The DOI matches its Crossref record; 133 of the 134 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 1 are not checked yet; 9 of the 153 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies
Open accessAbstract
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with a variety of harmful effects ranging from photoaging to skin cancer. UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages the cellular DNA leading to the formation of the 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers, and UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages the DNA via the production of oxygen radical species. In this review, we focused on the technological and scientific aspects of photoprotection using sunglasses and clothing while attempting to dispel some of the misconceptions. In addition to the basic knowledge relating to sunscreens, we reviewed the current guidelines for testing and labeling UVA protection around the world, controversies associated with nanoparticles, and future sunscreens actives waiting for the Food and Drug Administration approval. Lastly, we reviewed alternative agents, such as antioxidants, that can be used to supplement and augment photoprotection provided by sunscreens.
Verified 2026-10-28 · 1 reference not checked yet
Overview
Integrity signals
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
91 No full text of the sources · 19 Own interpretation · 12 Sources not found · 10 Not checked yet · 7 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Not supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Gambichler et al. showed that 1/3 of summer clothing provided poor protection from UV radiation, and only 75 % of fabrics were able to deliver a sufficient degree of protection (12).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that only 113 of 236 fabrics (48%) met the European standard for sufficient UV protection (UPF 30+), not 75%. The paper does support the citing sentence’s separate statement that about one-third provided insufficient protection, but that does not support the attributed 75% figure. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Gambichler et al. showed that 1/3 of summer clothing provided poor protection from UV radiation, and only 75 % of fabrics were able to deliver a sufficient degree of protection (12).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) reports that 78 fabrics (33%) had insufficient UV protection, supporting the one-third claim. The cited sentence also attributes a 75% figure to the paper, but its Results report 48% meeting the recommended UPF 30+ standard, not 75%. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As expected, the degree of UV protection offered by clothing and hats varies.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results report a wide range of UV protection factors among summer clothing fabrics, supporting variation in clothing protection. The passages do not address hats, so the claim’s extension to hats is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Certain colors, such as blue and black, can enhance UV protection (12,20).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol source
The Abstract Results report that black and navy-blue fabrics were among those most frequently achieving UPF 30+. Results and Discussion likewise says dark-coloured fabrics frequently had UPF 30+ and identifies colour as a factor affecting protection, while noting that the factors could not be studied independently. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Wang, 2001, Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton T-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: clinical implications, J Am Acad Dermatol source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Common substitutes include magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl-6-palmitate, both of which can be converted into the active L-ascorbic acid in cell cultures (123).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [123] Nayama, 1999, Protective effects of sodium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate on the development of UVB-induced damage in cultured mouse skin, Biol Pharm Bull sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (p. 1) says an ascorbic-acid 2-phosphate ester can be taken up by cells and converted to ascorbic acid, and the study reports this conversion for sodium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate in cultured mouse skin. The Discussion (p. 4) mentions magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate only in connection with absorption into cadaver skin; it does not establish its conversion in cell cultures. Our copy does not address ascorbyl-6-palmitate. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“| | vegetables | Immunosuppression | | + | (107) |”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [107] Nakamura, 1997, Vitamin C abrogates the deleterious effects of UVB radiation on cutaneous immunity by a mechanism that does not depend on TNF-alpha, J Invest Dermatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that topical vitamin C prevented UVB-induced impairment of cutaneous immunity and tolerance in mice (opening section and “Epicutaneous Vitamin C Prevents UVR-induced Tolerance”; page numbers unavailable). It does not establish that eating vegetables or taking vitamin C protects against immunosuppression generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“| (epicatechin-3-gallate), | from tea | Photocarcinogenesis | | + | (117-119) |”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Wang, 1991, Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols, Carcinogenesis source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [118] Gensler, 1996, Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea, Nutr Cancer source
- Partly supportedcites [119] Lu, 2002, Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that topical EGCG, a tea constituent, reduced skin tumors in UVB-pretreated mice, and the Discussion describes inhibition of UVB-induced carcinogenesis. This supports the claim for EGCG in mice, but the study does not establish protection by green tea polyphenols as a class or in humans. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, UV exposure initiates a cascade of ROS and inflammatory cytokines via activation of the AP-1 and NF-kB pathways (2)(3)(4)(5).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (2)(3)(4)(5)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which corresponds most likely to at least double the protection of a SPF 15 sunscreen for the reasons mentioned above.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The degree of protection offered by sunscreens depends on application of the correct amount of the product.
In the paper
“Lastly, clothing and hats are less costly than sunscreens (9), and they are devoid of any complications such as contact or photoallergic dermatitis.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Hatch, 2006, Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials, Dermatol Clin source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 33
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, it is recommended that patients with polymorphic light eruption use broad spectrum sunscreens to reduce the frequency of flares (52).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunscreens
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Schleyer, 2008, Prevention of polymorphic light eruption with a sunscreen of very high protection level against UVB and UVA radiation under standardized photodiagnostic conditions, Acta Derm Venereol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion report that a sunscreen with very high UVA and UVB protection prevented PLE lesions during standardized photoprovocation. They do not establish that broad-spectrum sunscreens generally reduce the frequency of flares in everyday use; the Discussion says further studies under daily sun-exposure conditions are needed. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Lastly, oxybenzone is not photostable and can generate oxygen radicals upon UV exposure (85).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Benzophenones
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [85] Schallreuter, 1996, Oxybenzone oxidation following solar irradiation of skin: photoprotection versus antioxidant inactivation, J Invest Dermatol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports that oxybenzone is unstable in normal sunlight and rapidly photo-oxidizes to a reactive semiquinone (Abstract; discussion accompanying Figure 3, page unavailable). It does not show that oxybenzone generates oxygen radicals upon UV exposure; its mentions of reactive oxygen species concern UV exposure or normal metabolism more generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
In the paper
“This standard was first developed and published in Australia in 1996 (14), and it was later adopted and refined by the European Committee for Standardization in 2003 (16).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Standards Australia International Ltd, 1996, Sun-protective clothing: evaluation and classification. Sidney, New South Wales.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To attain the UPF of any clothing, UV transmission through the clothing is measured with a spectrophotometer (13)(14).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (13)(14)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“UPF is then calculated based on the amount of UV transmission at each wavelength and the erythema response from each spectra of the UV (15).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] McKinlay, 1987, A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, CIE J
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Harsh treatment from the chemical damages the fabric materials and creates new or enlarges existing interstices in the clothing, resulting in additional UV transmission.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that sunscreens use is safe, and sunscreens use does not increase the risk for developing melanoma (49).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Dennis, 2003, Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review, Ann Intern Med source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, the standard did not factor in the effect of stretching and wetness in the UPF assessment; the Committee felt that clothing with a UPF > 40 would be adequate to compensate for these factors.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreasing the size leads to less scattering of visible light and improvement in the cosmetic appearance.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Committee stipulated the clothing with UPF label must cover the area from the neck to the hip, across the shoulders, and three quarters of the upper arm.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, this standard (ANSI Z80.3 2008) is voluntary, and manufacturers are not compelled to build or label their products accord- (36,37).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunglasses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Leow, 1995, V-protective sunglasses for UVA irradiation protection, Int J Dermatol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Semes, 1991, UV-A absorbing characteristics of commercial sunglasses intended for recreational and general use, J Am Optom Assoc
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The popularity may be attributed to the recommendation from physicians (44) and marketing actions from the sun care and cosmetic industry (45).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunscreens
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Diffey et al. summarized this well in suggesting that most sunscreens in the past offered no or little UVA protection (50).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [50] Diffey, 2005, Sunscreens and melanoma: the future looks bright, Br J Dermatol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In fact, both cortical cataract and the pterygium predominately involve the nasal aspect of the eye (38,39)”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunglasses
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Dain, 2003, Sunglasses and sunglass standards, Clin Exp Optom source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Sliney, 1994, Epidemiological studies of sunlight and cataract: the critical factor of ultraviolet exposure geometry, Ophthalmic Epidemiol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lateral and inferior portions are often poorly shielded, which can lead to passage of UV rays from these angles.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunglasses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.
In the paper
“For example, according to this standard guideline, lenses in the cosmetic category require the light transmittance to be >40% while restricting UVB rays to be 12.5% of the light transmittance and <1% of total UVB under normal and prolonged use, respectively.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunglasses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ANSI Z80.3 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In addition, a cutoff of 40+ was set as the minimum UPF value allowed.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This standard was first developed and published in Australia in 1996 (14), and it was later adopted and refined by the European Committee for Standardization in 2003 (16).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In comparison, special purpose lenses permit 3-8% light transmittance and <1% of total UVB transmission.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Sunglasses
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites ANSI Z80.3 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Polyester and wool offer the highest UV absorbing capacity, and they have higher UPF values than cotton, linen, and rayon (18)(19).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (18)(19)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These compounds absorb UV rays and increase UPF values, and they are found in many household laundry detergents (9,25).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Hatch, 2006, Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials, Dermatol Clin source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Zhou, 1998, Effect of OBAs and repeated launderings on UVR transmission throgh fabrics, textile Chemist and Colorist
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, ZnO offers protection extending to the UVA I (up to 380 nm) range ( 55), but the magnitude of UV protection from ZnO is low compared with other organic UV filters.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Pinnell, 2000, Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide, Dermatol Surg source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These compounds absorb UV rays and increase UPF values, and they are found in many household laundry detergents (9,25).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Clothing and hats
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Hatch, 2006, Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials, Dermatol Clin source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Zhou, 1998, Effect of OBAs and repeated launderings on UVR transmission throgh fabrics, textile Chemist and Colorist
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“First, this active has been regarded as the most allergic agent and has been implicated for many contact and photoallergic dermatitis (82,83).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Benzophenones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Schauder, 1997, Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature, Contact Dermatitis source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Deleo, 2004, Photocontact dermatitis, Dermatol Ther source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In comparision to old generations of sunscreens, modern products offer more balanced protection from UVB and UVA, but significant progress to improve UVA protection is still needed in the United States.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.
- Rests on an assumption: US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.
- Rests on an assumption: The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.
- Rests on an assumption: Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.
In the paper
“Other attributes that make this chemical appealing to the sunscreen formulators are its water resistant property and low skin irritancy potential (77).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Cinnamates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Nash, 2006, Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products, Dermatol Clin source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is the predominant AOs in the skin with concentration reaching 15 times that of glutathione, 200 times that of Vitamin E and 1000 times that of ubiquinol/ubiquinone (120).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Vitamin C
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [120] Shindo, 1994, Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin, J Invest Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Topical application of a-tocopherol has demonstrated a number of protective effects including reduction in erythema (124), photoaging (125), photocarcinogenesis (111), and immunosuppression (110).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [124] Roshchupkin, 1979, Inhibition of ultraviolet light-induced erythema by antioxidants, Arch Dermatol Res source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] Jurkiewicz, 1995, Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin, J Invest Dermatol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [111] Burke, 2000, Effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice, Nutr Cancer source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Their conclusion suggested these TiO2 particles were not cytotoxic, phototoxic, genotoxic, or photogenotoxic.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Nohynek, 2007, Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety, Crit Rev Toxicol source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Second, the compound has systemic absorption and is detected in urine and blood stream (84).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Benzophenones
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Janjua, 2004, Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans, J Invest Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The compound has an excellent safety profile with low irritation, phototoxicity and photoallergic potential (77).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Octocrylene
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Nash, 2006, Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products, Dermatol Clin source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Topical silymarin has been shown to inhibit UVB-induced sunburn cells (97), prevent UVBinduced pyrimidine dimers (131), and reduce the number of UVB-induced tumors in mice (97).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Silymarin
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] Katiyar, 1997, Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model, J Natl Cancer Inst source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [131] Chatterjee, 1996, Ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA lesions in mouse epidermis: an assessment using a novel 32P-postlabelling technique, Biochem Biophys Res Commun source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was the first UVB filter widely used in the United States (72).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > UVB filters Aminobenzoates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Scherschun, 2001, Photoprotection by sunscreens, Am J Clin Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% a-tocopherol provided a fourfold increase in protection against UV-induced erythema and thymine dimer formation (126) as the depleted vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Vitamin E
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Lin, 2003, UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E, J Am Acad Dermatol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Upon UV exposure, electrons of these compounds are energized and jump to an excited and unstable state.In time, the electrons return to their ground and stable state and release the energy in the form of heat (10).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Organic sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Bech-Thomsen, 1992, Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In this process, both avobenzone and octinoxate are destroyed, which lead to loss of both UVA and UVB protection (87).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Avobenzone
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Chatelain, 2001, Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter, Photochem Photobiol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current studies suggest that these nanoparticles do not show an increased penetration and have a good safety profile.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results suggested that these materials are not toxic, irritating, sensitizing or photosensitizing after topical application (70,71).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] 70. SCCNFP., 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers Concerning Titanium Dioxide. 24 October, 2000, EuropeanCommission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/health/phrisk/committees/04sccp/04sccpen.htm.
- Not checked yetcites [71] 71. SCCNFP., (2003a). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers concerning Zinc Oxide COLIPA No. S 76. 24-25 June, 2003. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/health/phrisk/committees/04sccp/04sccpen.htm.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Aside from the AO functions, tea polyphenols, specifically epigallocatechin-3gallate, also have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects (112,117) and can inhibit collagenase activity.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Green tea polyphenols
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] Katiyar, 1999, Polyphenolic antioxidant (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin, Photochem Photobiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] Wang, 1991, Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols, Carcinogenesis source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The combination of OMC and avobenzone is photolabile and compromises the overall UV protection (78).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Cinnamates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Dondi, 2006, Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection, Photochem Photobiol Sci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, alternative agents such as AOs, which work by a different mechanism, can be used to supplement and augment photoprotection provided by sunscreens.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, resulting in subclinical and clinical damage to the skin.
- Rests on an assumption: The public and medical community do not regard topical antioxidants as part of photoprotection agents.
- Rests on an assumption: Physiological barriers limit adequate levels of antioxidants from diet and oral supplements to be delivered to the skin.
In the paper
“This molecule offers a broad spectrum coverage with two absorption peaks at 303 and 360 nm (88).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Bisoctrizole (methylene-bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] Herzog, 2005
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“They are considered to be weak UVB absorbers, and high concentrations of compounds are needed to meet the SPF requirement (79).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Salicylates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Roelandts, 1998, Shedding light on sunscreens, Clin Exp Dermatol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The impending passage of the new FDA guideline on testing and labeling UVA protection and the potential approval of new filters have the potential to stimulate the sunscreen industry to produce better products.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.
- Rests on an assumption: US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.
- Rests on an assumption: The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.
- Rests on an assumption: Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.
In the paper
“Despite these diverse standards across the globe, there is a growing convergence towards the general principle of testing and labeling for UVA protection, and in many cases, products that fulfilled the criteria in one region would also satisfy the criteria in other countries or regions (81).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > UVA agents
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Wang, 2008, In vitro assessments of UVA protection by popular sunscreens available in the United States, J Am Acad Dermatol source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trolamine salicylate is water soluble and has been used in hair products (80).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Salicylates
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Kullavanijaya, 2005, Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The presumed mechanism is the production of hydroxyl radicals from TiO 2 after UV exposure, which leads to DNA strand breakage (68).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Inorganic sunscreens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Serpone, 2001, Deleterious effects of sunscreeen titanium dioxide napnoparticles on DNA: efforts to limit DNA damage by particle surface modification, Proc SPIE source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages cellular DNA, leading to the formation of 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.
“UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages the cellular DNA leading to the formation of the 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers”
The paper relies on this without support.
UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages DNA via the production of oxygen radical species.
“UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages the DNA via the production of oxygen radical species.”
The paper relies on this without support.
UVB (290 to 320 nm) is the major wavelength that causes sunburn.
“UVB (290 to 320 nm) is the major wavelength that causes sunburn”
The paper relies on this without support.
UVA (320 to 400 nm) penetrates deeper into the skin layer than UVB.
“By contrast, UVA (320 to 400 nm) penetrates deeper into the skin layer”
The paper relies on this without support.
UV radiation plays a major role in the acceleration of photoaging.
“UV radiation also plays a major role in the acceleration of the photoaging.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Chronic UV exposure is linked to the development of actinic keratosis, squamous cell cancer, and basal cell cancer.
“Chronic UV exposure has been linked to the development of actinic keratosis, squamous cell cancer, and basal cell cancer”
The paper relies on this without support.
Intermittent and intense UV exposure is associated with the development of melanoma.
“whereas intermittent and intense UV exposure is associated with the development of melanoma”
The paper relies on this without support.
Clothing and hats offer balanced and uniform protection for both UVA and UVB.
“First, clothing and hats offer a balanced and uniformed protection for both UVA and UVB.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most sunscreens available in the United States preferentially deliver more UVB protection.
“By contrast, most of sunscreens available in the United States preferentially deliver more UVB protection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sunscreen users need to apply sunscreen 30 minutes prior to going outdoors and reapply it every 2 hours.
“a user needs to apply sunscreens 30 minutes prior to going outdoors and reapply them every 2 hours”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sunscreen application requirements are often ignored or forgotten.
“requirements that are often ignored or forgotten.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The degree of protection offered by sunscreens depends on application of the correct amount of the product.
“Furthermore, the degree of protection offered by sunscreens depends on application of the correct amount of the product.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Clothing and hats are devoid of complications such as contact or photoallergic dermatitis.
“and they are devoid of any complications such as contact or photoallergic dermatitis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most regulatory agencies around the world have adopted UPF as a measurement standard for UV protection by garment.
“To accurately and quantitatively measure UV protection by garment, most regulatory agencies around the world have adopted the UV protection factor (UPF) as a measurement standard.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Polyester retains heat, and it is not a comfortable material.
“However, polyester retains heat, and it is not a comfortable material.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Gaps or holes between individual fibers permit direct access for UV transmission.
“Gaps or holes between individual fibers permit direct access for UV transmission”
The paper relies on this without support.
UV radiation passing through the fiber (especially cotton) is normally more important than gaps or holes for UV transmission.
“but the UV radiation passing through the fiber (especially cotton) is normally more important.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sunglasses can protect the eye from UV damage.
“Sunglasses can protect the eye from UV damage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most ocular damages from UV radiation result from scattered and reflected light from the periphery.
“Most ocular damages from UV radiation result from scattered and reflected light from the periphery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In extreme conditions, indirect UV rays bounce off the ground, snow, water, and sand.
“In extreme conditions, indirect UV rays bounce off the ground, snow, water, and sand.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.
“However, most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most ocular damages occur during the morning and late afternoon when incident rays are parallel to the pupil axis.
“In fact, most ocular damages occur during the morning and late afternoon when the incident rays are parallel to the pupil axis.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During peak hours, the brow ridge and eyelid shield the eye from UV rays.
“During the peak hour, the brow ridge and eyelid shield the eye from the UV rays.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Squinting and pupillary constriction reduce UV transmission to the eye.
“In addition, the squinting mechanism minimizes area of exposure on the ocular surface, and pupil contracts to reduce UV transmission.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During off-peak hours, UV rays bypass the defense of the brow ridge and eyelid.
“In contrast, during the off-peak hours, the UV incident angle is low and the UV rays bypass the defense of the brow ridge and eyelid.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During off-peak hours, squinting and pupillary constriction are not initiated because light intensity is weaker.
“In addition, the squinting and pupillary constriction mechanisms are not initiated because the light intensity is weaker.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Seeking shade and wearing protective clothing provide more protection than sunscreens.
“even though seeking shade and wearing protective clothing provide more protection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Epidemiologic studies on sunscreen use and melanoma risk are mixed, with some showing preventive benefit and others showing increased risk.
“Epidemiologic studies are mixed with some showing preventive benefit, whereas others showing an increased risk for developing melanoma.”
The paper relies on this without support.
UV exposure accelerates tell-tale signs of aging.
“Many tell-tale signs of aging, such as the formation of wrinkles, appearance of pigmentations, dilation of blood vessels, and loss of collagen, are accelerated by UV exposure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many first line treatments of photodermatoses involve the use of sunscreens.
“In addition, many first line treatments of photodermatoses involve the use of sunscreens.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Laundry chemicals such as Tinosorb FD serve as UV absorbers and chemically bind to individual fibers of clothing with each subsequent wash.
“Similarly to the optical brighteners, there are laundry chemicals (e.g., Tinosorb FD) that serve as UV absorbers, which chemically bind to the individual fibers of clothing with each subsequent wash.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Optical brighteners are conjugated products that absorb UV energy and release it as fluorescence in the visible wavelength range.
“Optical brighteners are conjugated products that absorb UV energy and release the energy in the form of fluorescence in the visible wavelength range.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the United States, only two inorganic filters, TiO2 and ZnO, are approved by the FDA.
“Currently, in the United States, there are only two inorganic filters, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), approved by the FDA.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TiO2 and ZnO are photostable, yielding predictable photoprotection after UV exposure.
“Both actives are photostable, yielding sunscreen products with predictable degrees of photoprotection after UV exposure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Some organic actives, such as avobenzone, are photolabile and may lose 50% of photoprotective property after 1 hour of UV exposure if not stabilized properly.
“By contrast, some organic actives, such as avobenzone, are photolabile and may lose 50% of photoprotective property after 1 hour of UV exposure if not stabilized properly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TiO2 and ZnO have low allergenic potential and low rates of sensitization.
“Both TiO2 and ZnO have low allergenic potential and low rates of sensitization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The public's reluctance to embrace inorganic sunscreens is largely caused by the large particle size and high refractive indices of TiO2 and ZnO, which result in unsatisfactory whitening appearance.
“The reluctance is largely caused by the large particle size and high refractive indices of both TiO2 (refractive index = 2.6) and ZnO (refractive index = 1.9), which result in unsatisfactory whitening appearance.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Large particles and poor dispersion create a gritty sensation when sunscreens dry, and the opaque nature and occlusive qualities of these products are comedogenic.
“Aside from the cosmetic shortcomings, large particles and poor dispersion also create a gritty sensation when the sunscreens dry.Lastly, the opaque nature and occlusive qualities of these products are comedogenic.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nanomaterials exhibit new optical, mechanical and electrical properties vastly different from conventional-sized counterparts, which can lead to unpredictable outcomes when they interact with biological tissues.
“Partially because of the massive increase in surface area-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials exhibit new optical, mechanical and electrical properties that are vastly different from their conventional-sized counterparts.These new properties can also lead to unpredictable outcomes when they interact with biological tissues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nano-sized ZnO and TiO2 provide superior UV protection while further eliminating unsightly white residues.
“In the case of sunscreen, nano-sized ZnO and TiO2 provide superior UV protection while further eliminating the unsightly white residues.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Titanium dioxide particles with size in the 20-30 nm range provide optimal UV absorption/scattering properties, whereas zinc oxide particles with size from 60 to 120 nm offer the most favorable UV protection.
“Titanium dioxide particles with size in the 20-to 30-nm range provide the optimal UV absorption/ scattering properties, whereas zinc oxide particles with size from 60 to 120 nm offer the most favorable UV protection.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nanoparticles often form larger aggregates and conglomerates once incorporated in the final sunscreen formulation.
“Nanoparticles often form larger aggregates and conglomerates once incorporated in the final sunscreen formulation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most studies on nanoparticle penetration are focused on healthy skin with intact stratum corneum.
“Lastly, it is worth mentioning that most studies are focused on healthy skin with intact stratum corneum.”
The paper relies on this without support.
TiO2 and ZnO have low intrinsic toxicity profile.
“TiO2 and ZnO have low intrinsic toxicity profile.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Both TiO2 and ZnO have been on the market for many decades, and both have low or no incidence of adverse skin or systemic effects.
“Both compounds have been on the market for many decades, and both have low or no incidence of adverse skin or systemic effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Zn is an essential nutrient with known health benefits, and Ti has been used in many food additives.
“Furthermore, Zn is considered as an essential nutrient with known health benefits, and Ti has been used in many food additives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Currently, there is no regulation in the United States regarding testing and labeling standards for sunscreens with nano-TiO2 and ZnO.
“Currently, there is no regulation in the United States regarding the testing and labeling standards for sunscreens with nano-TiO2 and ZnO.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Organic chemicals absorb UV radiation through their conjugated aromatic ring structures.
“In contrast to inorganic sunscreen agents, organic chemicals absorb UV radiation through their conjugated aromatic ring structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PABA's peak absorption wavelength is 283 nm.
“The peak absorption wavelength is 283 nm.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PABA is not soluble and binds tightly to keratinocytes via hydrogen bond.
“The agent is not soluble and binds tightly to the keratinocytes via hydrogen bond.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In some diseases, such as psoriasis, hyperkeratosis leads to reduced penetration.
“In some diseases, such as psoriasis, hyperkeratosis leads to reduced penetration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The penetration of molecules through the stratum corneum depends on factors such as concentration and molecule size.
“From research in the field of transdermal drug delivery, it is known that the penetration of molecules through the stratum corneum depends on a number of factors, such as the concentration and molecule size.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Small compounds with a molecular weight between 163 and 357 Da (molecular size between 0.8 and 1.6 nm) can penetrate the skin barrier with ease.
“Small compounds with a molecular weight between 163 and 357 Da (molecular size between 0.8 and 1.6 nm) can penetrate the skin barrier with ease.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.
“In the United States, currently there is no testing or labeling guideline.”
The paper relies on this without support.
US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.
“Compared with Europe and Australia, US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer numbers of actives, especially UVA filters.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.
“In addition, the allowable concentration of avobenzone is 3% compared with 5% in Europe.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.
“Lastly, avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, resulting in subclinical and clinical damage to the skin.
“Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, which results in subclinical and clinical damages to the skin.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The public and medical community do not regard topical antioxidants as part of photoprotection agents.
“However, the public and medical community do not regard these actives as a part of photoprotection agents.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Physiological barriers limit adequate levels of antioxidants from diet and oral supplements to be delivered to the skin.
“Although AOs can be supplemented through diet and oral supplements, physiological barriers limit adequate level to be delivered to the skin.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many antioxidants are deeply colored, making them cosmetically unacceptable.
“Many AOs are deeply colored, making them cosmetically unacceptable.”
The paper relies on this without support.
OMC is the most potent UVB absorber widely used in the United States and worldwide.
“OMC is the most potent UVB absorber widely used in the United States and worldwide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Avobenzone is the most powerful organic filter in the United States that extends protection into long-range UVA I rays.
“In the United States, this is the most powerful organic filter that extends protection into the long-range UVA I rays.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Octocrylene is regarded as the best photostabilizer for avobenzone available in the United States.
“However, because it is regarded as the best photostabilizer for avobenzone available in the United States, octocrylene has become increasingly popular among the sunscreen manufacturers.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recently, it was reported that nanoparticles remain in the stratum corneum and do not penetrate into the skin [65].”
From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Commercial clothing may have inadequate UV protection factor (UPF), and patients should use sun-protective clothing labeled with UPF of 40 or higher to provide additional photoprotection [125, 126].”
From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [126]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Cinnamates
“It absorption profiles spans from 270 to 328 nm with the peak absorption at 320 nm.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
“| Octinoxate (octyl methoxycinnamate) | 7.5% | 311 | UVB |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Bisoctrizole (methylene-bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol)
“This molecule offers a broad spectrum coverage with two absorption peaks at 303 and 360 nm (88).”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
“| Methylene-bis-benzotriazolyl a | 10% | 305, 360 | UVB, UVA |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Octocrylene
“The absorption profile of octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl-2cyano-3,3-diphenylarylate) spans from 290 to 360 nm with peak absorption at 307 nm.”
§ Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologiesd > Conclusions
“| Octocrylene | 10% | 303 | UVB, UVA II |”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, S. Q., Balagula, Y., & Osterwalder, U.
- Affiliations
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Steven Q.
- Venue
- Dermatologic Therapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-47
- ISSN
- 1396-0296 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-8019
- OpenAlex
- W2143478109
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 3.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Dermatologic Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- photoprotection, ultraviolet radiation, UV-B radiation, UVA, DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, photoaging, skin cancer, sunglasses, protective clothing, sunscreen, sunscreen nanoparticles, sunscreen active ingredients, antioxidants
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cataract, Clothing, Eye Protective Devices, Humans, Keratoconjunctivitis, Macular Degeneration, Pterygium, Radiation Protection, Retinitis, Skin, Sunscreening Agents, Ultraviolet Rays, United States, Mice, Nanoparticles
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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