A Review of Organic and Inorganic Biomaterials for Neural Interfaces
Open accessAbstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology have generated wide interest in applying nanomaterials for neural prostheses. An ideal neural interface should create seamless integration into the nervous system and performs reliably for long periods of time. As a result, many nanoscale materials not originally developed for neural interfaces become attractive candidates to detect neural signals and stimulate neurons. In this comprehensive review, an overview of state‐of‐the‐art microelectrode technologies provided first, with focus on the material properties of these microdevices. The advancements in electroactive nanomaterials are then reviewed, including conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silicon nanowires, and hybrid organic‐inorganic nanomaterials, for neural recording, stimulation, and growth. Finally, technical and scientific challenges are discussed regarding biocompatibility, mechanical mismatch, and electrical properties faced by these nanomaterials for the development of long‐lasting functional neural interfaces.
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Several forms of extraneural electrodes have been proposed to replace intraneural electrodes, which penetrate into the nerve fascicles, to decrease damage to nerves and increase long-term stability.
“To decrease damage to nerves and increase long-term stability, several forms of extraneural electrodes have been proposed to replace intraneural electrodes, which penetrate into the nerve fascicles (3, 4).”
From Climbing-inspired twining electrodes using shape memory for peripheral nerve stimulation and recording (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Due to limitations of EEG and ECoG that cannot obtain signals inside the brain, multi-electrode arrays were designed and demonstrated to be implanted inside the brain using MEMS technologies.
“Due to the limitations of EEG and ECoG that cannot obtain signals inside the brain, 91 multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) were designed and demonstrated to be implanted inside the brain using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies.”
From From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks (2019) · cites this paper as [91]
The MEA such as an Utah array and Michigan probe implanted inside the brain investigated various neural characteristics of cortical and sensory areas in the brain.
“The MEA such as an Utah array and Michigan probe implanted inside the brain investigated various neural characteristics of cortical and sensory areas in the brain [Fig.3(a)].91,92”
From From flexible electronics technology in the era of IoT and artificial intelligence toward future implanted body sensor networks (2019) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- Fattahi, P., Yang, G., Kim, G., & Abidian, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Abidian, Mohammad Reza
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2014-02-21
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1846-1885
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- PMC
- PMC4373558
- OpenAlex
- W2043435803
- Cited by
- 580
- References
- 429
- Citations by year
- 2026: 22 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 68 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 7
- FWCI
- 5.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Advanced Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS087224)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Keywords
- neural interfaces, neural prostheses, microelectrodes, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, silicon nanowires, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, neural recording, neurostimulation, biocompatibility, mechanical mismatch
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Humans, Microelectrodes, Neurons, Nanostructures, Neural Prostheses
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