cited by 776
Morrison, A. B., & Chein, J. M. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0034-0 · Cited by 723
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648
Global Connectivity of Prefrontal Cortex Predicts Cognitive Control and Intelligence
Cole, M. W., Yarkoni, T., Repovs, G., Anticevic, A., & Braver, T. S. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0536-12.2012 · Cited by 613
Gilhooly, K. J., Fioratou, E., Anthony, S. H., & Wynn, V. (2007) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2007.tb00467.x · Cited by 643
Swanson, H. L., & Beebe-Frankenberger, M. (2004) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.96.3.471 · Cited by 638
Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rast, P., Hofer, S. M., Iverson, G. L., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000160 · Cited by 637
Redick, T. S., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., Hicks, K. L., Fried, D. E., Hambrick, D. Z., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0029082 · Cited by 617
Self-citationA structural analysis of working memory and related cognitive skills in young children
Alloway, T. P., Gathercole, S. E., Willis, C., & Adams, A.-M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2003.10.002 · Cited by 606
Blair, C., Granger, D. A., Willoughby, M., Mills-Koonce, R., Cox, M., Greenberg, M. T., Kivlighan, K. T., Fortunato, C. K., & the FLP Investigators (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01643.x · Cited by 579
Working memory and fluid intelligence: Capacity, attention control, and secondary memory retrieval
Unsworth, N., Fukuda, K., Awh, E., & Vogel, E. K. (2014) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2014.01.003 · Cited by 528
McVay, J. C., & Kane, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0025250 · Cited by 562
The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence.
Geary, D. C. (2005) · doi:10.1037/10871-000 · Cited by 551
Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66 · Cited by 545
Self-citationHofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012705 · Cited by 524
Rapport, M. D., Orban, S. A., Kofler, M. J., & Friedman, L. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.08.005 · Cited by 517
Jaeggi, S. M., Studer-Luethi, B., Buschkuehl, M., Su, Y.-F., Jonides, J., & Perrig, W. J. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.001 · Cited by 509
Is the binding of visual features in working memory resource-demanding?
Allen, R. J., Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.135.2.298 · Cited by 499
Unsworth, N., Redick, T. S., Heitz, R. P., Broadway, J. M., & Engle, R. W. (2009) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210902998047 · Cited by 479
Self-citationNeurobiology of intelligence: science and ethics
Gray, J. R., & Thompson, P. M. (2004) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1405 · Cited by 479
Measuring Working Memory Capacity With Automated Complex Span Tasks
Redick, T. S., Broadway, J. M., Meier, M. E., Kuriakose, P. S., Unsworth, N., Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000123 · Cited by 457
Self-citationThe roles of associative and executive processes in creative cognition
Beaty, R. E., Silvia, P. J., Nusbaum, E. C., Jauk, E., & Benedek, M. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0428-8 · Cited by 448
Swanson, H. L., & Sachse-Lee, C. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1006/jecp.2000.2587 · Cited by 443
Working memory is (almost) perfectly predicted by g.
COLOM, R. (2004) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2003.12.002 · Cited by 436
Bayliss, D. M., Jarrold, C., Gunn, D. M., & Baddeley, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.132.1.71 · Cited by 427
Kasper, L. J., Alderson, R. M., & Hudec, K. L. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 414
Getting a Grip on Drinking Behavior: Training Working Memory to Reduce Alcohol Abuse
Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611412392 · Cited by 398
Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert?
Hambrick, D. Z., Oswald, F. L., Altmann, E. M., Meinz, E. J., Gobet, F., & Campitelli, G. (2014) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.04.001 · Cited by 370
Gray, W. D., Sims, C. R., Fu, W.-T., & Schoelles, M. J. (2006) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.113.3.461 · Cited by 360
Does Working Memory Training Transfer? A Meta-Analysis Including Training Conditions as Moderators
Schwaighofer, M., Fischer, F., & Bühner, M. (2015) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2015.1036274 · Cited by 332
The mechanisms of working memory capacity: Primary memory, secondary memory, and attention control
Shipstead, Z., Lindsey, D. R. B., Marshall, R. L., & Engle, R. W. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.01.004 · Cited by 330
Self-citationRapport, M. D., Alderson, R. M., Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9215-y · Cited by 331
Toplak, M. E., Sorge, G. B., Benoit, A., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.002 · Cited by 326
Snyder, H. R., Kaiser, R. H., Warren, S. L., & Heller, W. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614534210 · Cited by 325
Effects and mechanisms of working memory training: a review
von Bastian, C. C., & Oberauer, K. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-013-0524-6 · Cited by 318
Executive function in adolescents with Down Syndrome
Lanfranchi, S., Jerman, O., Dal Pont, E., Alberti, A., & Vianello, R. (2010) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01262.x · Cited by 308
Executive Functioning Heterogeneity in Pediatric ADHD
Kofler, M. J., Irwin, L. N., Soto, E. F., Groves, N. B., Harmon, S. L., & Sarver, D. E. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0438-2 · Cited by 288
Complex span versus updating tasks of working memory: The gap is not that deep.
Schmiedek, F., Hildebrandt, A., Lövdén, M., Wilhelm, O., & Lindenberger, U. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0015730 · Cited by 277
Working memory deficit in children with mathematical difficulties: A general or specific deficit?
Andersson, U., & Lyxell, B. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.10.001 · Cited by 274
Kokis, J. V., Macpherson, R., Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-0965(02)00121-2 · Cited by 274
About the Distinction between Working Memory and Short-Term Memory
Aben, B., Stapert, S., & Blokland, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00301 · Cited by 275
Fuchs, L. S., Geary, D. C., Compton, D. L., Fuchs, D., Hamlett, C. L., Seethaler, P. M., Bryant, J. D., & Schatschneider, C. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020662 · Cited by 263
Kyttälä, M., & Lehto, J. E. (2008) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173141 · Cited by 262
Zinke, K., Zeintl, M., Rose, N. S., Putzmann, J., Pydde, A., & Kliegel, M. (2014) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032982 · Cited by 246
Basso, J. C., McHale, A., Ende, V., Oberlin, D. J., & Suzuki, W. A. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.08.023 · Cited by 255
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238
Self-citationEvent segmentation ability uniquely predicts event memory
Sargent, J. Q., Zacks, J. M., Hambrick, D. Z., Zacks, R. T., Kurby, C. A., Bailey, H. R., Eisenberg, M. L., & Beck, T. M. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.002 · Cited by 223
Cogmed working memory training: Does the evidence support the claims?
Shipstead, Z., Hicks, K. L., & Engle, R. W. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.003 · Cited by 249
Self-citationImbo, I., & Vandierendonck, A. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.09.001 · Cited by 244
Does working memory training generalize?
Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2010) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-50-3-4-245 · Cited by 242
Self-citationKofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D. E., & Raiker, J. S. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9357-6 · Cited by 239
Working Memory Maturation: Can We Get at the Essence of Cognitive Growth?
Cowan, N. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615621279 · Cited by 225
Working memory training involves learning new skills
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Norris, D. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003 · Cited by 225
“Individual differences studies have established close links between WM and problem-solving skills (Engle et al., 1999; Kyllonen & Christal, 1990; Wiley, Jarosz, Cushen, & Colflesh, 2011).”
BackgroundBurgess, G. C., Gray, J. R., Conway, A. R. A., & Braver, T. S. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0024695 · Cited by 231
Self-citationKondo, H., Osaka, N., & Osaka, M. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.014 · Cited by 227
Working memory training in typically developing children: A meta-analysis of the available evidence.
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000265 · Cited by 216
Are Mathematics Disabilities Due to a Domain-General or a Domain-Specific Working Memory Deficit?
Wilson, K. M., & Swanson, H. L. (2001) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940103400304 · Cited by 224
Failure of Working Memory Training to Enhance Cognition or Intelligence
Thompson, T. W., Waskom, M. L., Garel, K.-L. A., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Reynolds, G. O., Winter, R., Chang, P., Pollard, K., Lala, N., Alvarez, G. A., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063614 · Cited by 208
Working memory and fluid intelligence in young children
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J., Conway, A. R. A., & Gathercole, S. E. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.07.003 · Cited by 212
Self-citationHedden, T., & Yoon, C. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.511 · Cited by 212
Media multitasking in adolescence
Cain, M. S., Leonard, J. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Finn, A. S. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1036-3 · Cited by 205
Working memory in multilingual children: Is there a bilingual effect?
Engel de Abreu, P. M. J. (2011) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2011.590504 · Cited by 200
Metadata
- Authors
- Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A.
- Affiliations
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 309-331
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W2025264833
- Cited by
- 3,078
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 53 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 135 · 2019: 189 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 172 · 2016: 188 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 185 · 2013: 169 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 55.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hd027490-03)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD27490-01A1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- working memory, short-term memory, fluid intelligence, latent constructs, memory tasks, Scholastic Aptitude Test, working memory capacity, interference, attentional control, prefrontal cortex
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Intelligence Tests, Male, Memory, Memory, Short-Term, Models, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Logistic Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
