Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.
Abstract
Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.
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Kitayama, S., Park, J., Miyamoto, Y., Date, H., Boylan, J. M., Markus, H. R., Karasawa, M., Kawakami, N., Coe, C. L., Love, G. D., et al. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167217748603 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Role Breadth: A Meta‐Analytic and Cross‐Cultural Analysis
Jiao, C., Richards, D. A., & Hackett, R. D. (2013) · Human Resource Management · doi:10.1002/hrm.21555 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Pilkington, A., Msetfi, R. M., & Watson, R. (2012) · Mental Health, Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2010.545947 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Du, H., Li, X., Lin, D., & Tam, C. C. (2015) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9785-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Several studies reported that among European, African, and Asian Americans, depression was positively associated with collectivistic orientation but negatively associated with individualistic orientation (Harris and Molock 2000; Okazaki 1997, 2000; see also Oyserman et al. 2002 for a review).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe assessment and treatment of autism spectrum disorder: A cultural examination.
La Roche, M. J., Bush, H. H., & D'Angelo, E. (2018) · Practice Innovations · doi:10.1037/pri0000067 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Fabris, M. A., Lin, S., & Longobardi, C. (2023) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2023.101227 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kraus, B., & Kitayama, S. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107733 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chen, B.-B., Shi, Z., & Wang, Y. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01529 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Meditation Effects in the Social Domain: Self-Other Connectedness as a General Mechanism?
Trautwein, F.-M., Naranjo, J. R., & Schmidt, S. (2014) · Studies in Neuroscience, Consciousness and Spirituality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01634-4_10 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Hall, G. C. N., Kim-Mozeleski, J. E., Zane, N. W., Sato, H., Huang, E. R., Tuan, M., & Ibaraki, A. Y. (2019) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000122 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Implications of an Emerging Integration of Universal and Culturally Specific Psychologies
Smith, G. T., Spillane, N. S., & Annus, A. M. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00013.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Kwon, S., & Park, A. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107087 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“These different modes of self-esteem are defined as independent and interdependent self-esteem, respectively (Markus & Kitayama, 1991; Oyserman et al., 2002).”
Kramer, W. S., Shuffler, M. L., & Feitosa, J. (2017) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2016.12.007 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Chatman, J. A., Greer, L. L., Sherman, E., & Doerr, B. (2019) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2018.1268 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
- Authors
- Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2002-01
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-72
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2055684847
- Cited by
- 5,758
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 220 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 242 · 2023: 262 · 2022: 261 · 2021: 294 · 2020: 329 · 2019: 254 · 2018: 273 · 2017: 256 · 2016: 275 · 2015: 287 · 2014: 302 · 2013: 304 · 2012: 309
- FWCI
- 151.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- individualism-collectivism, cross-cultural comparison, self-concept, well-being, attribution, cognitive style, relationality, European Americans, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, Chinese, Japanese, Korean language
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Africa, Americas, Asia, Asian, Australia, Black or African American, Cognition, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cultural Characteristics, Emotions, Europe, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Individuality, Interpersonal Relations, Job Satisfaction, Mass Behavior, Self Concept, Social Values, United States, Black People, White People
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