Cited by 3,308Neuroendocrine regulation and behaviorStress Responses and CortisolAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.

Taylor, Shelley E., Klein, Laura Cousino, Lewis, Brian P., Gruenewald, Tara L., Gurung, Regan A. R., Updegraff, John A.·2000·Psychological Review

DOI 10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411

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Abstract

The human stress response has been characterized, both physiologically and behaviorally, as "fight-or-flight." Although fight-or-flight may characterize the primary physiological responses to stress for both males and females, we propose that, behaviorally, females' responses are more marked by a pattern of "tend-and-befriend." Tending involves nurturant activities designed to protect the self and offspring that promote safety and reduce distress; befriending is the creation and maintenance of social networks that may aid in this process. The biobehavioral mechanism that underlies the tend-and-befriend pattern appears to draw on the attachment-caregiving system, and neuroendocrine evidence from animal and human studies suggests that oxytocin, in conjunction with female reproductive hormones and endogenous opioid peptide mechanisms, may be at its core. This previously unexplored stress regulatory system has manifold implications for the study of stress.

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Authors: Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay (US)
ORCID: Klein, Laura Cousino
Gruenewald, Tara L.
Gurung, Regan A. R.
Updegraff, John A.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2000
Volume: 107
Issue: 3
Pages: 411-429
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411
OpenAlex: W2149915148
Cited by: 3,308
References: 232
Citations by year: 2026: 130 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 139 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 150 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 178 · 2015: 181 · 2014: 159 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 165
FWCI: 73.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH056880, MH15750, MH 056880, T32MH015750)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: fight or flight, stress response, social support, social networks, oxytocin, female sex hormones, endogenous opioids, stress regulation, sex differences
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Neurosecretory Systems, Reproduction, Stress, Psychological, Caregivers

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Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.

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