Bad Is Stronger Than Good

Baumeister, Roy F.; Bratslavsky, Ellen; Finkenauer, Catrin; Vohs, Kathleen D.

doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

Cited by 7,678Decision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPersonality Traits and Psychology

Bad Is Stronger Than Good

Baumeister, Roy F., Bratslavsky, Ellen, Finkenauer, Catrin, Vohs, Kathleen D.·2001·Review of General Psychology

DOI 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

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Abstract

The greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major life events (e.g., trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interpersonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedback have more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughly than good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue good ones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant to disconfirmation than good ones. Various explanations such as diagnosticity and salience help explain some findings, but the greater power of bad events is still found when such variables are controlled. Hardly any exceptions (indicating greater power of good) can be found. Taken together, these findings suggest that bad is stronger than good, as a general principle across a broad range of psychological phenomena.

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Baumeister et al. argued in 2001 that negative life events have a stronger impact on our lives than positive ones.
“Baumeister iinni [36] argumentowali w2001 roku, że negatywne wydarzenia życiowe mają silniejszy wpływ na nasze życie niż pozytywne.”
From Does it only benefit the patient? Potentially positive impact of psychotherapy of traumatized people — on the therapist (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Humans preferentially attend to negative stimuli across many domains.
“The tendency for individuals to attend to negative news reflects something foundational about human cognition—that humans preferentially attend to negative stimuli across many domains24,25.”
From Negativity drives online news consumption (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Negative stimuli recruit relatively more attention than positive stimuli.
“Since negative stimuli recruit relatively more attention than positive stimuli (Baumeister et al. 2001)”
From The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature (2016) · cites this paper as Baumeister et al. 2001
Negative valence has greater psychological impact than positive valence in reactions to life events, outcomes in relationships, and fundamental psychological processes such as learning and attention.
“negative valence has greater psychological impact than positive valence when it comes to reactions to life events, outcomes in relationships, and even fundamental psychological processes such as learning and attention.”
From The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature (2016) · cites this paper as Baumeister et al. 2001
The relatively greater frequency of response for negativity within the left amygdala and insula might be related to the negativity bias observed in the behavioral literature.
“The relatively greater frequency of response for negativity that we observed within the left amygdala and insula might instead be related to the negativity bias (Baumeister et al. 2001) that is observed in the behavioral literature”
From The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature (2016) · cites this paper as Baumeister et al. 2001

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Repression and self-presentation: When audiences interfere with self-deceptive strategies.
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Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2000) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00003435 · Cited by 4,255 · see citing works
Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks
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Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment
Bottom, W. P., Gilovich, T. D., Griffin, D., & Kahneman, D. J. (2004) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/20159081 · Cited by 3,579 · see citing works
Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources
Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013262 · Cited by 2,365 · see citing works
The Affect Heuristic
Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.025 · Cited by 2,349 · see citing works
Individual- and organizational-level consequences of organizational citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis
Podsakoff, N. P., Whiting, S. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & Blume, B. D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013079 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
The Influence of Affective Teacher–Student Relationships on Students’ School Engagement and Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Approach
Roorda, D. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., Spilt, J. L., & Oort, F. J. (2011) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654311421793 · Cited by 2,370 · see citing works
Positive affect and the complex dynamics of human flourishing
Fredrickson, B. L., & Losada, M. F. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.7.678 · Cited by 2,334 · see citing works
More Than Words: Quantifying Language to Measure Firms' Fundamentals
Tetlock, P. C., Saar‐Tsechansky, M., & Macskassy, S. A. (2008) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6261.2008.01362.x · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
Heuristics and Biases
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.595 · Cited by 2,059 · see citing works
Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion
Ochsner, K. N., Silvers, J. A., & Buhle, J. T. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x · Cited by 1,879 · see citing works
The dynamic componential model of creativity and innovation in organizations: Making progress, making meaning
Amabile, T. M., & Pratt, M. G. (2016) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2016.10.001 · Cited by 1,863 · see citing works
Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference
Grant, A. M. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.24351328 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
What (and Why) is Positive Psychology?
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Authors: Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D.
Affiliations: The Ohio State University (US)
Case Western Reserve University (US)
Corresponding author: Baumeister, Roy F.
Bratslavsky, Ellen
Vohs, Kathleen D.
ORCID: Baumeister, Roy F.
Finkenauer, Catrin
Vohs, Kathleen D.
Venue: Review of General Psychology
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Pages: 323-370
ISSN: 1089-2680 (ISSN-L)
1939-1552
DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
OpenAlex: W2158810025
Cited by: 7,678
References: 257
Citations by year: 2026: 527 · 2025: 532 · 2024: 486 · 2023: 458 · 2022: 461 · 2021: 564 · 2020: 516 · 2019: 480 · 2018: 443 · 2017: 415 · 2016: 395 · 2015: 395 · 2014: 366 · 2013: 318 · 2012: 277
FWCI: 33.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Review of General Psychology (publishedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: negativity bias, emotional valence, negative emotions, self-avoidance, impression formation, stereotype formation, diagnosticity, salience, major life events, trauma, close relationships, social networks, learning process

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