Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress
Abstract
Major perspectives concerning stress are presented with the goal of clarifying the nature of what has proved to be a heuristic but vague construct. Current conceptualizations of stress are challenged as being too phenomenological and ambiguous, and consequently, not given to direct empirical testing. Indeed, it is argued that researchers have tended to avoid the problem of defining stress, choosing to study stress without reference to a clear framework. A new stress model called the model of conservation of resources is presented as an alternative. This resource-oriented model is based on the supposition that people strive to retain, project, and build resources and that what is threatening to them is the potential or actual loss of these valued resources. Implications of the model of conservation of resources for new research directions are discussed.
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Conservation of resources theory can be used to understand the consequences of utilizing a servant leadership approach on the leaders themselves, and how negative consequences can be mitigated and positive outcomes enhanced.
“Conservation of resources theory (COR) (Hobfoll, 1989) can be used to understand the consequences of utilizing a servant leadership approach on the leaders themselves, and how the negative consequences can be mitigated and positive outcomes enhanced.”
From Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research (2019) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
COR theory argues that individuals seek to gain resources to protect against resource loss, with resource loss primarily linked to negative outcomes such as stress, burnout, and mental illness.
“Specifically, COR theory argues that individuals seek to gain resources (e.g.supportive work practices, supportive leaders, feedback) to protect against resource loss, with resource loss primarily being linked to negative outcomes (e.g.stress, burnout, mental illness).”
From Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for future research (2019) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
High parental expectations function as chronic demands on students' psychological resources, elevating perceived stress and ultimately psychological distress.
“According to COR theory, high parental expectations function as chronic demands on the students’ psychological resources (such as time and emotional energy), elevating perceived stress and, ultimately, psychological distress [46].”
From Parental expectation and psychological distress of Chinese youth: the chain mediating effects of core self-worth and perceived stress (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
When students internalize high parental expectations, poor academic performance or setbacks can feel like personal failures, undermining their core self-worth.
“When students internalize high parental expectations, poor academic performance or setbacks can feel like personal failures, undermining their core self-worth [26].”
From Parental expectation and psychological distress of Chinese youth: the chain mediating effects of core self-worth and perceived stress (2025) · cites this paper as [26]
The main theories used to explain sustainable careers have been conservation of resources theory and self-determination theory.
“So far, the main theories used to explain sustainable careers have been conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) and self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000).”
From Advancing the sustainability agenda through strategic human resource management: Insights and suggestions for future research (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
Failed change gives employees a sense that they are not in control of what happens to them in their work environment, and this lack of control fosters change fatigue.
“However, failed change can, as noted above, give employees the sense that they are not in control of what happens to them in their work environment.”
From Creating a workforce of fatigued cynics? A randomized controlled trial of implementing an algorithmic decision-making support tool (2024) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
The loss of individual resources due to organizational change induces coping, which reduces the willingness to participate in future change, thus increasing change fatigue.
“Furthermore, the loss of individual resources due to organizational change induces coping, which reduces the willingness to participate in future change, thus increasing change fatigue.”
From Creating a workforce of fatigued cynics? A randomized controlled trial of implementing an algorithmic decision-making support tool (2024) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
The conservation of resources theory posits that excessive demands, such as a high workload, may deplete an individual's resources, consequently leading to decreased wellbeing.
“These findings agree with the conservation of resources theory, which posits that excessive demands, such as a high workload, may deplete an individual’s resources, consequently leading to decreased wellbeing (Hobfoll, 1989).”
From Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers' psychological wellbeing: a structural equation modeling approach (2024) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
Excessive demands can deplete an individual's resources, potentially jeopardizing their overall wellbeing.
“postulating that excessive demands can deplete an individual’s resources, potentially jeopardizing their overall wellbeing (Hobfoll, 1989).”
From Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers' psychological wellbeing: a structural equation modeling approach (2024) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
People strive to obtain, retain, protect and foster resources, and when people develop a resource surplus, they are likely to experience positive well-being.
“According to Hobfoll (1989) people strive to obtain, retain, protect and foster resources and when people develop a resource surplus, they are likely to experience positive well-being.”
From Work engagement in health professions education (2017) · cites this paper as Hobfoll 1989
Conservation of resources theory suggests that FTM may help preserve psychological well-being by mitigating the depletion of such resources.
“In contrast, conservation of resources theory suggests that FTM may help preserve psychological well-being by mitigating the depletion of such resources.”
From Fear of missing out and psychological well-being: Examining the dual pathways of problematic social media use and digital burnout (2026) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
FTM can be seen as a personal resource that helps individuals protect and replenish their cognitive and emotional energy.
“From the conservation of resources theory perspective, FTM can be seen as a personal resource that helps individuals protect and replenish their cognitive and emotional energy (Hobfoll, 1989).”
From Fear of missing out and psychological well-being: Examining the dual pathways of problematic social media use and digital burnout (2026) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
The link between D2 and D7 can be framed through conservation of resources theory: high personal cost is consequential when it threatens or depletes valued emotional, social, material, or physical resources, whereas support and meaning may protect or rebuild those resources.
“The link between D2 and D7 can also be framed through conservation of resources theory: high personal cost is consequential when it threatens or depletes valued emotional, social, material, or physical resources, whereas support and meaning may protect or rebuild those resources (29).”
From Volunteerism as a multidimensional form of human prosocial engagement (2026) · cites this paper as [29]
A central principle of conservation of resources theory is resource investment: people actively put resources into actions meant to recover from past losses or to obtain more resources, creating positive gain spirals.
“A key tenet of COR theory revolves around the concept of resource investment, meaning that individuals proactively invest resources in behaviors targeted at overcoming previous resource losses or gaining additional resources, referred to as positive gain spirals (Halbesleben et al., 2014;Hobfoll, 1989;Hobfoll, 2001).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
Conservation of resources theory holds that people aim to safeguard their existing resources and to gain new ones.
“COR theory posits that individuals are motivated to protect their current resources and acquire new resources (Hobfoll, 1989).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
COR theory holds that individuals strive to acquire and conserve resources needed to sustain success in their context.
“Additionally, COR theory posits that individuals strive to acquire and conserve the resources needed to sustain success in their particular context (Hobfoll, 1989;Hobfoll et al., 2018).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
As one's reservoir of resources becomes full, it becomes more difficult to continue accumulating them.
“In line with COR theory and the SEMT, the capacity to store these resources is finite, so as one's reservoir of these resources becomes full, it becomes more difficult to continue to accumulate them (Hobfoll, 1989;Hobfoll et al., 2018;Spreitzer & Porath, 2013).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
The conservation of resources model proposes that when under pressure or threat, introducing resources buffers against the threat.
“The conservation of resources model proposes that when an individual is under pressure or threat, the strategy of introducing resources is usually employed as a buffer against the threat so that they can reach a state of conservation (Hobfoll, 1989; Hagger, 2015).”
From How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
Resource conservation theory states that in stressful or threatening situations, strategies that introduce resources are used to alleviate stress and reduce health problems including social anxiety.
“resource conservation theory (Hobfoll, 1989; Park et al., 2014), which states that when individuals are in stressful or threatening situations (e.g., relative deprivation), strategies that introduce resources (e.g., trait mindfulness, a positive psychological resource) are often used to alleviate stress and threats to reduce individual health problems, including social anxiety (Chen et al., 2015).”
From How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
The result validates resource conservation theory.
“this result validates resource conservation theory (Hobfoll, 1989; Park et al., 2014)”
From How relative deprivation affects the sleep quality of Chinese college students: testing an integrated model of social anxiety and trait mindfulness (2023) · cites this paper as Hobfoll, 1989
Energy can be seen as a valued resource that people strive to retain, protect, and/or gain.
“energy can be seen as a valued resource that people strive to retain, protect, and/or gain (Hobfoll 1989).”
From Energy Management of People in Organizations: A Review and Research Agenda (2011) · cites this paper as Hobfoll 1989
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“Specifically, COR theory argues that individuals seek to gain resources (e.g. supportive work practices, supportive leaders, feedback) to protect against resource loss, with resource loss primarily being linked to negative outcomes (e.g. stress, burnout, mental illness).”
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Understanding Social Connectedness in College Women and Men
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Better together? Examining profiles of employee recovery experiences
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Humble leadership: A review and synthesis of leader expressed humility
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The Effect of Stress on Consumer Saving and Spending
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- Authors
- Hobfoll, S. E.
- Corresponding author
- Hobfoll, Stevan E.
- ORCID
- Hobfoll, Stevan E.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 1989
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 513-524
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W4248161867
- Cited by
- 18,187
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2934 · 2025: 2154 · 2024: 1582 · 2023: 1470 · 2022: 1549 · 2021: 1294 · 2020: 1015 · 2019: 842 · 2018: 722 · 2017: 673 · 2016: 523 · 2015: 488 · 2014: 473 · 2013: 375 · 2012: 371
- FWCI
- 38.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Stress and Burnout Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health, psychology, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- conservation of resources theory, stress, coping
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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