Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex

The Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group (PING)

doi:10.1038/nrn2402

Cited by 1,491Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchNeural dynamics and brain functionMedical and Biological Sciences

Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex

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The Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group (PING)·2008·Nature Reviews Neuroscience

DOI 10.1038/nrn2402PMC PMC2868386

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Abstract

Neuroscience produces a vast amount of data from an enormous diversity of neurons. A neuronal classification system is essential to organize such data and the knowledge that is derived from them. Classification depends on the unequivocal identification of the features that distinguish one type of neuron from another. The problems inherent in this are particularly acute when studying cortical interneurons. To tackle this, we convened a representative group of researchers to agree on a set of terms to describe the anatomical, physiological and molecular features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex. The resulting terminology might provide a stepping stone towards a future classification of these complex and heterogeneous cells. Consistent adoption will be important for the success of such an initiative, and we also encourage the active involvement of the broader scientific community in the dynamic evolution of this project.

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The Petilla de Aragon consensus effort did not achieve a consensus classification of cortical interneurons; instead it produced a document on features that can distinguish interneuron subtypes.
“an effort to come to a consensus on IN classification in the cerebral cortex that took place a few years ago in Petilla de Aragon, the birthplace of Ramon y Cajal, did not succeed in accomplishing this goal. Instead, we produced a document discussing the features that can be a basis for distinguishing among IN subtypes”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as Ascoli et al., 2008
Interneuron subtypes differ in expression of molecules such as calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides.
“IN subtypes differ in their expression of molecules such as calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as Ascoli et al., 2008
Bastos et al. did not give clear reasons why L1 inhibitory neurons should reverse the sign of g, despite suggesting involvement of inhibitory neurons in L1.
“Although they suggested the involvement of inhibitory neurons in L1 earlier, among the diversity of distinct types of inhibitory neurons (Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group et al., 2008) many of them can “provide strong mono-synaptic inhibition to L2/3” (page 699) and there are no clear reasons given why the L1 inhibitory neurons should take the role of reversing the sign of g.”
From Is predictive coding theory articulated enough to be testable? (2015) · cites this paper as Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group et al., 2008
Kv3 channels contribute to a large and fast afterhyperpolarization that facilitates recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation.
“Kv3 channels also contribute to the generation of a large and fast AHP that facilitates the recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation9–11.”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
The Action-potential measurements section (page unavailable) defines afterhyperpolarizations as changes in membrane potential following a spike. It does not say that Kv3 channels generate a large, fast AHP or that an AHP facilitates Na+ channel recovery; searches for Kv3 and sodium-channel recovery found no passage addressing that mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
FS cells express high levels of voltage-gated K+ channels of the Kv3 subfamily with depolarized activation and fast deactivation, specialized for rapid repolarization with little interference during the inter-spike interval.
“Expression of high levels of voltage-gated K+ channels with a depolarized activation voltage and fast deactivation rates of the Kv3 subfamily; channels specialized for rapid repolarization with little interference during the inter-spike interval.”
From GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits (2016) · cites this paper as [11]
The Firing pattern section describes fast-spiking cells as firing above 50 Hz with brief action potentials and fast afterhyperpolarizations (page unavailable). Searches for Kv3, depolarized activation, fast deactivation, and rapid repolarization found no passage in our copy connecting those channel properties to fast-spiking cells. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Single-cell reverse transcriptase multiplex PCR after patch clamp and unsupervised clustering of canonical interneuronal markers defined four classes of GABAergic interneurons: VIP, NG, Sst and FS-PV.
“By using unsupervised clustering expression profiling of canonical interneuronal markers, four classes of GABAergic interneurons were defined: vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neurogliaform (NG), somatostatin (Sst) and fast-spiking parvalbumin (FS-PV).9, 10, 11”
From Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Neprilysin (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
The KS-NG subcluster contains 40% of LS neurons; the LS firing pattern is the electrophysiological signature of NG cells and was never observed in cells from other clusters.
“This latter subcluster contains 40% of LS neurons characterized by a delay to generate action potentials (Supplementary Table S2). LS firing pattern is the electrophysiological signature of NG cells9 and was never observed in cells from other clusters.”
From Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Neprilysin (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
Neurons from both PV subclusters display a maximal discharge frequency >130 Hz, a feature typical of FS-PV cells.
“Neurons from both PV subclusters display a maximal discharge frequency >130 Hz (Table 2), a feature typical of FS-PV cells.9”
From Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Neprilysin (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
On anatomical and electrophysiological criteria, two main classes of FS-PV interneurons have previously been identified: chandelier cells and basket cells.
“On anatomical and electrophysiological criteria, two main classes of FS-PV interneurons have previously been identified, chandelier cells that target the proximal segment of pyramids and basket cells that target soma and proximal dendrites of pyramids.9”
From Cortical fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons enwrapped in the perineuronal net express the metallopeptidases Adamts8, Adamts15 and Neprilysin (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
Different interneuron types establish stereotyped connections and express specific channel combinations that give them unique electrophysiological properties.
“the different types of interneurons establish stereotyped connections and express specific combinations of channels that endow them with unique electrophysiological properties”
From Development and Functional Diversification of Cortical Interneurons (2018) · cites this paper as Ascoli et al., 2008
Using a publicly available adult dataset, the study identified 14 inhibitory interneuron subpopulations that encompass known anatomically and physiologically defined subtypes.
“utilizing a publicly available dataset22,23, we identified 14 inhibitory interneuron subpopulations that encompass known anatomically and physiologically defined subtypes24,25”
From Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons (2018) · cites this paper as [24]
The field has not readily converged on a consensus number or definition of neuronal cell types.
“the field has not readily converged on a consensus number, or even definition, of neuronal cell types”
From Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells (2020) · cites this paper as Ascoli et al., 2008
In V1 L4 of adult mice, seven inhibitory types of neurons were identified using whole-cell recordings with morphological recovery.
“Using whole-cell recordings with morphological recovery, we identified one major excitatory and seven inhibitory types of neurons in L4 of adult mouse visual cortex (V1).”
From Layer 4 of mouse neocortex differs in cell types and circuit organization between sensory areas (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Descriptions of cell types based on morphology and physiology have extracted quantitative features yet often depended on expert annotation and categorization.
“morphological and physiological descriptions of cell types (including in these large-scale studies) have used quantitative feature extraction but often ultimately relied on expert annotation and categorization7”
From Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Conventional electrophysiological and morphological classification often relies on predetermined, cell-specific feature selection and/or qualitative assessments of firing pattern or cell shape.
“Conventional electrophysiological and morphological classification often relies on predetermined, cell-specific feature selection and/or qualitative assessments of firing pattern or cell shape5,7.”
From Classification of electrophysiological and morphological neuron types in the mouse visual cortex (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
Complexities in the relationship between different cellular phenotypes have fuelled long-standing debates on neuronal classification.
“Complexities in the relationship between different cellular phenotypes (multi-modal correspondence) have fuelled long-standing debates on neuronal classification6.”
From A multimodal cell census and atlas of the mammalian primary motor cortex (2021) · cites this paper as [6]

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Authors: The Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group (PING)
Corresponding author: The Petilla Interneuron Nomenclature Group (PING)
Venue: Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 9
Issue: 7
Pages: 557-568
ISSN: 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
1471-0048
DOI: 10.1038/nrn2402
PMC: PMC2868386
OpenAlex: W2062450961
Cited by: 1,491
References: 113
Citations by year: 2026: 32 · 2025: 57 · 2024: 69 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 96 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 102 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 96 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 117 · 2012: 88
FWCI: 6.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion)
DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
University of Debrecen Electronic Archive (University of Debrecen) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Gobierno de Navarra
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS044820, R01NS011862, R56NS011862)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
Keywords: GABAergic interneurons, cerebral cortex, neuron classification, terminology standardization, morphological features, molecular features, physiological traits
MeSH terms: Action Potentials, Axons, Cerebral Cortex, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, Humans, Interneurons, Synapses

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Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex

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