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A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION
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In the citing paper
“Mothers were deemed eligible if they had a current diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to DSM-IV criteria, received a score ≥ 15 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D 25-item version)[33] and were the custodial parent of a 7–18-year-old child receiving psychiatric treatment for an internalizing disorder.”
From ROLE OF MATERNAL CHILDHOOD TRAUMA ON PARENTING AMONG DEPRESSED MOTHERS OF PSYCHIATRICALLY ILL CHILDREN: Research Article: Maternal Depression and Childhood Trauma (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While each of these instruments is well-validated for assessing overall suicide risk, none were developed to assess short-term changes in SI.”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The HDRS-17 (33), one of the methods most commonly employed to measures change in depressive symptoms severity in treatment for depression clinical trials, was derived from the HDRS-28, and used as dependent variable.”
From Monitoring Changes in Depression Severity Using Wearable and Mobile Sensors (2020) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is in accordance with Aaron Beck's famous contention that depression is not only manifested in a negative self-appraisal but also involves negative cognitions about the world and the future.”
From The more it is needed, the less it is wanted: Attitudes toward face-to-face intervention among depressed patients undergoing online treatment (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“greater depression severity, as assessed by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD; Hamilton, 1960), was an independent predictor of TSST-induced increases in both IL-6 and NFκ B while adjusting for the effects of early life stress on inflammatory activity”
From From stress to inflammation and major depressive disorder: A social signal transduction theory of depression. (2014) · cites this paper as Hamilton, 1960
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety (HAM‐A) (Hamilton, 1959) and Depression (HAM‐D, 17‐item version) (Hamilton, 1960) were used to quantify the degree of anxiety and depression, respectively.”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Hamilton, 1960
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HAM-D consists of 21 items but is scored on the first 17 items.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The higher the score, the greater the severity of depressive symptoms.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The HAM-D is an observer-administered instrument to assess the severity of depressive symptoms.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Studies with psychiatric samples show substantial correlation coefficients for BDI and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS; [23] ) ranging from r = .61 to .81; the mean correlation coefficient is r = .73. [22] Internal consistency for both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric populations is above .8. [24]”
From The more it is needed, the less it is wanted: Attitudes toward face-to-face intervention among depressed patients undergoing online treatment (2013) · cites this paper as [24]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The interpretation of the total score is such that the score of 0–7 indicates normal, 8–16 denotes mild depression, 17–23 indicates moderate depression, and 24 and above denotes severe depression (42).”
From The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for the treatment of alcohol use disorder among adult males: a randomized controlled trial comparing with acceptance and commitment therapy and treatment as usual (2023) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“While each of these instruments is well-validated for assessing overall suicide risk, none were developed to assess short-term changes in SI.”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“For example, most of the literature exploring the anti-suicidal effects of ketamine used single items from the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS; specifically, Item 10) (23) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D; specifically, Item 3) (24) as well as longer, suicide-specific measures such as the Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI) (25) and the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating”
From New methods for assessing rapid changes in suicide risk (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“The symptomatic severity of BD was evaluated with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) (26) and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) (27). To make sure the quality and reliability of the assessment, it was performed by the same well-trained researcher (Zhaoyu Gan) on all the cases.”
From Are serum levels of inflammatory markers associated with the severity of symptoms of bipolar disorder? (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Studies suggest that tobacco smokers have higher β2*-nAChR availability compared with non-smokers in non-psychiatric populations (34) which normalizes by 6–12 weeks of abstinence (44).”
From Persistent β 2 *-Nicotinic Acetylcholinergic Receptor Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder (2012) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“In addition, the severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) [26].”
From Plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids and related primary fatty acid amides in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (2013) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“several symptom scales were developed for use within clinical samples only and may vary minimally in undiagnosed participants [12], [13]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“several symptom scales were developed for use within clinical samples only and may vary minimally in undiagnosed participants [12], [13]”
From How to boost positive interpretations? A Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (2014) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“We chose daily evening administration to model the normal circadian variation in endogenous leptin, which is characterized by a pulsatile circadian rhythm with marked nocturnal rise (19).”
From Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults (2004) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Baseline depression severity [Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HAMD (92)] predicted EMA-assessed sad mood and negative thoughts (incl. suicidal ideation) (81).”
From Don't Miss the Moment: A Systematic Review of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Suicide Research (2022) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“the degree of depression was established using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (Table 1) [12].”
From Home-based psychiatric outpatient care through videoconferencing for depression: a randomized controlled follow-up trial (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M., and White, J. (1959). J. ment. Sci., 105, 955.
Hamilton, M. ;. W. (1959) · J. ment. Sci
UnresolvedUnpublished data
Hamilton, M. ;. W. (1960)
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Region-specific glutamate changes in patients with unipolar depression
Grimm, S., Luborzewski, A., Schubert, F., Merkl, A., Kronenberg, G., Colla, M., Heuser, I., & Bajbouj, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.018 · Cited by 52
Garamoni, G. L., Reynolds, C. F., Thase, M. E., Frank, E., Berman, S. R., & Fasiczka, A. L. (1991) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(91)90079-5 · Cited by 50
Executive Functioning Complaints and Escitalopram Treatment Response in Late-Life Depression
Manning, K. J., Alexopoulos, G. S., Banerjee, S., Morimoto, S. S., Seirup, J. K., Klimstra, S. A., Yuen, G., Kanellopoulos, T., & Gunning-Dixon, F. (2015) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2013.11.005 · Cited by 49
“Participants met DSM-IV (8) criteria for Major Depressive Disorder and had a score ≥ 18 on the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS)(9) after a two-week placebo lead-in.”
InfluentialGenetic Variations in MicroRNA Processing Genes Are Associated with Susceptibility in Depression
He, Y., Zhou, Y., Xi, Q., Cui, H., Luo, T., Song, H., Nie, X., Wang, L., & Ying, B. (2012) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2012.1660 · Cited by 52
Spalletta, G., Piras, F., Fagioli, S., Caltagirone, C., & Piras, F. (2014) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.212 · Cited by 50
Altered brain response to others’ pain in major depressive disorder
Fujino, J., Yamasaki, N., Miyata, J., Kawada, R., Sasaki, H., Matsukawa, N., Takemura, A., Ono, M., Tei, S., Takahashi, H., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.058 · Cited by 50
Eckstrand, K. L., Forbes, E. E., Bertocci, M. A., Chase, H. W., Greenberg, T., Lockovich, J., Stiffler, R., Aslam, H. A., Graur, S., Bebko, G., et al. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0864 · Cited by 51
Psychopathology and functioning among children of treated depressed fathers and mothers
Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P., Poh, E., Hernandez, M., Batten, L. A., Flament, M. F., Stewart, J. W., Blier, P., & Weissman, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.012 · Cited by 51
Brown, E. S., Davila, D., Nakamura, A., Carmody, T. J., Rush, A. J., Lo, A., Holmes, T., Adinoff, B., Caetano, R., Swann, A. C., et al. (2014) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12445 · Cited by 50
Early determinants of four‐year clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder with psychosis
Carlson, G. A., Kotov, R., Chang, S., Ruggero, C., & Bromet, E. J. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00982.x · Cited by 49
Symptom specificity and the prospective generation of life events in adolescence.
Harkness, K. L., & Stewart, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015749 · Cited by 50
Chen, S., Jiang, H., Liu, Y., Hou, Z., Yue, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, F., Xu, Z., Li, Y., Mou, X., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06832-6 · Cited by 50
Pasquini, M., Celletti, C., Berardelli, I., Roselli, V., Mastroeni, S., Castori, M., Biondi, M., & Camerota, F. (2014) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-013-2901-2 · Cited by 51
Nierenberg, A. A., Quitkin, F. M., Kremer, C., Keller, M. B., & Thase, M. E. (2004) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300405 · Cited by 51
Hungerbuehler, I., Valiengo, L., Loch, A. A., Rössler, W., & Gattaz, W. F. (2016) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.5675 · Cited by 46
“On the basis of at least 2 in-person screening consultations, a diagnosis of depression was established with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [11], medication treatment was initiated, and the degree of depression was established using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (Table 1) [12].”
MethodFunctional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sha, Z., Edmiston, E. K., Versace, A., Fournier, J. C., Graur, S., Greenberg, T., Lima Santos, J. P., Chase, H. W., Stiffler, R. S., Bonar, L., et al. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.002 · Cited by 48
Han, K.-M., Tae, W.-S., Kim, A., Kang, Y., Kang, W., Kang, J., Kim, Y.-K., Kim, B., Seong, J. Y., & Ham, B.-J. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.021 · Cited by 50
Fullana, M. A., Cardoner, N., Alonso, P., Subirà, M., López-Solà, C., Pujol, J., Segalàs, C., Real, E., Bossa, M., Zacur, E., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001128 · Cited by 50
Sajatovic, M., Gildengers, A., Al Jurdi, R. K., Gyulai, L., Cassidy, K. A., Greenberg, R. L., Bruce, M. L., Mulsant, B. H., Ten Have, T., & Young, R. C. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00923.x · Cited by 49
Deep brain stimulation modulates directional limbic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fridgeirsson, E. A., Figee, M., Luigjes, J., van den Munckhof, P., Schuurman, P. R., van Wingen, G., & Denys, D. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa100 · Cited by 51
“Symptom severity was assessed using the Yale- 1604 | BRAIN 2020: 143; 1603–1612 E. A. Fridgeirsson et al. Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) (Goodman et al., 1989a, b), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) (Hamilton, 1960) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) (Hamilton, 1959).”
MethodInfluentialNeurocognitive profile analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder
BURDICK, K. E., ROBINSON, D. G., MALHOTRA, A. K., & SZESZKO, P. R. (2008) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617708080727 · Cited by 50
Standard criteria for relapse are needed in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Simpson, H. B., Franklin, M. E., Cheng, J., Foa, E. B., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20052 · Cited by 50
Clinical Correlates of Planned and Unplanned Suicide Attempts
Chaudhury, S. R., Singh, T., Burke, A., Stanley, B., Mann, J. J., Grunebaum, M., Sublette, M. E., & Oquendo, M. A. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000502 · Cited by 48
Cyprien, F., de Champfleur, N. M., Deverdun, J., Olié, E., Le Bars, E., Bonafé, A., Mura, T., Jollant, F., Courtet, P., & Artero, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.026 · Cited by 50
Abdelnaim, M. A., Langguth, B., Deppe, M., Mohonko, A., Kreuzer, P. M., Poeppl, T. B., Hebel, T., & Schecklmann, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00929 · Cited by 50
“Additionally, the study depended on a single item of the HAMD scale and not a specific assessment scale for suicidality e.g., the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (63).”
MethodInfluentialRytsälä, H. J., Melartin, T. K., Leskelä, U. S., Lestelä-Mielonen, P. S., Sokero, T. P., & Isometsä, E. T. (2006) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000230394.21345.c4 · Cited by 50
Sher, I., McGinn, L., Sirey, J. A., & Meyers, B. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.5.564 · Cited by 50
Carney, C. E., Harris, A. L., Friedman, J., & Segal, Z. V. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20811 · Cited by 50
Patterns of stress in schizophrenia
Betensky, J. D., Robinson, D. G., Gunduz-Bruce, H., Sevy, S., Lencz, T., Kane, J. M., Malhotra, A. K., Miller, R., McCormack, J., Bilder, R. M., et al. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.001 · Cited by 51
Attachment anxiety, relationship context, and sleep in women with recurrent major depression
Troxel, W. M., Cyranowski, J. M., Hall, M., Frank, E., & Buysse, D. J. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3180cc2ec7 · Cited by 50
Psychological Predictors of Anxiety and Depression in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review
Garlovsky, J. K., Overton, P. G., & Simpson, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22308 · Cited by 49
Mohr, D. C., Carmody, T., Erickson, L., Jin, L., & Leader, J. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022395 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Hamilton, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Leeds (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hamilton, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 1960-02-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 56-62
- ISSN
- 0022-3050 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC495331
- OpenAlex
- W2114613490
- Semantic Scholar
- b292a2f25e64c16d40374236c95475d44a2c0bd1
- Cited by
- 32,817
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1044 · 2025: 1239 · 2024: 1266 · 2023: 1197 · 2022: 1212 · 2021: 1286 · 2020: 1248 · 2019: 1096 · 2018: 1125 · 2017: 1043 · 2016: 1124 · 2015: 1146 · 2014: 1189 · 2013: 1172 · 2012: 1038
- FWCI
- 20.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, rating scales, depression assessment, psychometric assessment
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychometrics
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