CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 426

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19

Calder, Philip C·2020·BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
DOI 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085PMC PMC7295866
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened activity is accompanied by an increased rate of metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived from the diet. A number of vitamins (A, B 6 , B 12 , folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated to have key roles in supporting the human immune system and reducing risk of infections. Other essential nutrients including other vitamins and trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids are also important. Each of the nutrients named above has roles in supporting antibacterial and antiviral defence, but zinc and selenium seem to be particularly important for the latter. It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected. The gut microbiota plays a role in educating and regulating the immune system. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of disease including many infectious diseases and has been described in COVID-19. Dietary approaches to achieve a healthy microbiota can also benefit the immune system. Severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised by excessive and damaging host inflammation, termed a cytokine storm. This is seen in cases of severe COVID-19. There is evidence from ARDS in other settings that the cytokine storm can be controlled by n-3 fatty acids, possibly through their metabolism to specialised pro-resolving mediators.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085

Cites

51 of 51 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Overview of antiviral immunity. The events in the figure are explained in the text. B, B lymphocyte; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility class; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NK, natural killer cell; Th, helper T lymphocyte; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.
Figure 1 Overview of antiviral immunity. The events in the figure are explained in the text. B, B lymphocyte; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; IFN, interferon; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; MHC, major histocompatibility class; NFκB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NK, natural killer cell; Th, helper T lymphocyte; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, tumour necrosis factor.CC BY-NC · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 205

  1. 10.1017/S0029665113001286 · DOI · Paper page
  2. Gombart AF , Pierre A , Maggini S . A review of micronutrients and the immune System–Working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 2020;12:E236. doi:10.3390/nu12010236 · DOI · Paper page
  3. Wu, 2020, The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: what we know, Int J Infect Dis, 94, 44, 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.004 · DOI
  4. 10.1016/B978-0-12-385885-6.00009-2 · DOI
  5. 10.1016/j.tim.2016.03.003 · DOI
  6. 10.1002/jmv.25681 · DOI
  7. 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.01.005 · DOI
  8. 10.1089/vim.2011.0099 · DOI
  9. Wang, 2016, The membrane protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus functions as a novel cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular pattern to promote beta interferon induction via a toll-like-receptor-related TRAF3-independent mechanism, mBio, 7, e01872, 10.1128/mBio.01872-15 · DOI
  10. Al-Qahtani, 2017, Middle east respiratory syndrome corona virus spike glycoprotein suppresses macrophage responses via DPP4-mediated induction of IRAK-M and PPARγ, Oncotarget, 8, 9053, 10.18632/oncotarget.14754 · DOI
  11. 10.1126/science.1125676 · DOI
  12. Sallard E , Lescure FX , Yazdanpanah Y , et al . C-20-15 discovery French Steering Committee (2020) type 1 interferons as a potential treatment against COVID-19. Antiviral Res;178:104791. · DOI
  13. 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.09.005 · DOI
  14. 10.1016/j.anai.2009.11.009 · DOI
  15. 10.1189/jlb.5MR0315-104R · DOI · Paper page
  16. 10.1086/596475 · DOI
  17. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.105 · DOI · Paper page
  18. 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.004 · DOI
  19. 10.1016/j.arr.2009.07.007 · DOI
  20. Calder, 2017, Health relevance of the modification of low grade inflammation in ageing (inflammageing) and the role of nutrition, Ageing Res Rev, 40, 95, 10.1016/j.arr.2017.09.001 · DOI
  21. 10.3945/an.115.010207 · DOI · Paper page
  22. Honce R , Schultz-Cherry S . Impact of obesity on influenza A virus pathogenesis, immune response, and evolution. Front Immunol 2019;10:1071. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01071 · DOI
  23. Frasca, 2017, Ageing and obesity similarly impair antibody responses, Clin Exp Immunol, 187, 64, 10.1111/cei.12824 · DOI
  24. O’Shea D , Hogan AE . Dysregulation of natural killer cells in obesity. Cancers 2019;11:E573. doi:10.3390/cancers11040573 · DOI
  25. 10.1038/ijo.2012.62 · DOI
  26. 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.013 · DOI
  27. Frasca, 2020, The impact of obesity and metabolic syndrome on vaccination success, Interdiscip. Top. Gerontol. Geriatr, 43, 86, 10.1159/000504440 · DOI
  28. 10.1038/ijo.2011.208 · DOI
  29. Paich, 2013, Overweight and obese adult humans have a defective cellular immune response to pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus, Obesity, 21, 2377, 10.1002/oby.20383 · DOI · Paper page
  30. Simonnet, 2020, High prevalence of obesity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) requiring invasive mechanical ventilation, Obesity, 10.1002/oby.22831 · DOI
  31. 2016, Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract and defence against pathogenic microorganisms, Efsa J, 14, 4369
  32. 10.1159/000107673 · DOI · Paper page
  33. 10.1017/S0007114507832971 · DOI
  34. Wu D , Lewis ED , Pae M , et al . Nutritional modulation of immune function: analysis of evidence, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Front Immunol 2019;9:3160. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03160 · DOI
  35. Calder PC , Field CJ , Gill HA . Nutrition and immune function (EDS). Wallingford: CAB International, 2002. · DOI
  36. Shetty P . Nutrition immunity infection. Wallingford: CAB International, 2010. · DOI
  37. Calder PC , Yaqoob P . Diet, immunity and inflammation (EDS). Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2013. · DOI
  38. Calder PC , Kulkarni A . Nutrition, immunity and infection (EDS). Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018. · DOI
  39. 10.1128/CMR.18.3.446-464.2005 · DOI
  40. 10.4049/jimmunol.1303245 · DOI
  41. 10.1002/eji.201344398 · DOI
  42. 10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055427 · DOI
  43. 10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Huang, 2018, Role of vitamin A in the immune system, JCM, 7, 258, 10.3390/jcm7090258 · DOI · Paper page
  45. 10.1155/2018/9372436 · DOI
  46. 10.1006/clin.1996.0143 · DOI
  47. Semba, 1992, Depressed immune response to tetanus in children with vitamin A deficiency, J Nutr, 122, 101, 10.1093/jn/122.1.101 · DOI
  48. Hu, 2018, Effect of vitamin A as an adjuvant therapy for pneumonia in children: a meta analysis, Zhongguo Dang Dai Er. Ke. Za Zhi, 20, 146
  49. 10.3389/fnut.2019.00048 · DOI
  50. 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00870.x · DOI
  51. Meydani, 1991, Vitamin B − 6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 1275, 10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1275 · DOI
  52. Carr A , Maggini S . Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 2017;9:1211. doi:10.3390/nu9111211 · DOI · Paper page
  53. Hemilä H . Vitamin C and infections. Nutrients 2017;9:339. doi:10.3390/nu9040339 · DOI · Paper page
  54. Jacob, 1991, Immunocompetence and oxidant defense during ascorbate depletion of healthy men, Am J Clin Nutr, 54, 1302S, 10.1093/ajcn/54.6.1302s · DOI
  55. Hemilä, 2013, Vitamin C for preventing and treating pneumonia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev
  56. 10.1016/j.mam.2011.10.014 · DOI
  57. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04261.x · DOI
  58. 10.1016/j.beem.2011.04.009 · DOI
  59. 10.1017/S0029665111001650 · DOI
  60. Sassi F , Tamone C , D’Amelio P . Vitamin D: nutrient, hormone, and immunomodulator. Nutrients 2018;10:1656. doi:10.3390/nu10111656 · DOI
  61. 10.3390/nu7043011 · DOI
  62. Medrano M , Carrillo-Cruz E , Montero I , et al . Vitamin D: effect on haematopoiesis and immune system and clinical applications. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19:2663. doi:10.3390/ijms19092663 · DOI
  63. Gois P , Ferreira D , Olenski S , et al . Vitamin D and infectious diseases: simple bystander or contributing factor? Nutrients 2017;9:651. doi:10.3390/nu9070651 · DOI
  64. Chirumbolo, 2017, The role of vitamin D in the immune system as a pro-survival molecule, Clin Ther, 39, 894, 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.03.021 · DOI
  65. 10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755 · DOI · Paper page
  66. 10.3390/nu5072502 · DOI
  67. 10.2217/fmb.09.87 · DOI
  68. 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.2909 · DOI
  69. Lee M-D , Lin C-H , Lei W-T , et al . Does vitamin D deficiency affect the immunogenic responses to influenza vaccination? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2018;10:409. doi:10.3390/nu10040409 · DOI
  70. 10.1017/S0007114511001991 · DOI
  71. 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.560 · DOI
  72. Sabetta JR , DePetrillo P , Cipriani RJ , et al . Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One 2010;5:e11088. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011088 · DOI
  73. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094 · DOI
  74. Pham H , Rahman A , Majidi A , et al . Acute respiratory tract infection and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:3020. doi:10.3390/ijerph16173020 · DOI
  75. Zhou YF , Luo BA , Qin LL . The association between vitamin D deficiency and community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Medicine 2019;98:17252. · DOI
  76. 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00274.x · DOI
  77. 10.2174/1871530314666140922143950 · DOI
  78. Lee G , Han S . The role of vitamin E in immunity. Nutrients 2018;10:614. doi:10.3390/nu10111614 · DOI · Paper page
  79. Chavance, 1989, Vitamin status, immunity and infections in an elderly population, Eur J Clin Nutr, 43, 827
  80. Meydani, 1990, Vitamin E supplementation enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy elderly subjects, Am J Clin Nutr, 52, 557, 10.1093/ajcn/52.3.557 · DOI
  81. 10.1001/jama.1997.03540410058031 · DOI · Paper page
  82. Pallast, 1999, Effect of 50- and 100-mg vitamin E supplements on cellular immune function in noninstitutionalized elderly persons, Am J Clin Nutr, 69, 1273, 10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1273 · DOI · Paper page
  83. 10.1080/10715760801898838 · DOI · Paper page
  84. Hemilä, 2016, Vitamin E administration may decrease the incidence of pneumonia in elderly males, Clin Interv Aging, 11, 1379, 10.2147/CIA.S114515 · DOI
  85. 10.1001/jama.292.7.828 · DOI · Paper page
  86. 10.1007/s00894-008-0277-0 · DOI
  87. 10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073054 · DOI
  88. Wessels I , Maywald M , Rink L , et al . Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients 2017;9:1286. doi:10.3390/nu9121286 · DOI
  89. 10.3390/nu9060624 · DOI
  90. 10.1155/2016/8163803 · DOI
  91. 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.022 · DOI
  92. 10.1016/j.abb.2016.02.020 · DOI
  93. 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.008 · DOI · Paper page
  94. 10.1093/advances/nmz0135476413 · DOI
  95. Kaushik, 2017, Zinc salts block hepatitis E virus replication by inhibiting the activity of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, J. Virol, 91i, e00754
  96. 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00109-2 · DOI
  97. te Velthuis AJW , van den Worm SHE , Sims AC , et al . Zn2+ inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog 2010;6:e1001176. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001176 · DOI
  98. Subramanian Vignesh K , Deepe Jr. G . Metallothioneins: emerging modulators in immunity and infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18:2197. doi:10.3390/ijms18102197 · DOI
  99. 10.1177/1753425912458815 · DOI
  100. Hasan, 2016, Chelation of free Zn²⁺ impairs chemotaxis, phagocytosis, oxidative burst, degranulation, and cytokine production by neutrophil granulocytes, Biol Trace Elem Res, 171, 79, 10.1007/s12011-015-0515-0 · DOI
  101. 10.1089/rej.2007.0613 · DOI
  102. Tapazoglou, 1985, Decreased natural killer cell activity in patients with zinc deficiency with sickle cell disease, J Lab Clin Med, 105, 19
  103. 10.1001/archpedi.1994.02170090094017 · DOI
  104. 10.3945/ajcn.115.115188 · DOI
  105. 10.3109/00365513.2014.921323 · DOI
  106. Hemilä, 2017, Zinc lozenges and the common cold: a meta-analysis comparing zinc acetate and zinc gluconate, and the role of zinc dosage, JRSM Open, 8, 205427041769429, 10.1177/2054270417694291 · DOI
  107. 10.1002/14651858.CD005978.pub3 · DOI
  108. Wang, 2018, Efficacy of zinc given as an adjunct to the treatment of severe pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled trials, Clin Respir J, 12, 857, 10.1111/crj.12646 · DOI
  109. Percival, 1998, Copper and immunity, Am J Clin Nutr, 67, 1064S, 10.1093/ajcn/67.5.1064S · DOI
  110. 10.1007/s00775-016-1335-1 · DOI · Paper page
  111. Hopkins, 1997, Copper deficiency reduces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production and IL-2 mRNA in human T-lymphocytes, J Nutr, 127, 257, 10.1093/jn/127.2.257 · DOI
  112. 10.1016/S0271-5317(83)80084-0 · DOI
  113. 10.1016/S0167-5699(98)01294-8 · DOI
  114. 10.1089/ars.2011.4145 · DOI
  115. Arthur, 2003, Selenium in the immune system, J Nutr, 133, 1457S, 10.1093/jn/133.5.1457S · DOI
  116. Avery J , Hoffmann P . Selenium, selenoproteins, and immunity. Nutrients 2018;10:1203. doi:10.3390/nu10091203 · DOI
  117. 10.1089/ars.2011.4145 · DOI
  118. 10.1002/mnfr.200700330 · DOI
  119. Guillin OM , Vindry C , Ohlmann T , et al . Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients 2019;11:2101. doi:10.3390/nu11092101 · DOI
  120. 10.1086/315918 · DOI
  121. 10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.007 · DOI
  122. 10.1096/fj.00-0721fje · DOI
  123. 10.1096/fj.01-0108com · DOI
  124. 10.1007/BF02917221 · DOI
  125. 10.1385/BTER:81:3:189 · DOI
  126. 10.1007/BF02917222 · DOI
  127. Peretz, 1991, Lymphocyte response is enhanced by supplementation of elderly subjects with selenium-enriched yeast, Am J Clin Nutr, 53, 1323, 10.1093/ajcn/53.5.1323 · DOI
  128. 10.3181/00379727-209-43909 · DOI
  129. Broome, 2004, An increase in selenium intake improves immune function and poliovirus handling in adults with marginal selenium status, Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 154, 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.154 · DOI
  130. Weiss, 2002, Iron and immunity: a double-edged sword, Eur J Clin Invest, 32 Suppl 1, 70, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.0320s1070.x · DOI · Paper page
  131. Oppenheimer, 2001, Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease, J Nutr, 131, 616S, 10.1093/jn/131.2.616S · DOI · Paper page
  132. 10.1038/nrmicro1046 · DOI · Paper page
  133. 10.1007/s00702-010-0479-3 · DOI
  134. 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.03.007 · DOI · Paper page
  135. Ahluwalia, 2004, Immune function is impaired in iron-deficient, homebound, older women, Am J Clin Nutr, 79, 516, 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.516 · DOI · Paper page
  136. 10.3945/ajcn.113.081208 · DOI
  137. 10.1126/science.1208344 · DOI · Paper page
  138. 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.020 · DOI · Paper page
  139. Willson, 2017, Systematic review on effects of diet on gut microbiota in relation to metabolic syndromes, J Clin Nutr Metab, 1, 2
  140. Arboleya S , Watkins C , Stanton C , et al . Gut bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging. Front Microbiol 2016;7:1204. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01204 · DOI
  141. 10.1038/nature11319 · DOI · Paper page
  142. 10.1038/s41575-018-0061-2 · DOI · Paper page
  143. 10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66 · DOI
  144. 10.4161/gmic.1.1.10544 · DOI
  145. 10.1177/1756283X12459294 · DOI · Paper page
  146. 10.1111/imm.13150 · DOI
  147. 10.2174/138161209788168155 · DOI
  148. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.094 · DOI
  149. 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04404.x · DOI
  150. Malagón-Rojas JN , Mantziari A , Salminen S , et al . Postbiotics for preventing and treating common infectious diseases in children: a systematic review. Nutrients 2020;12:389. doi:10.3390/nu12020389 · DOI
  151. Yang, 2019, A meta-analysis of the effects of probiotics and synbiotics in children with acute diarrhea, Medicine, 98
  152. Urbańska, 2016, Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for diarrhoeal diseases in children, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 43, 1025, 10.1111/apt.13590 · DOI
  153. Patro-Gołąb B , Szajewska H . Systematic review with meta-analysis: Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 for treating acute gastroenteritis in children. An update. Nutrients 2019;11:2762. doi:10.3390/nu11112762 · DOI · Paper page
  154. Ianiro G , Rizzatti G , Plomer M , et al . Bacillus clausii for the treatment of acute diarrhea in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2018;10:1074. doi:10.3390/nu10081074 · DOI
  155. 10.1136/bmj.39231.599815.55 · DOI · Paper page
  156. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00465.x · DOI · Paper page
  157. Allen, 2010, Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD003048.pub3 · DOI · Paper page
  158. Calder, 2012, Understanding gut-immune interactions in management of acute infectious diarrhoea, Nurs Older People, 24, 29, 10.7748/nop2012.11.24.9.29.c9367 · DOI
  159. 10.1177/0884533616639399 · DOI · Paper page
  160. Ma, 2020, Which probiotic has the best effect on preventing Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea? A systematic review and network meta-analysis, J Dig Dis, 21, 69, 10.1111/1751-2980.12839 · DOI · Paper page
  161. 10.1111/1751-2980.12851-6 · DOI
  162. Zhang, 2015, Commensal microbiome promotes resistance to local and systemic infections, Chin Med J, 128, 2250, 10.4103/0366-6999.162502 · DOI
  163. 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.005 · DOI · Paper page
  164. 10.1186/cc11398 · DOI
  165. 10.1007/s13312-013-0123-z · DOI
  166. 10.1017/S0007114514000075 · DOI
  167. 10.1517/14712598.2015.980233 · DOI
  168. Araujo, 2015, Probiotics for the treatment of upper and lower respiratory-tract infections in children: systematic review based on randomized clinical trials, J Pediatr, 91, 413, 10.1016/j.jped.2015.03.002 · DOI
  169. 10.1097/MD.0000000000004509 · DOI
  170. Laursen, 2018, Probiotics for respiratory tract infections in children attending day care centers—a systematic review, Eur J Pediatr, 177, 979, 10.1007/s00431-018-3167-1 · DOI
  171. 10.1172/jci137244 · DOI · Paper page
  172. Diao B , Wang C , Tan Y , et al . Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). medRxiv 2020;20024364. · DOI · Paper page
  173. 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3 · DOI · Paper page
  174. Fowler, 2017, Intravenous vitamin C as adjunctive therapy for enterovirus/rhinovirus induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. world J, Crit. Care Med, 6, 85
  175. Boretti, 2020, Intravenous vitamin C for reduction of cytokines storm in acute respiratory distress syndrome, PharmaNutrition, 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100190 · DOI
  176. Boudreault, 2017, Zinc deficiency primes the lung for ventilator-induced injury, JCI Insight, 2, 86507, 10.1172/jci.insight.86507 · DOI
  177. Mahmoodpoor, 2019, The effect of intravenous selenium on oxidative stress in critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Immunol Invest, 48, 147, 10.1080/08820139.2018.1496098 · DOI
  178. 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04374.x · DOI
  179. 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.08.010 · DOI · Paper page
  180. 10.1016/j.smim.2015.03.004 · DOI · Paper page
  181. 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.005 · DOI
  182. Grimminger, 1995, Differential influence of arachidonic vs. eicosapentaenoic acid on experimental pulmonary hypertension, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 268, H2252, 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.268.6.H2252 · DOI
  183. 10.1097/00003246-199611000-00021 · DOI
  184. 10.1097/00003246-199703000-00024 · DOI
  185. 10.1097/00003246-199707000-00023 · DOI
  186. 10.1006/jsre.2000.5960 · DOI
  187. Murray, 1995, Select dietary fatty acids attenuate cardiopulmonary dysfunction during acute lung injury in pigs, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 269, H2090, 10.1152/ajpheart.1995.269.6.H2090 · DOI
  188. 10.1186/s13054-015-0933-6 · DOI
  189. 10.4049/jimmunol.0901809 · DOI
  190. 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.04.001 · DOI
  191. 10.1186/1465-9921-13-110 · DOI
  192. 10.1038/mi.2012.66 · DOI
  193. 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.1107 · DOI
  194. Wang, 2014, Effects of resolvin D1 on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice, Chin Med J, 127, 803, 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131044 · DOI
  195. 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0339OC · DOI
  196. 10.1152/ajpgi.00355.2014 · DOI
  197. Colby, 2016, Resolvin D3 and aspirin-triggered resolvin D3 are protective for injured epithelia, Am J Pathol, 186, 1801, 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.03.011 · DOI
  198. Zhang H-W , Wang Q , Mei H-X , et al . RvD1 ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury via the suppression of neutrophil infiltration by reducing CXCL2 expression and release from resident alveolar macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2019;76:105877. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105877 · DOI
  199. 10.1073/pnas.1920193117 · DOI
  200. 10.1097/00003246-199908000-00001 · DOI · Paper page

200 of 205 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 426

Metadata

Authors
Calder, P. C.
ORCID
Calder, Philip C
Venue
BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health
Publisher
BMJ
Published
2020-05-20
Volume
3
Issue
1
Pages
74-92
ISSN
2516-5542
DOI
10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000085
PMC
PMC7295866
Cited by
426
References
51
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (unspecified)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review