Cited by 5,958Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative StressPhytochemicals and Antioxidant ActivitiesExercise and Physiological Responses

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Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.

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Ames, B N, Shigenaga, M K, Hagen, T M·1993·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915PMC PMC47258

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Abstract

Metabolism, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidant by-products of normal metabolism cause extensive damage to DNA, protein, and lipid. We argue that this damage (the same as that produced by radiation) is a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against this damage include ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids. Dietary fruits and vegetables are the principal source of ascorbate and carotenoids and are one source of tocopherol. Low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables doubles the risk of most types of cancer as compared to high intake and also markedly increases the risk of heart disease and cataracts. Since only 9% of Americans eat the recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables per day, the opportunity for improving health by improving diet is great.

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Authors: Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: Ames, B N
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 90
Issue: 17
Pages: 7915-7922
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.17.7915
PMC: PMC47258
OpenAlex: W2023677185
Cited by: 5,958
References: 195
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 71 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 127 · 2020: 164 · 2019: 140 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 176 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 198 · 2014: 272 · 2013: 267 · 2012: 293
FWCI: 13.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Rockefeller Foundation
National Institutes of Health (5r35ca039910-14)
National Cancer Institute (CA399 10)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ESO1896, P30ES001896)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Keywords: oxidative stress, free radicals, antioxidants, aging, degenerative diseases, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, vitamin C, tocopherols, carotenoids, cancer risk, cardiovascular disease, cataract, waning immunity, brain dysfunction
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Antioxidants, Diet, Disease, DNA Damage, Humans, Neoplasms, Proteins, Oxidants, Lipid Metabolism

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Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging.

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