The DOI matches its Crossref record; 526 of the 538 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 137 of the 627 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association
Open accessAbstract
Background and Purpose—: This scientific statement provides an overview of the evidence on vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia of later life are common. Definitions of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), neuropathology, basic science and pathophysiological aspects, role of neuroimaging and vascular and other associated risk factors, and potential opportunities for prevention and treatment are reviewed. This statement serves as an overall guide for practitioners to gain a better understanding of VCI and dementia, prevention, and treatment. Methods—: Writing group members were nominated by the writing group co-chairs on the basis of their previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association Stroke Council Scientific Statement Oversight Committee, the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, and the Manuscript Oversight Committee. The writing group used systematic literature reviews (primarily covering publications from 1990 to May 1, 2010), previously published guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and, when appropriate, formulate recommendations using standard American Heart Association criteria. All members of the writing group had the opportunity to comment on the recommendations and approved the final version of this document. After peer review by the American Heart Association, as well as review by the Stroke Council leadership, Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Council, and Scientific Statements Oversight Committee, the statement was approved by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee. Results—: The construct of VCI has been introduced to capture the entire spectrum of cognitive disorders associated with all forms of cerebral vascular brain injury—not solely stroke—ranging from mild cognitive impairment through fully developed dementia. Dysfunction of the neurovascular unit and mechanisms regulating cerebral blood flow are likely to be important components of the pathophysiological processes underlying VCI. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is emerging as an important marker of risk for Alzheimer disease, microinfarction, microhemorrhage and macrohemorrhage of the brain, and VCI. The neuropathology of cognitive impairment in later life is often a mixture of Alzheimer disease and microvascular brain damage, which may overlap and synergize to heighten the risk of cognitive impairment. In this regard, magnetic resonance imaging and other neuroimaging techniques play an important role in the definition and detection of VCI and provide evidence that subcortical forms of VCI with white matter hyperintensities and small deep infarcts are common. In many cases, risk markers for VCI are the same as traditional risk factors for stroke. These risks may include but are not limited to atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, these same vascular risk factors may be risk markers for Alzheimer disease. Carotid intimal-medial thickness and arterial stiffness are emerging as markers of arterial aging and may serve as risk markers for VCI. Currently, no specific treatments for VCI have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. However, detection and control of the traditional risk factors for stroke and cardiovascular disease may be effective in the prevention of VCI, even in older people. Conclusions—: Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia are important. Understanding of VCI has evolved substantially in recent years, based on preclinical, neuropathologic, neuroimaging, physiological, and epidemiological studies. Transdisciplinary, translational, and transactional approaches are recommended to further our understanding of this entity and to better characterize its neuropsychological profile. There is a need for prospective, quantitative, clinical-pathological-neuroimaging studies to improve knowledge of the pathological basis of neuroimaging change and the complex interplay between vascular and Alzheimer disease pathologies in the evolution of clinical VCI and Alzheimer disease. Long-term vascular risk marker interventional studies beginning as early as midlife may be required to prevent or postpone the onset of VCI and Alzheimer disease. Studies of intensive reduction of vascular risk factors in high-risk groups are another important avenue of research.
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209 No full text of the sources · 113 Own interpretation · 45 Partly supported · 37 No basis given · 29 Couldn’t confirm · 26 Supported so far · 17 Not checked yet · 15 Supported · 10 Sources not found · 7 Own method · 7 Own result · 5 Not supported · 1 Mixed support · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“High waist-hip ratio strengthened the association with hypertension and dementia in the highest quartile of waist-hip ratio.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [322] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report no significant association between late-life waist–hip ratio and dementia. The Discussion (page unavailable) likewise states that the authors found no association for waist–hip ratio in old age; it does not report a strengthened hypertension–dementia association in the highest waist–hip-ratio quartile. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Disputed
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In the paper
“A study of 6 months’ duration in elderly women provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacological intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline.473”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [473] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports a five-year trial of daily low-dose aspirin, a pharmacological intervention, in men and women over 50—not a six-month nonpharmacological study in elderly women. It found no significant cognitive benefit, including on measures of executive function. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Disputed
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, WMLs also occur in older subjects and patients with Alzheimer disease in epidemiological studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
The Methods describe MRI assessment of white matter grade in the Cardiovascular Health Cognition Study, an older cohort. Results Table 3 reports high white matter grade in groups later classified with Alzheimer disease, including those without vascular dementia. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several studies have shown that patients with MCI can return to normal cognition.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.5. Reversibility of VaMCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [44] source
- Could not verifycites [45] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods (p. 2) say this paper reports cognitive performance at a baseline visit, not whether patients later returned to normal cognition. The Discussion (p. 5) says cognitive dysfunction may persist after depression is treated, but does not address recovery from mild cognitive impairment. Searches for return to normal cognition and cognitive recovery found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“occur commonly in older people with and without dementia”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
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- Supportedcites [54] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on people with no cognitive impairment and on people with dementia both report cerebral infarcts. The paper does not give an infarct percentage in those passages, but its findings support the broad claim that infarcts occur in older people with and without dementia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“typically are accompanied by Alzheimer disease and other pathologies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
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- Partly supportedcites [54] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says dementia, including probable AD, is often associated with mixed pathology involving AD, cerebral infarcts, and/or Lewy bodies. The Results and Discussion (pages unavailable) also report infarcts alongside mixed pathologies in community participants with probable AD. These passages support co-occurrence, but they do not establish the broader claim that infarcts are typically accompanied by AD and other pathologies. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“neuroimaging studies have shown that white matter degeneration, as measured by both fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion tensor imaging, and microbleeds are associated with both VCI and clinical Alzheimer disease,70,72,76,77,81”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Partly supportedcites [76] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) calls brain microbleeds a biomarker of cerebrovascular disease, and the Discussion reports that participants with microbleeds were more likely to progress to dementia. The paper does not establish the claimed association of white matter degeneration with both vascular cognitive impairment and clinical Alzheimer disease. Its MR imaging Methods list FLAIR but not diffusion tensor imaging, and its cognitive-testing Methods say participants developing a disorder other than Alzheimer disease were removed. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] source
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Infarcts frequently coexist with Alzheimer disease pathology in the brains of older people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.3. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
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- Supportedcites [54] source
The Introduction says that dementia, including probable Alzheimer’s disease, in community-based older persons is often associated with mixed pathology—specifically AD pathology together with cerebral infarcts and/or Lewy bodies. The Discussion also reports that infarcts and mixed pathologies were more common among community participants with probable AD than among clinic participants. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In 1 study the frequency of pure infarct and mixed Alzheimer disease and infarct pathology was comparable to the frequency of pure Alzheimer disease pathology in both amnestic and nonamnestic MCI.61”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.4. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and MCI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] source
The Results (Mild Cognitive Impairment; page unavailable) report pure AD pathology in 36% of amnestic and 33.9% of nonamnestic MCI cases. Pure infarcts plus mixed pathologies total 36.0% and 33.9%, respectively; the same section identifies AD with infarcts as the most common mixed pathology. These figures support the cited comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“but mixed pathologies are also common.61,65–69”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.4. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and MCI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] source
The Discussion describes mixed pathologies as “not an infrequent finding in MCI,” particularly amnestic MCI. The Results report mixed pathologies in 19.4% of people with MCI, supporting the claim that they are also common in this group. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] source
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“although recent pathological studies show no relationship between WMLs as measured by MRI and Alzheimer disease neuropathology,82”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [82] source
The Discussion states that MRI-measured white matter hyperintensities had no association with Alzheimer disease pathology in this study. The Results add a qualification: there was a positive univariate correlation with AD pathology, but AD pathology was not retained in the final multivariate model. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Hippocampal volume visualized on antemortem neuroimaging may also be related to either Alzheimer disease or vascular pathology,82”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [82] source
The Results section on hippocampal volume reports an association with Alzheimer pathology and an inverse association with cerebral amyloid angiopathy, a vascular pathology. The vascular finding was marginal after adjustment, and the paper did not find an association with its broader subcortical vascular-pathology score; the claim’s “may” is consistent with that uncertainty. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Cerebral microbleeds, visualized by new imaging techniques, also appear to be a common vascular abnormality.74–77”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.5. Other Vascular Pathologies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [75] source
- Partly supportedcites [76] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.4; page not provided) found microbleeds in 9 of 26 participants who progressed to dementia, but none of 33 normal participants. The Discussion (§4; page not provided) says many microbleeds may escape imaging detection. Together, these passages support their occurrence in the studied dementia group, but not the broader claim that cerebral microbleeds are a common vascular abnormality generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Alzheimer disease has been found to be the most common pathology,61,65,66,69”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.4. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and MCI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [61] source
The Discussion states that AD is the most common pathology in MCI, including both amnestic and non-amnestic MCI. The Results (Mild Cognitive Impairment) report that more than half of persons with MCI had a pathologic diagnosis of AD. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [65] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The neurovascular unit is profoundly disrupted in VCI and Alzheimer disease.95,100–103”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “Vascular Factors” passage describes disruption of the neurovascular unit in Alzheimer disease, and “Alzheimer’s Disease” describes associated neurovascular dysfunction. The “Vascular versus Neuronal Origin of Brain Disorders” passage includes vascular dementia among conditions involving vascular effects on neuronal function, but does not establish that the neurovascular unit is profoundly disrupted across vascular cognitive impairment. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [101] source
- Partly supportedcites [102] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Alzheimer Disease section describes substantial structural and functional cerebrovascular abnormalities in AD. The Conclusions and “How Does Cerebrovascular Dysfunction Lead to Cognitive Deficits?” sections also link vascular and blood–brain barrier changes to cognitive deficits. The paper does not specifically discuss vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) as a condition or state that the neurovascular unit is profoundly disrupted in VCI. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [103] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Inflammation, in turn, enhances oxidative stress by upregulating the expression of reactive oxygen species–producing enzymes and downregulating antioxidant defenses.126”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [126] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Interactions between TLR4 and NADPH oxidase” section reports increased NADPH oxidase subunits after dendritic cells were stimulated with TLR-activating substances, supporting the ROS-producing-enzyme part in that setting. It does not report that inflammation downregulates antioxidant defenses, and its evidence does not establish the full mechanism as a general effect of inflammation. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Experimental studies suggest that radicals produced by the enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase are responsible for the cerebrovascular alterations induced by VCI risk factors and Aβ.112,122–124”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
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- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] source
- Partly supportedcites [124] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that Nox2-derived radicals contribute to neurovascular dysfunction in APP-overexpressing mice, supporting the Aβ-related part of the claim. The paper does not establish the same mechanism for cerebrovascular alterations induced by VCI risk factors; its experiments concern Tg2576 mice. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“neural activity induces a powerful increase in CBF (functional hyperemia) that is thought to deliver energy substrates and remove toxic byproducts of brain activity.88”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [88] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) says regional cerebral blood flow increases during brain activation. The Concluding remarks (page not supplied) link that increase to sufficient glucose supply. The paper does not say that functional hyperemia removes toxic byproducts of brain activity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
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In the paper
“transporters on the abluminal side of the vessels remove metabolic byproducts from the brain, including amyloid beta (Aβ).95”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [95] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction’s “BBB Clearance of Aβ” section says Aβ binds LRP1 at the abluminal side of the blood–brain barrier, initiating clearance from brain to blood. It does not establish that abluminal vessel transporters generally remove metabolic byproducts; its “Passive Transport by the Brain Fluids” section describes metabolic waste removal through the CSF and other routes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The relationship between carotid IMT and cognitive function has been analyzed cross-sectionally185,186 and longitudinally187–189 in few studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [185] source
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- Supportedcites [189] source
The Background and Purpose section says that relatively little research had examined longitudinal relations between carotid IMT and prospective cognitive decline. The Methods section identifies this paper as a longitudinal study of that relationship, supporting its citation as one of the few longitudinal studies. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Population-based clinical-pathological studies have identified associations between advanced CAA and worse cognitive performance, and these associations remain independent after controlling for severity of Alzheimer disease pathology.55,140,141”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Partly supportedcites [140] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report that moderate-to-very severe CAA was associated with lower perceptual speed and episodic memory after controlling for AD pathology. The study found no association with the composite cognitive measure, and the Discussion cautions that its Religious Orders cohort may not be representative of the general population. Thus, the source supports an independent association in specific cognitive domains, but not an unqualified population-based finding of worse cognitive performance overall. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [141] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“evidence for this possibility comes from animal models in which exogenously applied or genetically overexpressed Aβ production diminished vasodilation to pharmacological or physiological stimuli, even in the absence of vascular Aβ deposits.115,160,161”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that exogenous Aβ1–40 attenuated responses to three pharmacological vasodilators in mice, and the Discussion reports reduced blood-flow responses to vibrissal stimulation in APP-overexpressing mice. The paper does not establish the claimed absence of vascular Aβ deposits in the animals showing these effects; it also reports that the response to hypercapnia was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Could not verifycites [160] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses Aβ accumulation and treatments in animal models, while the Results report reduced Aβ production after γ-secretase inhibition in human participants. Neither section addresses impaired vasodilation, exogenous or genetically overexpressed Aβ, or the absence of vascular Aβ deposits; searches for those terms found no supporting passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [161] source
The Results section, “Vessel dysfunction in young Tg2576 mice lacking CAA” (page unavailable), reports reduced vasodilation to hypercapnia, acetylcholine, and SNAP in mice overexpressing mutant APP before vascular amyloid deposits developed. This supports the genetically overexpressed arm of the citing sentence; the paper does not need to have tested exogenous application to support that arm. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“A recent study found an association between coincident hypertension and larger volumes of WMLs in patients with CAA,159”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [159] source
The Results report that, among patients with CAA-related intracerebral hemorrhage, those with hypertension had 191% larger normalized white matter hyperintensity volumes than those without hypertension. The Discussion likewise states that white matter hyperintensity volume was greater in CAA patients who also had hypertension. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Carotid atherosclerosis and IMT have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, including metabolic, inflammatory, and dietary factors, that have also been associated with cognitive decline.189–192”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [189] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) links carotid atherosclerosis with metabolic, immunologic, and lifestyle factors associated with lower cognitive function; it does not specifically identify dietary factors. The paper also reports that greater carotid IMT predicts cognitive decline, but the cited Discussion passage links the risk-factor categories to lower cognitive function rather than decline. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [190]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [191]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [192] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“An inverse relationship between pulse wave velocity and cognitive performance was reported cross-sectionally.186,202,203”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [186] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [202] source
- Supportedcites [203] source
The Abstract describes a cross-sectional analysis of pulse wave velocity and cognitive performance in 409 participants, reporting that higher pulse wave velocity combined with older age was associated with lower performance. The Discussion explicitly calls the association between pulse wave velocity and cognition inverse and says it grew stronger with age. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Risk factors for silent cerebral infarction are generally the same as those for clinical stroke.237,238”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [237] source
The Introduction says that several risk factors associated with clinical stroke have also been associated with silent cerebral infarcts, including age, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, blood pressure and smoking. The Abstract Conclusion likewise states that risk factors previously associated with clinical stroke were associated with midlife silent cerebral infarction. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [238] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recent evidence also suggests that progression of WMLs is a better predictor of persistent cognitive impairment than baseline WML burden,248 although there is a strong association between baseline WML volume and increase in WML volume.249”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [248] source
The Abstract states that progression of total and periventricular white matter hyperintensity volumes better predicts persistent cognitive impairment than baseline burden. Its Results report an increased risk with progression, whereas baseline volumes did not predict it, in the study's elderly cohort. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Gray matter volumes, however, were associated with both vascular and Alzheimer disease processes, and hippocampal volumes were associated with both hippocampal sclerosis and Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [82] source
The Discussion states that cortical gray matter volume is related to both Alzheimer’s and vascular pathology. The Results also identify Alzheimer’s pathology, arteriosclerosis, and subcortical vascular pathology as correlates of cortical gray matter volume. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional studies of CVBI in convenience samples often find increased evidence of both SBI and WMLs in subjects with dementia,254,255 consistent with recent community-based pathological studies.12”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.4. CVBI and Cognition in Convenience Samples
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [254] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) report greater white matter hyperintensity burden with cognitive impairment in this cross-sectional, partly clinic-recruited sample. The paper does not report increased silent brain infarcts (SBI) in subjects with dementia; its Discussion says individuals with cortical infarction were excluded. The community-based pathological studies are attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [255] source
The Results section (page unavailable) reports significantly greater white matter hyperintensities and more frequent MRI infarcts in siblings with Alzheimer disease than in unaffected siblings. The Discussion says these associations had been noted previously. The separate citation to community-based pathological studies is not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Incident cognitive impairment also occurs in association with CVBI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [240] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section, under “Association of WMHV, EXT-WMHV and BI with incident dementia and MCI,” reports that all three MRI markers were associated with incident dementia. It also says none was associated with incident MCI overall; associations with amnestic MCI appeared only in specified age or sex subgroups. The unqualified claim about incident cognitive impairment is therefore broader than the findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [244] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [245] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recent amyloid imaging techniques have proved an association with Alzheimer disease pathology235 and may prove useful for evaluating the independent and combined effects of vascular and Alzheimer disease brain injury on cognitive changes during normal aging in the future.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [235] source
The Results section reports a direct correlation between in vivo PiB-PET retention and post-mortem amyloid-β plaque load in a patient with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease. The Discussion says this demonstrates that PiB retention is directly related to amyloid pathology, supporting the association attributed to the paper. Our copy supplies no page number for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Low educational level has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for VaD.280”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [280] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results sections examine genetic variants associated with incident stroke, not vascular dementia (VaD). Searches for low educational level, education, and dementia found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed association; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.75)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, several prospective285 and interventional286,287 studies show no benefit of consuming antioxidants to preserve cognitive function or reduce decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [285] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [286] source
- Supportedcites [287] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that, in this randomized trial of older women with cardiovascular disease or risk factors, vitamin E, vitamin C, and β-carotene supplementation did not slow cognitive decline over the overall follow-up. This supports the claim’s interventional-study component; the other citations accompany the broader statement about several studies. The paper also notes possible effects in secondary analyses, which it treats as uncertain. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Questionnaire data rely on the recall of subjects who by definition of the research may be cognitively impaired.263”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [263] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes cognitive impairment in dementia, but does not discuss questionnaires or subjects’ ability to recall information. Searches for questionnaire recall and recall bias found no passage addressing that methodological concern; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Despite this, several studies report no association of the polymorphism with VaD.34,277”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [34] source
Table 3 reports no statistically significant association between ApoE4 and VaD without AD (HR 0.8, 95% CI 0.42–1.67), supporting this paper as one of the cited studies. The Results distinguish that group from VaD with AD, for which ApoE4 was an independent predictor. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [277] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the Framingham Offspring Study, higher waist-hip ratio was associated with lower cognitive function, which was measured 12 years later.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [322] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods describe the Cardiovascular Health Study, not the Framingham Offspring Study. The Results address late-life waist-to-hip ratio and dementia, but do not report cognitive function measured 12 years later in Framingham. Searches for “Framingham Offspring Study” and “12 years cognitive function waist hip ratio” found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Physical activity has been identified as having potential protective benefits in brain health and plasticity and in VCI and related conditions.308–314”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [308] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [309] source
- Supportedcites [310] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background identifies aerobic exercise as a promising way to slow cognitive decline in vascular cognitive impairment and describes possible effects on brain neurotrophic factors and amyloid load. The Discussion likewise describes exercise as potentially delaying cognitive and functional decline; the claim appropriately frames these as potential benefits, not demonstrated trial results. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“There is some evidence that a Mediterranean diet can reduce cognitive decline.301”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [301] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion (page unavailable) address homocysteine lowering and B-vitamin supplementation, not a Mediterranean diet. Searches for “Mediterranean diet cognitive decline” and “Mediterranean dietary pattern cognitive function” found no passage in our copy addressing whether that diet reduces cognitive decline. (LLM, conf=0.78)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Studies suggest that the longer the duration of diabetes, the poorer the cognitive function.347,348,352”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [347] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says diabetes mellitus has been related to cognitive decline and dementia risk. But neither that passage nor the study’s findings in the Comment (page unavailable) address whether longer diabetes duration is associated with poorer cognitive function; searches for diabetes duration found no such result. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [348] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [352] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Chronic reduced systemic perfusion may affect cerebral perfusion homeostasis.383,384”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.6. Low Cardiac Output
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [383] source
The Abstract states that reduced cardiac performance alters systemic blood flow with corresponding changes in cerebral blood flow, and that autoregulatory mechanisms may be less effective during chronic hypoperfusion. This supports the claim’s cautious wording. The Discussion notes that the study did not directly measure cerebral perfusion. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [384] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, at 1- or 6-year follow-up, the cognitive decline in these patients was no different from that observed in controls with an equivalent burden of coronary artery disease who opted for medical treatment or percutaneous coronary intervention.364,365”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.1. Coronary Artery Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [364] source
- Could not verifycites [365] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Analytical sample and Results sections examine coronary artery calcium and cognitive performance in the AGES-Reykjavik cohort. Although the Potential confounders section mentions prior bypass surgery or angioplasty as part of coronary heart disease history, our copy does not report 1- or 6-year cognitive decline after CABG compared with medical treatment or PCI. Searches for those follow-up comparisons found no supporting passage; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Plasma levels of inflammatory proteins, specifically α1-antichymotrypsin and C-reactive protein, were found to be increased before the onset of VaD over an 8-year follow-up period359”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [359] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on incident VaD and prospective analysis report associations with plasma lipids, not α1-antichymotrypsin or C-reactive protein. Searches for both inflammatory proteins found no passage addressing whether their levels increased before VaD onset; the prospective analysis reports a mean observation period of 4.8 years, not the claimed eight-year finding. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Coronary artery disease has also been identified as an independent risk factor for VaD.34”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.1. Coronary Artery Disease
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (table E-2; page not supplied) report an association between prior coronary artery disease and VaD after adjustment for age, race, and sex. They do not establish that coronary artery disease is an independent risk factor after adjustment for other vascular factors; the multivariable analysis in table 3 reports angina rather than coronary artery disease as a predictor of VaD. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In a study based on medical records, high midlife cholesterol level increased the risk for VaD that developed over a 30-year period.355”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [355] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results examine hypoglycemic episodes and subsequent dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes; the Abstract lists hyperlipidemia only as an adjustment variable. A search for midlife cholesterol and vascular dementia found no passage reporting the claimed association over 30 years. The References list related dementia studies, but do not establish this finding in the cited paper. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In people with recurrent stroke, the risk of dementia rose to ≈30%, regardless of the number and severity of vascular risk factors they had been exposed to before the stroke.269”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.2. Stroke
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [269] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports no association between dementia and a history of stroke in this cohort of adults aged 90 or older. Our copy does not assess recurrent stroke, report a 30% dementia risk for that group, or compare risk by the number and severity of prior vascular risk factors; searches for those terms found no decisive passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Low cardiac output may represent a key factor in the onset and progression of cognitive impairment, especially in older people with systolic heart failure.380,383”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.6. Low Cardiac Output
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [380] source
- Partly supportedcites [383] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports that older patients with stable cardiovascular disease and low cardiac output performed worse on two executive-function tests. The Discussion suggests that chronic hypoperfusion may increase dementia risk, but says a longitudinal study is needed to determine that outcome. The study does not establish onset or progression of cognitive impairment, or a finding specific to older people with systolic heart failure. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“(2) heterogeneity in screening and diagnosis of dementia441;”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Cognitive Dysfunction, Table 2 lists different dementia diagnostic criteria across the included studies, supporting variation in diagnosis. It does not document differences in dementia screening, and it identifies the studies as population-based prospective studies rather than trials. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Four of these trials reported that treatment had no clear-cut effect on the risk of dementia440,441,443,444 or cognitive function.441,443,444”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [440] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (Strengths and limitations; page unavailable) describes this paper’s observational cohorts, not a comparison of six randomized antihypertensive trials. The References list individual studies, but no passage found states that four of six trials had no clear effect on dementia risk (searched for the trial count and for randomized-trial results). (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Could not verifycites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Cognitive Dysfunction section analyzes diabetes and dementia in prospective studies, not randomized antihypertensive trials. It mentions one study finding no effect of diabetes treatment on incident dementia, but does not address whether four of six antihypertensive trials found no clear effect. Searches for randomized antihypertensive trials and blood-pressure-lowering treatment found no relevant passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
- Supportedcites [444] source
The Results (page not available in our copy) report dementia in 5% of both the telmisartan and placebo groups, with no statistically significant difference (p=0.99). This supports the cited paper as one trial finding no clear effect on dementia risk; it does not establish the four-of-six count on its own. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP),440 a similar rate of dementia was found in the group receiving active treatment with a diuretic and/or β-blocker (1.6%) and the group receiving placebo (1.9%).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [440] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports dementia outcomes for angiotensin receptor blockers, lisinopril, and a cardiovascular comparator, not for SHEP treatment and placebo groups. Searches for SHEP, the trial’s full name, and the 1.6% and 1.9% rates found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed comparison; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“All published trials share common limitations: (1) short follow-up duration442,444;”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [442] source
- Partly supportedcites [444] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion says PRoFESS’s average 2.5-year follow-up might have been too short to show an effect on cognitive function. It does not establish that all published antihypertensive dementia trials had short follow-up; it notes that trials with favourable results had longer follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Four of these trials reported that treatment had no clear-cut effect on the risk of dementia440,441,443,444 or cognitive function.441,443,444”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Cognitive Dysfunction section describes prospective observational studies, not three treatment trials. It reports one study finding no treatment effect on incident dementia, while its discussion of cognitive decline mentions an association with insulin use in one of two studies. Searches for treatment effects on cognitive function found no passage supporting the claim about three trials; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
- Supportedcites [444] source
The Discussion reports that PRoFESS could not show an influence of the treatments on cognitive decline measured by MMSE, including among patients with recurrent stroke. This supports the claim for the PRoFESS trial; this source alone does not establish the results of the other two trials. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The most compelling support for the prevention of dementia by blood pressure lowering was observed in the Systolic Hypertension Europe (Syst-Eur) trial.442,449”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [442] source
- Could not verifycites [449] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports findings on recurrent stroke after blood-pressure lowering, but does not discuss dementia prevention or the Syst-Eur trial. Searches for Syst-Eur and dementia in our copy found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Dementia was diagnosed in 21 patients from the placebo group and 11 patients from the active treatment group, corresponding to a 50% (95% confidence interval 0% to 76%) decrease in the incidence of dementia in subjects receiving active treatment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [442] source
- Could not verifycites [449] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Study Protocol; page unavailable) describe a telmisartan-versus-placebo trial in patients with recent ischemic stroke, while the Results (Other Outcomes; page unavailable) report outcomes other than dementia. Searches for the stated dementia counts and for Syst-Eur with the 50% reduction found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirectn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In patients with mild to moderate cognitive decline and different forms of dementia, there was no benefit from folic acid on measures of cognition or mood.476”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [476] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design, Setting, and Patients section describes a cohort of elders without dementia studied for diet, physical activity, and Alzheimer disease risk. The Comment discusses those associations, but neither it nor the passages found by searching for folic acid and folate supplementation reports folic acid’s effects on cognition or mood in patients with cognitive decline or dementia. (LLM, conf=0.77)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“After a median follow-up of 2.4 years, no difference was observed between the 2 antiplatelet regimens on any measure of cognition (median MMSE score ≤24) or severe cognitive decline (decrease in MMSE score ≥3 points between baseline and penultimate visit) or dementia.441”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section on Cognitive Dysfunction discusses diabetes, cognitive decline, and dementia, but does not report a comparison of antiplatelet regimens. Searches for PRoFESS, 2.4 years, and the specified MMSE decline found no passage addressing the claimed trial result; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“None examined all 5 trials combined, even among those most recently published.444,455”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [444] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Statistical analysis) describe comparisons within the PRoFESS trial, not a review of meta-analyses. The Discussion likewise does not address whether any meta-analysis combined all five trials. Searches for 'meta-analyses examined all five trials combined' and 'meta-analysis five trials combined' found no passage supporting the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [455] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Few trials on antiplatelet therapy have included a cognitive evaluation.441,469”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Cognitive Dysfunction section describes prospective studies of diabetes and cognitive performance, not trials of antiplatelet therapy. A table mentions aspirin use as a covariate in one study, but neither that passage nor searches for antiplatelet trials and cognitive evaluation address how many such trials included cognitive testing. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [469] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, in another study from The Netherlands, supplementation with 800 μg daily of oral folic acid for 3 years in 818 participants significantly improved domains of cognitive function that tend to decline with age.477”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [477] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract (Participants) describes 33 adults with mild cognitive impairment, and the Abstract (Design) describes a six-month trial; the Methods (Procedure) identifies aerobic exercise and stretching groups. Our copy does not report the claimed Netherlands folic-acid study or its cognitive results (searched: 800 μg, 818 participants, folic acid, Netherlands). (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirectn = 818- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Recently, a better adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern was associated with less cognitive decline in a community with older subjects.471”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [471] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Cognitive cohort and Discussion sections examine aspirin treatment and cognitive decline, not Mediterranean-type diet adherence. Searches for Mediterranean dietary patterns and diet-related cognitive decline found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed association; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“According to 1 systematic review, there was no beneficial effect of folic acid 750 μg/d on measures of cognition or mood in healthy older women.476”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [476] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Design, Setting, and Patients section describes a prospective cohort study of Mediterranean-type diet, physical activity, and Alzheimer disease risk, not a systematic review of folic acid. Searches for folic acid at 750 μg/d and for supplementation effects on cognition or mood found no passage addressing the claimed result. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The same beneficial effects of increased physical activity on cognitive function have also been documented in observational studies,472 but only 1 small intervention trial has followed up subjects for cognitive improvement after increasing physical exercise.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [472] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion report associations between NSAID or aspirin use and cognitive performance, not between physical activity and cognitive function. Searches for physical activity and exercise found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed observational link; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are key pathogenic factors in neurovascular dysfunction.”
- Also stated in: § 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation · plain
“Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation are key pathogenic factors in neurovascular dysfunction.101,119–121”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes and hyperglycemia are associated with VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
correlational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“the presence of white matter lesions (WMLs) or leukoaraiosis (rarefaction of the white matter thought to be secondary to small-vessel occlusive disease) is critical for the diagnosis of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL),33 a genetic form of VaD in relatively young people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition, there are patients who have not had a clinical stroke, and severe cerebrovascular disease is evident only in neuroradiological studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, detection and control of the traditional risk factors for stroke and cardiovascular disease may be effective in the prevention of VCI, even in older people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cognitive impairment caused by vascular disease, including subclinical brain injury, silent brain infarction (SBI), and clinically overt stroke are important as independent causes and contributors to cognitive dysfunction.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, there is pathological and clinical evidence for cholinergic compromise in both Alzheimer disease and VCI”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“population magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed the high prevalence of covert small-vessel disease in the elderly population (23% for silent lacunes14 and 95% for incidental hyperintensities15) associated with increased risk for stroke and dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Furthermore, vascular lesions can lower the threshold for the clinical manifestation of Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition to the threshold issue, multiple sets of criteria exist for the constructs of VCI and VaD.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In many cases, risk markers for VCI are the same as traditional risk factors for stroke.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cerebrovascular disease can also cause mild cognitive deficits that can affect multiple cognitive functions”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.1. Evolution of the Terminology
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cerebrovascular disease with or without clinical strokes can be associated with depression.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.5. Reversibility of VaMCI
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several studies have found that in patients with Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease, less Alzheimer disease pathology is needed to express the dementia syndrome.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.3. Heterogeneity of the VaD Syndrome
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Population-autopsy series verified the high frequency and pathogenetic importance of combined Alzheimer disease and vascular disease in the expression of dementia as mentioned previously.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For example, WMLs with or without infarcts are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with autoimmune disorders (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren disease).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subcortical forms of VCI with white matter hyperintensities and small deep infarcts are common.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“often are not associated with clinical stroke”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In 1 study,55 the inclusion of other measures of vascular pathology such as microscopic infarcts, small-vessel disease, and white matter changes increased the frequency of cerebrovascular disease in older people to >75%.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.1. Cerebral Infarctions Are Very Common in Older People
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“some studies suggest that multiple microscopic infarcts are related to dementia, even after accounting for macroscopic infarcts.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the heterogeneity of cerebrovascular disease (eg, strokes that differ in location, size, and number) works against a single, unifying neurocognitive pattern of deficits in VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.6. Neuropsychological Assessments of VCI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Regions such as the thalamus, angular gyrus, and basal ganglia may be more likely than other regions to result in cognitive impairment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In some community-based studies, microscopic infarcts are more common than macroscopic infarcts.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.1. Cerebral Infarctions Are Very Common in Older People
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies have generally shown an inconsistent relation between volume and number of infarcts and cognitive impairment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This means that there may be a “reversibility” component in VaMCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.5. Reversibility of VaMCI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“yet defining the pathology underlying VCI has remained elusive.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multiple microscopic infarcts may denote a more generalized phenomenon such as diffuse hypoxia, inflammation, oxidative stress, or disruption in the blood-brain barrier (BBB).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most important cerebrovascular pathology that contributes to cognitive impairment is cerebral infarcts.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.1. Cerebral Infarctions Are Very Common in Older People
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, white matter degeneration and microbleeds on MRI often considered specific for vascular disease may signify degenerative pathology”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“pathological studies show that the hippocampus can atrophy as part of both degenerative or vascular processes.83”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“White matter degeneration and microbleeds most likely reflect direct tissue damage,71,78–80”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.5. Other Vascular Pathologies
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“white matter degeneration is related to Alzheimer disease pathology78 and microbleeds to CAA.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Moreover, disturbances of episodic memory, considered the hallmark of Alzheimer disease, are associated with infarcts even after accounting for Alzheimer disease pathology.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.3. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and Dementia
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In some studies, neuropathological measurements of WMLs have not been clearly associated with cognitive function unless as part of a combined vascular score that also includes infarcts.52”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.5. Other Vascular Pathologies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Neurons, glia, and perivascular and vascular cells, collectively termed the neurovascular unit, are structurally, functionally, and developmentally interrelated and work in concert to maintain the homeostasis of the cerebral microenvironment.85”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [85]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“white matter degeneration is related to Alzheimer disease pathology78”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they highlight the complex interplay between vascular and Alzheimer disease pathologies in the evolution of VCI, dementia, and clinical Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, assuming the underlying neuropathological substrate of amnestic MCI is pure Alzheimer disease pathology rather than vascular or mixed pathology, the role of vascular pathology may be underestimated.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.4. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and MCI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The underlying neuropathological substrate of amnestic mild cognitive impairment is pure Alzheimer disease pathology rather than vascular or mixed pathology.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, some vascular pathologies may represent either vascular or degenerative processes.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“pathological studies demonstrate white matter degeneration and microbleeds are related to lipohyalinosis.58,70,79,80”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“whereas hippocampal volume loss, often considered a specific biomarker for early Alzheimer disease,84 may reflect vascular pathology.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.6. Neuroimaging and Pathology: Future Directions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Cerebrovascular autoregulation keeps CBF relatively constant within a range of blood pressures, protecting the brain from unwanted swings in perfusion pressure.89”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Specialized receptors on endothelial cells transduce mechanical (shear stress) and chemical stimuli and release potent signaling molecules such as nitric oxide, endothelin, and prostanoids.90”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the vulnerable periventricular white matter, reactive astrocytosis and microglial activation are associated with expression of hypoxia-inducible genes, suggesting local hypoxia.71,108”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“sophisticated cerebrovascular control mechanisms ensure that the brain's blood supply is well matched to its energy requirements.87”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alterations in neurovascular function are involved in the pathogenesis of VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“loss of growth factors, such as the brain-derived neurotrophic factor,96 may contribute to the brain atrophy associated with Alzheimer disease and VCI.134,135”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The tight junctions between cerebral endothelial cells, coupled with highly specialized membrane transporters, regulate the trafficking of molecules between blood and brain, which is at the basis of the BBB.94”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A similar process may contribute to the WMLs observed in Alzheimer disease and VCI, which play a prominent role in the expression of dementia.110”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“White matter BBB alterations are early findings in VCI.127”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“VCI and Alzheimer disease are associated with marked alterations in cerebral microvascular structure.104,105”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Nearly all cases of CADASIL are caused by missense mutations of the Notch3 gene that either create or eliminate cysteine residues.165”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [165] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it has proved difficult to reproducibly induce white matter damage and behavioral dysfunction by lowering CBF in a spatial-temporal pattern consistent with the human disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.4. Animal Models of VCI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recently a large number of studies have reported strong relationships between indices of vascular aging and either cognitive impairment or silent cerebral small-vessel disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Advanced CAA can trigger a series of destructive changes in the vessel wall, including loss of smooth muscle cells, development of microaneurysms, and concentric splitting and fibrinoid necrosis of the vessel wall and perivascular leakage of red blood cells.137–139”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Vascular aging is well exemplified by the strong relationship between age and changes in large-artery structure and function.181”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [181]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Several arterial parameters have been selected for clinical investigation, based on the feasibility and repeatability of their measurement and their predictive value of cardiovascular events.182”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the absence of direct neuropathological assessment, CAA is most commonly diagnosed by the detection of hemorrhages confined to cortical or cortico-subcortical (“lobar”) brain regions.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No treatments have been identified to successfully prevent or slow cognitive impairment caused by noninflammatory CAA.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most commonly encountered hereditary cause of VCI is CADASIL.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For the subset of patients with CAA-related inflammation, treatment with a course of high-dose corticosteroids or cyclophosphamide has been reported to cause clinical and radiological improvement.152”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [152] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“CAA appears to be a relatively common and important contributor to age-related small-vessel dysfunction and VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.3. Summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“cyclic vessel distention in normal aging (ie, beat-to-beat change in vessel diameter in response to the pulsatility of blood pressure) is thought to cause fragmentation and depletion of elastin and increased collagen deposition, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in intima-media thickness (IMT) between the ages of 20 and 90 years.145”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [145] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Deposition of Aβ peptide in the walls of penetrating arterioles and capillaries of the leptomeninges and cortex is the hallmark of sporadic CAA, a common pathology in the elderly.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That these relationships were independent of age and classic cardiovascular risk factors suggests common pathophysiological mechanisms linking large-artery damage to cerebral small-vessel disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“soluble Aβ itself may also trigger altered vascular reactivity and brain injury.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Most CADASIL patients also appear to demonstrate characteristic ultrastructural changes in skin and muscle vessels, in particular the deposition of granular osmiophilic material in the arteriolar media.168–170”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coexisting vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking may worsen the effects of CAA and CADASIL”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.3. Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is increasing evidence that alterations in neurovascular function play a key role not only in the pathobiology of VCI but also in Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.5. Summary
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neurovascular unit is a major target of the deleterious effects of vascular risk factors promoting VCI and Alzheimer disease and of Aβ.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.5. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there is growing evidence that it is an important contributor to age-related cognitive impairment as well.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Identification of such mutations, which can also occur de novo in sporadic cases of CADASIL,166,167 has become the primary method of diagnosis.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Specifically, the thicker the artery, the lower the cognitive performance.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, the “gold standard” for evaluating arterial stiffness,182 was higher in any group of cognitively impaired subjects with or without dementia.201”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, brain damage may arise from small-vessel endothelial leakage.225”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [225] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, such a noninvasive investigation could help in determining the relative weight of each arterial parameter in contribution to all types of dementia (from VaD to Alzheimer disease) in the general population.227”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.4. Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [227] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an autopsy series, the presence of large-vessel cerebrovascular disease, or atherosclerosis, was strongly associated with an increased frequency of neuritic plaque.194”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [194] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Not all lesions attributed to CVBI on MRI are in fact caused by vascular injury,234 and not all vascular lesions (eg, microinfarcts) can be detected by MRI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [234] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this heterogeneity, a significant inverse relationship between carotid IMT and cognitive function was observed in all studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Of note, left ventricular remodeling and hypertrophy have been associated with higher frequency and severity of subclinical brain damage.212”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [212] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Stiffer large arteries are associated with increased left ventricular mass.
In the paper
“Aortic stiffness predicts cardiovascular events independent of carotid IMT.226”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.4. Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [226] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These relationships remained significant after controlling for age, sex, education, and blood pressure levels.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Putative mechanisms for this are increasing thickening of the basement membrane of capillaries and perivascular deposition of collagen leading to occlusion of end arterioles.224”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [224] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There is increasing recognition that small-vessel disease is a systemic process.222”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [222] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Other studies reported a significant positive relationship between arterial stiffness and volume or localization of WMLs, a known factor predisposing to dementia,206 on neuroimaging.207,208”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“several studies have described associations between craniocervical artery atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in participants >90 years of age, intracranial atherosclerosis emerged as an important predictor of dementia in subjects with low Alzheimer disease pathology scores.193”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [193] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The precise causal association of carotid IMT with VCI is uncertain.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Not all lesions attributed to CVBI on MRI are in fact caused by vascular injury,234 and not all vascular lesions (eg, microinfarcts) can be detected by MRI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [234] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A large-/small-artery cross-talk has already been described in hypertensive patients.210”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.4. Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [210] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The most simple, noninvasive, robust, and reproducible method with which to determine aortic stiffness is the measurement of carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, using the foot-to-foot velocity method from various waveforms (pressure, Doppler, distention).182”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This manifests as systemic arteriolar dysfunction.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nearly all types of vascular disease that may increase IMT may also affect cognitive function through a variety of mechanisms, directly or indirectly.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mechanistic pathways linking microvascular brain damage to carotid IMT, aortic stiffness, and small-artery remodeling are complementary.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.4. Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recently, higher left ventricular mass in older people has been independently associated with a 2-fold higher likelihood of having dementia, independent of blood pressure levels.213”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [213] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity was also associated prospectively with cognitive decline before dementia in studies using a cognitive screening test204,205 and more specifically tests of verbal learning and delayed recall and nonverbal memory.205”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that the noninvasive investigation of large and small arteries could demonstrate additional and independent predictive values for VCI and dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.4. Summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The studies were heterogeneous for the study population (small groups, sex composition, healthy subjects or affected by Alzheimer-type dementia), the definition of carotid IMT (mean of left and right common carotid artery, IMT at bifurcation, sum of IMT at multiple carotid sites), and the neuropsychological test adopted to evaluate cognition (single or repeated measures of the Mini Mental State”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among patients who have experienced a first stroke, the prevalence of poststroke dementia (PSD) varies in relation to the interval after stroke, definition of dementia, location and size of the infarct, and other inclusion and exclusion criteria.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Approximately 15% to 30% of people with PSD have a history of dementia before stroke,38,253 and approximately one third have significant medial temporal atrophy.38”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Proposed mechanisms for vascular depression in patients with cerebrovascular diseases include but are not limited to autonomic dysfunction, platelet activation, hypothalamic-pituitary axis activation, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory mechanisms, genetic factors, and hyperhomocysteinemia.258”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.5. Depression on a Cerebrovascular Basis and CVBI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [258] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, the combined effects of CVBI and atrophy persist even among people clinically diagnosed with VaD according to NINDS-AIREN criteria.257”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.4. CVBI and Cognition in Convenience Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [257] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, a clear pattern of effect of CVBI on cognition in convenience samples is confounded by a general focus on Alzheimer disease and the exclusion of people with coincident VCI.232”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.4. CVBI and Cognition in Convenience Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [232] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Recent evidence also suggests that progression of WMLs is a better predictor of persistent cognitive impairment than baseline WML burden,248 although there is a strong association between baseline WML volume and increase in WML volume.249”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [249] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depression in late life may be associated with vascular disease.258,259”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.5. Depression on a Cerebrovascular Basis and CVBI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [258] source
- Not matchedcites [259]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is evident that firm conclusions about imaging of CVBI relate to lack of accurate measures of concurrent Alzheimer disease pathology.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Approximately 15% to 30% of people with PSD have a history of dementia before stroke,38,253 and approximately one third have significant medial temporal atrophy.38”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In at least 1 study of people with subcortical vascular brain injury presenting with memory impairment, incident lacunar infarction was associated with subtle declines in executive function performance over time.256”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.4. CVBI and Cognition in Convenience Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [256] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Lille study, the incidence of dementia 3 years after stroke was significantly greater in those patients with versus those without medial temporal atrophy (81% versus 58%).38”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is difficult to determine to what extent cognitive impairment may be attributable to stroke versus concomitant Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“These data are consistent with recent pathological findings of an association between infarctions found at autopsy and episodic memory performance.12,59”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Estimates of the proportion of patients with PSD with presumed Alzheimer disease vary widely between 19% and 61%.40”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Similarly, WMLs have been associated with declining scores in the modified MMSE and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test,246,247 as well as with incident MCI, dementia, and death.240”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Long-term mortality is 2 to 6 times higher in patients with PSD after adjustment for demographic factors, associated cardiac diseases, stroke severity, and stroke recurrence (for review, see Leys et al252).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [252] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In general, having a stroke increases the risk of dementia 2-fold.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, several pathophysiological pathways leading to vascular and neurodegenerative processes are similar.262”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [262] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies consistently show that increasing levels of plasma homocysteine are associated with poorer performance in global as well as multiple cognitive domains.297–299”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with most neurocognitive disorders of late life, VCI is likely to be more common as age increases.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is a particular concern in studies that measure cognitive function in late life, shortly after or simultaneously with the measure of a risk factor.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Also, neuropathic studies show a high proportion of older people have mixed pathology, with Alzheimer disease lesions and vascular lesions being the most prevalent.18”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the utility of MRI or computed tomography for the diagnosis of VCI is not yet clearly defined.259a”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 259a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, SBI and WMLs at least offer a readily available surrogate marker for the early detection and prevention of VCI and when found in combination are likely to indicate significant underlying CVBI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, SBI and WMLs at least offer a readily available surrogate marker for the early detection and prevention of VCI and when found in combination are likely to indicate significant underlying CVBI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, cognitive tests have an education component, which may reflect years or quality of schooling, socioeconomic status, chronic disease or less healthy lifestyle patterns, acculturation, racial socialization, or cognitive reserve.281”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [281] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no apparent association of apolipoprotein E ε4 and VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A 3-year observational study of cognitive decline in elderly men reported high fish intake to be inversely associated with cognitive impairment.289”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [289]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent data from prospective population-based samples (where the likelihood of Alzheimer disease is relatively low) clearly show that progressive SBI and WMLs are correlated with worsening of cognitive impairment, especially executive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Homocysteine is a risk factor for vascular damage.296”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [296] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In a randomized trial of women with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease,285,300 there was no benefit to cognitive function from a 6-year intervention that used a supplement with B vitamins to lower plasma homocysteine levels.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An important factor limiting the study of genetic factors of VCI is the lack of a clear determination of the phenotype, because superimposed Alzheimer disease processes cannot be ruled out.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The brains of older people have multiple morbidities that can lead to the same phenotype.18”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Folic acid and vitamins B12 and B6 are key components of the pathways leading to the production and metabolism of homocysteine.296”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [296] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some,290–292 but not all,293 studies of middle-aged and older subjects with 5 to 6 years of follow-up suggest increasing levels of n-3 polyun-saturated fatty acids are associated with better cognitive function and less cognitive decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reverse causation must be considered because it is possible that the risk factor level is a response to rather than a “cause” of the outcome.260”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [260] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Body mass index has a U-shaped relationship with total dementia and VaD, so that subjects at the lower and upper ends of body mass index distribution had a higher frequency of dementia relative to subjects with a normal body mass index.319”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [319] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these observations have not been tested in randomized controlled trials”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some studies suggest symptoms of depression predict cognitive decline.332–334”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.3. Depression
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The differences in study results may reflect the different weight trajectories in midlife and late life relative to the age when cognition is measured or dementia occurs.321”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [321] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“although risk may be specific for certain cognitive domains,325”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [325] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Multiple mechanisms related to diabetes-related glucose and insulin dysregulation can lead to vascular and neuronal damage.344”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [344] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and data can only be extrapolated to patients with VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It can be considered a comorbidity, prodromal factor, or a consequence of VCI rather than a factor that specifically alters vascular physiology or neuronal health, leading to cognitive impairment.47”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.3. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The controversy about the association between later life hypertension and cognitive decline arises because the longitudinal relationship between cognitive change and blood pressure is sensitive to the effects of age, duration of follow-up and number of blood pressure measurements, hypertensive treatment status, comorbidity with cardiovascular diseases and stroke, and possibly subclinical dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [343] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), which was based on a cohort with low physical activity, found no association between cognitive decline and physical activity carried out in the 2 weeks before the study examination.303”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [303] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, when investigators in the Three City Study controlled for current depressive symptoms, there was attenuation of a significant association between 4-year cognitive decline and history of major depression.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.3. Depression
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite this, several longitudinal studies, including those with measures of exposure in middle age, have found some benefit in relation to cognition of more use of alcohol compared with infrequent use or no (“never”) use of alcohol.315–317”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for many there is evidence for plausible biological mechanisms by which these factors may heighten risk of VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High blood pressure has long been known to cause stroke.336”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [336] source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis shows that high waist-hip ratio is associated with greater risk of dementia in all studies.319”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [319] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lifestyle factors may be risk factors for VCI”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diet-cognition associations are difficult to interpret for the reasons described.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several prospective studies show an increased risk for cognitive decline in smokers compared with nonsmokers,323,324”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Midlife hypertension ranks as an important modifiable risk factor for late-life cognitive decline,337 mild cognitive impairment,338,339 and VaD.340,341”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Social networks and patient and family support have been associated with cognitive functioning in elderly populations in longitudinal and cross-sectional epidemiological studies.327–330”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Investigators in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) could not confirm that vascular factors mediated an association of depressive symptoms with incident MCI.335”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.3. Depression
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [335] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Obesity, or body fat, is an emerging risk marker of interest because of its metabolic consequences and recent reports of associations with total dementia.318”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [318] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Atrial fibrillation, especially if not treated with adequate anticoagulation, is a risk factor for stroke.370”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.4. Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [370] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Of note, hyperglycemia is associated with functional changes in cerebral blood flow that are reversible when good glycemic control is restored.351”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [351] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A greater carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with lower cognitive function in the Maine-Syracuse Study.379”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.5. Peripheral Arterial Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [379] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The association between chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment could be confounded by shared vascular risk factors for small-vessel brain disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.3. Chronic Kidney Disease
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Data from multiple studies of different populations suggest that among all people with severe and moderate chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 and <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, respectively), there is a graded increase in the prevalence of cognitive impairment affecting multiple domains.367,368”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.3. Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Animal and human observations suggest that chronic hypoperfusion induces the development and progression of WMLs.385–387”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.6. Low Cardiac Output
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and that cognitive disturbance, in turn, represents a risk factor for hypoglycemia in older adults.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [353] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“It is remarkable to consider that recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia may cause permanent cognitive impairment in older subjects353”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [353] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A trial of pravastatin in older people at risk for cardiovascular disease found no difference between the placebo and treatment arms in multiple cognitive domains.358”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [358] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, a few studies did not observe an association of atrial fibrillation with dementia.375,376”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.4. Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation, is associated with VaD.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A subclinical decrease in cardiac output has also been shown to be associated with lower cognitive function.380”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.6. Low Cardiac Output
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [380] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the CHS, moderate chronic kidney disease was related to risk of incident VaD.369”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.3. Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [369] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS) and CHS, a low ankle-brachial index, a measure of peripheral arterial disease, was associated with an increased risk of VaD.377,378”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.5. Peripheral Arterial Disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Adjustment for WMLs, SBI, cerebral microbleeds, and brain volumes attenuated the observed association between coronary artery calcium and cognition, implicating other vascular mechanisms.363”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.1. Coronary Artery Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [363] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevention of chronic vascular diseases may help reduce the population burden of vascular dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.7. Summary: Concomitant Disease
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Conselice Study of Brain Aging, with 4 years of follow-up, the combination of high levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 led to a nearly 3-fold increased risk of VaD.361”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [361] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In the CHS and Age, Gene, Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik Study (AGES-RS), computed tomography–based coronary artery calcium, a measure of severity of coronary atherosclerosis, was associated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment.362,363”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.1. Coronary Artery Disease
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In several large community-based samples and in a prospectively studied registry of people undergoing cardiac catheterization, cross-sectionally it was an independent risk factor for lower cognitive performance and a higher risk of VaD.371–374”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.4. Atrial Fibrillation
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“C-reactive protein levels were increased 25 years before the onset of VaD.360”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [360] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, stroke could be serving as a marker of cumulative exposure to vascular risk factors.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.7. Summary: Concomitant Disease
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adverse effect profile is similar to that seen in Alzheimer disease trials.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.3. Summary and Recommendations: Pharmacological Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Pivotal trials to test drugs approved for Alzheimer disease in patients with VaD,388 however, have failed to achieve regulatory approval.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [388] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An association between midlife hypertension and late-life cognitive decline or dementia has been found in a majority of observational studies, including cohort studies with follow-up spanning several decades.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A small study of sertraline showed benefits on the Executive Interview (EXIT-25), an executive function test.418”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [418]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The adverse effect safety profile is generally similar to that of Alzheimer disease studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether there are any differential benefits within or between the drug classes is not clear from the available evidence, because no head-to-head trials have been conducted.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial and recurrent stroke significantly increase the risk of clinical dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.7. Summary: Concomitant Disease
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Two studies with memantine, an N-methyl d-aspartate antagonist, likewise showed cognitive benefit without global or functional benefit.406,407”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials lasting 6 months have tested the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in cognitive, global, and daily functioning in VaD.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“There is pathological and clinical evidence for cholinergic compromise in VCI as occurs in Alzheimer disease.393–395”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In trials of galantamine, less decline in cognitive, functional and global outcomes was shown in trial results driven by participants with mixed VaD/Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.3. Summary and Recommendations: Pharmacological Therapy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, on the basis of observational epidemiological data, diabetes conveys a high risk of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Trials have been conducted with other compounds, including cytidinediphosphocholine,412,413 nimodipine,414 piracetam,415 huperzine A,416 and vinpocetine,417 but so far without convincing data”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only limited evidence exists to support nonpharmacological modalities for management of VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.4. Nonpharmacological Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the emphasis on inclusion of those with memory loss made it challenging to exclude concomitant Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such people might die of competing causes before manifesting the symptoms of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Finally, concern that frontline clinicians could not distinguish VaD from Alzheimer disease made regulators reluctant to grant a separate indication.389”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [389] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pure VaD subgroup was underpowered statistically to show definite benefit.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few nonpharmaco-logical therapies have been tested and found to be beneficial in the VCI population.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.4. Nonpharmacological Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In addition, safeguarding normal cognitive development during childhood and adolescence based on the new understanding of the importance of early-life factors for adult health and disease,425 as well as for cognitive function, is a prerequisite for prevention of cognitive impairment.426”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, high specificity but low sensitivity of VaD criteria10 hampered recruitment”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A post hoc analysis in a recent large randomized controlled trial of donepezil in VaD (n=974) showed that as assessed by a standardized visual rating scale, patients with hippocampal atrophy who received placebo declined more than those without hippocampal atrophy, who remained cognitively stable.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [398] source
plaincorrelationaln = 974- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and inconsistent benefits in global and daily function, which are difficult to evaluate when physical deficits with stroke coexist.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The side-effect profile was similar to that of donepezil for Alzheimer disease trials.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the most common forms of dementia affect the elderly, even a modest delay in the appearance or worsening of cognitive deterioration could translate into a relatively large reduction of the incidence of disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In HAAS there was a large enough range of duration of follow-up to study the effect of duration of treatment >12 years.431”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [431] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was stopped prematurely, however, after a mean of 2.2 years of follow-up because of a significant reduction in stroke and total mortality.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To summarize: Observational studies point to some benefit of antihypertensive treatment for risk for Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding type of treatment, results were less consistent.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recently published study, 3 treatment groups were compared in a large US Veterans Affairs administrative database composed almost exclusively of men (98%). Patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers were found to have a lower risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease than those treated with lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or with other cardiovascular drugs.438”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [438] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, 1 study reported a beneficial effect on the risk of dementia,442 and another reported an effect on the risk of PSD445”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [442] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent reanalysis of the SHEP data suggests that differential dropout may have biased the treatment effect toward the null.447”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [447] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(5) differential dropout, which could lead to overestimating or underestimating the treatment effect.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment appears more effective in the youngest old than in the oldest people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“There was no major treatment effect on cognition.443”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [443] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This pattern of increased protection for dementia and Alzheimer disease with an increased duration of antihypertensive treatment was also found in HAAS.431”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [431] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A similar result was observed for cognitive decline, defined as a drop of ≥3 points in the MMSE.445”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [445] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evaluation within 2 dementia subgroups (with or without prior stroke), however, showed a significant reduction in the risk of dementia with active treatment in patients with a prior history of stroke compared with patients without prior stroke (34% versus 1%; P=0.03).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, 1 study reported a beneficial effect on the risk of dementia,442 and another reported an effect on the risk of PSD445”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [445] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Several studies were unable to show any evidence of the effect of a particular class of antihypertensive drugs.429,430,432,434”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The longer the duration of treatment, the stronger the preventive effect.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This lack of benefit must be interpreted in the context of small blood pressure differences observed between the active treatment group and the control group (3.2/1.6 mm Hg).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To date, 5 meta-analyses have been published on the risk of dementia in antihypertensive trials (Table 7).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In both the Kungsholmen project435 and the Cache County Study,436 a stronger effect of diuretics and particularly potassium-sparing diuretics for the latter436 was found compared with other antihypertensive drugs.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most cases of dementia were Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In an open-label follow-up study of the same patients in the trial, the principal result was confirmed with twice as many cases of dementia.450”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [450] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in a PROGRESS MRI substudy, it was shown that active blood pressure lowering stopped or delayed the progression of white matter hyperintensities.452”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [452] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, there was a nonsignificant 12% (range –8% to –28%) reduction in the risk of dementia in the active treatment group.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A post hoc reanalysis of the data in patients not receiving add-on therapy after randomization, although showing evidence of a stronger effect on cardiovascular events, mortality, and vascular mortality, did not change the neutral result on cognition and dementia.448”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [448] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In none of these studies was antihypertensive treatment associated with an increased risk of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even though smoking is a well-known risk factor for vascular pathology, the role of smoking cessation has not been studied in relation to changes in cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aerobic exercise has been shown to be useful.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“On the basis of a systematic review, there is no convincing evidence relating type or intensity of diabetic treatment to the prevention or management of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus.459”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [459] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few observational studies and very few intervention trials have shown that lifestyle modification (eg, diet, physical activity) may improve cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, the prevention of stroke has not been shown with careful control of blood glucose, and no studies have specifically investigated possible protective effects by reduction of hyperglycemia in mild VCI or early stages of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [457] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The level of evidence for a protective effect of reduction of hyperglycemia is very low.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“It is now accepted that many of the traditional risk factors for stroke are also risk markers for Alzheimer disease and VCI.16,31,340,484–491”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [31] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [340] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [484] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [485] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [486] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [487] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [488] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [489] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [490] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is only limited evidence to support the idea that physical therapy could contribute to prevention of cognitive decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the variance for reduction of risk for dementia ranged from 11% to 20% (Table 7).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Among risk factors for cognitive dysfunction and dementia, it has been documented that both hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, as part of the metabolic process leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus, are associated with cognitive dysfunction and stroke dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 438a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no randomized controlled study of similar effects in healthy subjects.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are no intervention studies to prove the benefits of smoking cessation on preserving cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Aspirin for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis (AAA) trial, 3350 participants 50 to 75 years of age were randomly assigned to receive long-term use of enteric-coated aspirin 100 mg once daily or placebo. During a 5-year follow-up, no difference in cognitive ability was found between the aspirin and placebo arms.469”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [469] source
plainn = 3,350- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the prevention of stroke has not been shown with careful control of blood glucose, and no studies have specifically investigated possible protective effects by reduction of hyperglycemia in mild VCI or early stages of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER), after 4 years of treatment, no difference in cognitive function was shown, as evaluated by the MMSE, between patients receiving pravastatin or placebo.358”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [358] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence to a Mediterranean-type dietary pattern has been associated with less cognitive decline in several observational studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No improvement of cognitive function has been proven when reduction of homocysteine was reached with supplementation with vitamin B.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They share several limitations, and therefore, considerable uncertainty remains about the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs for lowering the risk of dementia in general and Alzheimer disease in particular.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“With regard to lowering homocysteine by vitamin B supplementation, no benefit was shown in 1 Australian study that included 276 healthy elderly subjects with repeated tests of cognitive function after 1 and 2 years.478”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [478]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plainn = 276- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Thus, intensified treatment of hyperglycemia is not protective of stroke,457 a risk factor for cognitive decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [457] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few large blood pressure–lowering trials have incorporated cognitive assessment and diagnosis of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same beneficial effects of increased physical activity on cognitive function have also been documented in observational studies,472 but only 1 small intervention trial has followed up subjects for cognitive improvement after increasing physical exercise.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the ADVANCE trial (Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation), the combined approach to treat both hyperglycemia and hypertension has been effective to reduce macrovascular end points and mortality.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The results of a recently published meta-analysis on the effect of physical activity on cognitive decline, based on 15 observational studies, suggest a significant and consistent protection afforded by all levels of physical activity against the occurrence of cognitive decline.475”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [475] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In the recently published Lipitor's Effect in Alzheimer's Dementia (LEADe) trial, which included 640 randomized patients with mild Alzheimer disease, intensive lipid lowering by the addition of atorvastatin (80 mg) to donepezil did not improve cognitive function over a 72-week period.464”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [464] source
plainn = 640- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Several meta-analyses have concluded that there is no measurable influence of statin therapy on cognitive dysfunction in humans,462 even if animal experiments in rodents have supported the notion that some protection is offered by statin therapy.463”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [462]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Several meta-analyses have concluded that there is no measurable influence of statin therapy on cognitive dysfunction in humans,462 even if animal experiments in rodents have supported the notion that some protection is offered by statin therapy.463”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [463] source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiological evidence to support the convergence of mechanisms is observed in studies that show traditional cardiovascular risk factors also heighten risk of Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 168
- Probably not a substantial claim. 47
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation impede the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and compromise repair of the damaged white matter.108,132,133”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] source
- Partly supportedcites [132] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that cultured rat OPCs were vulnerable to hydrogen-peroxide oxidative stress, and the paper states that OPCs contribute to white-matter repair. It does not show that vascular oxidative stress or inflammation impedes OPC proliferation, migration, or differentiation, or directly demonstrate impaired repair of damaged white matter. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Disputedcites [133] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion states that the inflammatory response associated with demyelination provides a powerful impetus for remyelination—the opposite of the claim that inflammation impedes repair. The paper attributes impaired progenitor recruitment and differentiation to aging, but the cited passages do not establish vascular oxidative stress as their cause. No page number is supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“It is unclear what confounding factors were taken into account in these analyses.322”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [322] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section explicitly states which factors were included in the adjusted models, including demographics, cardiovascular and dementia risk factors, smoking, physical activity, and ApoE genotype. The claim that it is unclear which confounding factors were taken into account is therefore contrary to the cited paper's account. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Disputed
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“The risk of new-onset dementia after a stroke is approximately twice the rate for age- and sex-matched control subjects270 and averages ≈10% after the first stroke, depending on the location, volume of damaged brain tissue,30 clinical severity, and presence of early poststroke complications (seizure, delirium, hypoxia, hypotension).”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.2. Stroke
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [270] source
- Disputedcites [30] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the claim that new-onset dementia risk is approximately twice that of age- and sex-matched controls. The Results report an adjusted odds ratio of 9.4 for dementia after stroke versus stroke-free controls, and the methods say the groups differed by sex; the study assessed dementia three months after stroke rather than establishing new onset. The later ≈10% and complication claims are not attached to this citation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“(3) patients at low risk for dementia (young mean age)441,445 and with high baseline MMSE;”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [441] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Selection) explicitly exclude pharmaceutical clinical trial volunteers and restrict the review to community-dwelling adults aged 60 or older. The Results (Cognitive Dysfunction) describe population-based prospective studies with mean baseline ages including 68.9, 75.6, and 83 years, rather than trials characterized by a young mean age. The paper mentions MMSE as an outcome measure but does not establish that participants had high baseline MMSE scores. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [445] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Executive dysfunction has not been shown to specifically point to cerebrovascular disease, whereas a pattern of memory deficits may be associated more with Alzheimer disease and its associated pathology than with cerebrovascular disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.6. Neuropsychological Assessments of VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] source
- Supportedcites [50] source
The Discussion (page not specified) says severe memory impairment strongly points to Alzheimer-type brain pathology, while executive deficits are a much weaker diagnostic marker of vascular disease. It relates this finding in MCI patients to reported results in patients with autopsy-defined Alzheimer and vascular pathology. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Chronic macroscopic infarcts are very common, occurring in approximately one third to one half of older people,13,54–56 a frequency far greater than the frequency of clinical stroke.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.1. Cerebral Infarctions Are Very Common in Older People
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
- Partly supportedcites [54] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Probable AD in the community versus clinic; page unavailable) report that macroscopic infarcts were more common in the community cohort than in the clinic cohort. The available passages do not establish that they occurred in one third to one half of older people or that their frequency was far greater than that of clinical stroke. (LLM, conf=0.81)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“There are other common vascular pathologies in the brains of older people, including white matter degeneration70,71 and primary vessel disease (ie, arteriolosclerosis/lipohyalinosis, atherosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy [CAA]).70,72,73”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.5. Other Vascular Pathologies
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] source
- Partly supportedcites [73] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not available) says sclerotic medullary arteries are commonly seen in older people and that some are associated with diffuse ischemic white matter change. The Results (page not available) describe fibrohyaline thickening but state that atherosclerosis and amyloid angiopathy were not observed in the medullary arteries. This paper therefore supports part of the broad claim, not the full list of vessel diseases as common findings in its studied arteries. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although the specific importance of subcortical infarcts and interaction has not been confirmed, subsequent studies have established that infarcts are additive with Alzheimer disease pathology in lowering cognitive function17,57 and increasing the odds of dementia17,18,62,63 or clinical Alzheimer disease.61”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.3. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] source
- Partly supportedcites [62] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [63] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Partly supportedcites [61] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In addition, most people with dementia12 and almost half of those with clinically probable Alzheimer disease61 have mixed pathology, most commonly Alzheimer disease and infarcts.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.3. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] source
- Supportedcites [61] source
The Results section on probable Alzheimer disease reports mixed pathologies in 45.8% of people with clinically probable AD and identifies AD with infarcts as the most common combination. The separate claim about most people with dementia is attached to citation 12, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In animal models, the major risk factors for VCI and Alzheimer disease —hypertension, aging, and diabetes110—impair endothelium-dependent responses in the cerebral microcirculation and blunt functional hyper-emia.101,111,112”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [110] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [101] source
- Partly supportedcites [111] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that aging impairs endothelial function in mouse cerebral arteries and states that neurovascular coupling decreases with aging. The study tested isolated basilar arteries, not functional hyperemia, and the cited passages do not establish the claimed effects of hypertension or diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [112] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“These endothelial mediators subserve functions as varied as local flow distribution,91 immune surveillance (in concert with perivascular cells),92 and hemostatic balance.93”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [91] source
- Supportedcites [92] source
Citation 92 is attached to immune surveillance in concert with perivascular cells, not to local flow distribution or hemostatic balance. The Discussion (‘What are perivascular cells?’; page unavailable) explicitly says perivascular cells participate in nervous-system immune surveillance, while the Introduction describes their interaction with endothelial cells in responses to immune signals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Cerebral smooth muscle cells of patients with Alzheimer disease have increased constrictor tone,118 which may contribute to the CBF reduction observed in this condition.100”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [118] source
The Discussion reports that vascular smooth muscle cells from the cerebral vessels of patients with Alzheimer disease had a hypercontractile phenotype. It also suggests this phenotype could contribute to brain hypoperfusion, although the citing sentence attaches this source specifically to the increased-constrictor-tone clause. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Microvessels have thickened basement membranes, become tortuous, and are reduced in number.71,105–107”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
- Partly supportedcites [106] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes tortuosity in arterioles supplying the deep white matter in leukoaraiosis, while the Abstract reports reduced microvascular density in leukoaraiosis and preliminary evidence of reduced density in Alzheimer’s disease. Neither passage describes thickened basement membranes, and the tortuosity finding is not established for Alzheimer’s disease. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [107] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The brain depends on a continuous blood supply, and interruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF) leads to brain dysfunction and death.86”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [86] source
The “Parenchymal Failure” section says the brain is especially vulnerable to ischemia: neurological dysfunction occurs within seconds to minutes of vessel occlusion, while injury and cell death develop over time. Its discussion of salvageable tissue also explains that tissue with impaired perfusion dies unless perfusion improves or cells are protected. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Endothelial cells exert trophic actions that are critical in brain development, neuroplasticity, and repair when endothelial growth factors orchestrate the migration and differentiation of neuroblasts.96–99”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.1. The Neurovascular Unit and Brain Homeostasis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] source
- Partly supportedcites [97] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that endothelial cells secrete factors regulating neuronal differentiation in vitro and that vascular ligands guide neuroblast migration after stroke. It does not establish that those ligands orchestrate neuroblast differentiation, or that these actions are critical across brain development and neuroplasticity. The relevant indexed passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [99] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“the low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein-1, a critical Aβ brain clearance receptor, is downregulated in cerebral blood vessels of patients with Alzheimer disease, leading to accumulation of amyloid around blood vessels and worsening of vascular dysfunction.129”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [129] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Pittsburgh Compound B retention is not specific for CAA as opposed to Alzheimer disease, because the compound binds to both vascular and parenchymal amyloid158; however, the 2 pathologies may be distinguishable in part by the relative occipital predominance of labeling in CAA.156,157”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [158] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [156] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [157] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a single nucleotide polymorphism in the COL4A1 gene was associated with pulse wave velocity, an index of arterial stiffness, in a population.180”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [180] source
The Abstract Background identifies pulse wave velocity (PWV) as an index of central arterial stiffness. The Abstract Methods and Results reports that the COL4A1 SNP rs3742207 was associated with PWV in the Sardinian cohort and that the association was replicated in an Old Order Amish population. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The presence of multiple strictly lobar hemorrhages in the absence of other definite causes such as head trauma, brain tumor, or supratherapeutic anticoagulation has been defined by the Boston criteria as “probable CAA” and validated against neuropathologically or genetically diagnosed CAA.153,154”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The lumen-intima and media-adventitia separation can be determined to within ≈0.1 mm on longitudinal B-mode ultrasound images of the extracranial carotid arteries where these interfaces are readily apparent.183,184”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [183] source
- Partly supportedcites [184] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subjects and Methods section (page not specified in our copy) describes measurements of the far-wall intimal-medial thickness in extracranial carotid arteries and reports approximately 0.10 mm axial resolution. That is the minimum spacing at which adjacent boundaries can be distinguished, not a demonstrated measurement accuracy of within 0.1 mm; the paper also does not specify longitudinal images for this claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Mutations of the COL4A1 type IV collagen subunit gene have also been reported in association with congenital porencephaly, leukoencephalopathy, or intracerebral hemorrhage.178,179”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [178] source
The paper’s Results and Conclusions report COL4A1 mutations in families with porencephaly and identify a predisposition to perinatal cerebral haemorrhage. The Affected section also describes white-matter lesions in mutation carriers, supporting the leukoencephalopathy part of the paraphrase. Passage-level page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [179] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other potential diagnostic approaches have been explored, including detection of reduced Aβ in cerebrospinal fluid155 or increased retention of the amyloid ligand Pittsburgh Compound B on positron emission tomography imaging.156,157”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [155] source
The Discussion reports decreased CSF Aβ40 and Aβ42 in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and says CSF analysis may help identify them. This supports the potential CSF diagnostic approach attributed to this source; the PET approach has separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [156] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [157] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Although no treatments have been identified to modify the course of CADASIL, it is notable that cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, elevated hemoglobin A1c, and smoking may be associated with a worse clinical and radiographic phenotype.171,172”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [171] source
- Partly supportedcites [172] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Presence of CM and associated factors; Cerebral microhaemorrhages and neurological outcome, pages unavailable) associate hypertension and elevated HbA1c with microhaemorrhages, and systolic blood pressure with poor functional outcome. The Discussion says treatment benefits remain to be tested. But the study does not support including smoking: its tables show no significant association with either microhaemorrhages or poor functional outcome. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Several pathways may link aortic stiffness to microvascular brain damage. They include endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress,209 a mutually reinforcing remodeling of large and small vessels (ie, large-/small-artery cross talk),210 and exposure of small vessels to the high-pressure fluctuations of the cerebral circulation,211”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [209] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [210] source
- Supportedcites [211] source
Citation 211 is attached to the claim that small cerebral vessels are exposed to high-pressure fluctuations, not to the preceding pathways. The Abstract (p. 200) says that high flow and low resistance expose small vessels to pressure fluctuations in the carotid and vertebral arteries, providing a proposed explanation for microvascular damage. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Retinal arterial narrowing correlates with increased arterial stiffness219 and cerebral small-vessel disease.218,220,221”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [219] source
Citation 219 supports the arterial-stiffness portion of the sentence; the cerebral small-vessel disease portion has separate citations. The Discussion (page not supplied) reports an association between aortic stiffening and retinal arteriolar narrowing in participants free of clinical cardiovascular disease. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [218] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [220] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The well-known, age-related arterial stiffening process (arteriosclerosis) is associated with quantitatively less elastin and more collagen but is also associated with qualitative changes in the arterial wall.143,199,200”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [143] source
- Partly supportedcites [199] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Determinants of Arterial Stiffness” (page not available), the paper links aging to thinning and fragmentation of elastic fibers, increased collagenous material, and qualitative changes in the arterial wall. It does not explicitly establish a quantitative decrease in elastin, so that part of the claim is not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [200] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Essential Hypertension section (page unavailable) says central arteries stiffen with age, elastic fibers lose their orderly arrangement and undergo thinning and fragmentation, and collagenous material increases. These passages support age-related stiffening, increased collagen, and qualitative wall changes, but they do not establish a quantitative decrease in elastin content. (LLM, conf=0.84)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“This relationship was significant after controlling for age and education; some studies further adjusted for the presence of depressive symptoms187,189 and/or cardiovascular risk factor level.189”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [187] source
- Supportedcites [189] source
The Abstract’s Methods section says the analyses adjusted for age, education, depressive symptoms, and cardiovascular risk factors including mean arterial pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and smoking. The Abstract’s Results section reports accelerated cognitive decline among participants with greater carotid IMT after those adjustments. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The mechanisms by which atherosclerotic cerebrovascular pathology might be associated with VCI include thrombotic occlusion of large vessels with subsequent chronic cerebral hypoperfusion; cerebral embolism originating from ruptured or thrombotic carotid plaques and targeting distal vessels; increased parenchymal oxidative stress; blood pressure dys-regulation affecting BBB integrity; and a common”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [189] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion proposes chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as a mechanism linking subclinical vascular disease to cognitive impairment. It does not specify thrombotic large-vessel occlusion as its cause, or describe plaque-derived embolism, parenchymal oxidative stress, or blood-pressure dysregulation affecting blood–brain barrier integrity. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [195] source
- Partly supportedcites [196] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not provided) proposes chronic cerebral hypoperfusion as a contributor to brain dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease. The Abstract (page not provided) also links atherosclerosis to cerebral vessel changes and blood-pressure abnormalities to impaired cerebral hemodynamics. Our copy does not support the specified mechanisms of large-vessel thrombotic occlusion, carotid-plaque embolism, oxidative stress, or blood-pressure effects on blood–brain barrier integrity. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [197] source
- Partly supportedcites [198] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The “Carotid Disease and the Brain” section (page unavailable) proposes large-vessel occlusion with hypoperfusion and embolism from ruptured or thrombotic carotid plaques. It does not describe the hypoperfusion as chronic or propose oxidative stress or blood-pressure dysregulation affecting blood–brain barrier integrity as mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, age-specific definitions of extensive WMLs can be created240 and prove useful in defining risk for VCI in a community cohort.240”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [240] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (MRI scans; page not provided) define extensive white matter hyperintensity volume using age-specific thresholds. The Results and Discussion report that this measure predicted incident dementia in a community cohort and amnestic MCI only among participants aged 60 or older. The study did not specifically establish risk for vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Similarly, WMLs have been associated with declining scores in the modified MMSE and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test,246,247 as well as with incident MCI, dementia, and death.240”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [240] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on dementia, MCI, and mortality associate white matter hyperintensity measures with incident dementia and death. For MCI, however, the paper finds no overall association; increased risk of amnestic MCI appears only in certain subgroups, including participants aged 60 or older. The unqualified reference to incident MCI overstates that finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Estimates of the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction on MRI in community-based samples vary between 5.8% and 17.7%, with an average of 11%, depending on age, ethnicity, presence of comorbidities, and imaging techniques.237”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [237] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract’s Background and Purpose gives the 5.8%–17.7% range for community-based MRI samples and attributes variation to age, ethnicity, comorbidities, and imaging techniques. It does not give an 11% average across those samples; the Abstract’s Results report 10.7% for the Framingham sample alone. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, although most studies suggest that these measures of CVBI are usually associated with non–memory-related cognitive deficits,241 a number of studies also show similar associations with memory impairment.240,242,243”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [241] source
- Supportedcites [240] source
The citation is attached to the sentence’s memory-impairment claim, not its statement about non-memory deficits. In Results (page not provided), the paper reports that white matter hyperintensity measures were associated with incident amnestic mild cognitive impairment among participants aged 60 or older, providing an example of the claimed association. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [242] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Most have a single lesion, and the infarcts are most often located in the basal ganglia (52%), followed by other subcortical (35%) and cortical (11%) areas.237”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [237] source
The Abstract’s Results report that 84% of participants with silent cerebral infarcts had a single lesion. They give the same location breakdown: 52% basal ganglia, 35% other subcortical areas, and 11% cortical areas. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In the Framingham study, for example, the prevalence of silent cerebral infarction between the fifth and seventh decades of life is ≈10% but increases rapidly in the eighth decade to 17% and in the ninth decade to nearly 30%.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [237] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report 10.7% prevalence overall in the Framingham Offspring sample and an increase with age, from under 8% at ages 30–49 to over 15% at ages 70–89. Our copy does not give the claimed decade-specific figures of 17% in the eighth decade or nearly 30% in the ninth; the Results refer to Figure 1 for age-specific data without stating those values in the retrieved text. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Gray matter volumes, however, were associated with both vascular and Alzheimer disease processes, and hippocampal volumes were associated with both hippocampal sclerosis and Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [82] source
The Results section (‘Associations between Magnetic Resonance Hippocampal Volume and Pathology’) reports that Alzheimer disease pathology and hippocampal sclerosis were both inverse correlates of hippocampal volume and jointly accounted for 33% of its variance. The Discussion also states that hippocampal volume is related to both processes. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For example, the presence of SBI more than doubles the risk of dementia and risk of stroke.240,244,245”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [240] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed Results summary reports that MRI-defined brain infarcts (BI) were associated with more than double the risk of incident stroke (HR 2.84) and dementia (HR 6.12). However, the Methods define BI by MRI appearance, not by whether the infarct was silent; the Results also include participants with prior stroke. The reported estimates therefore do not specifically establish the claim for silent brain infarcts (SBI). (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [244] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [245] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“In a study that examined the pathological correlates of in vivo MRI evidence of CVBI,82 WMLs were highly correlated with pathological features of ischemic white matter injury but not Alzheimer disease pathology.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [82] source
The Discussion reports that white matter hyperintensities (WMH) were associated with vascular disease and complete or incomplete infarction, but not with AD pathology. The Results add that white matter pathology and age explained 32% of WMH variance in the final multivariate model. An unadjusted analysis did find a correlation with AD pathology, so the ‘not with AD’ finding refers to the paper’s adjusted interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The cognitive tests for VCI are, to a degree, nonspecific for vascular disease, and different criteria for VaD identify different sets of people.29”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [29] source
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) reports that executive-function scores did not differ between VaD and non-VaD subgroups and that AD can contribute to the executive deficits seen in VaD, supporting the qualified point that cognitive tests are not specific to vascular disease. It also says different VaD criteria missed different MRI-confirmed cases; the Criteria agreement section reports disagreement among the criteria. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Recent studies have shown that similar to Western countries, Alzheimer disease is the leading cause of dementia in Asian populations.275”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [275] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (p. 3) report that Alzheimer’s disease accounted for most dementia cases in this US cohort, supporting the Western comparison. The paper does not report whether it is the leading cause of dementia in Asian populations, which is the claim’s central point. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In a pooled analysis of major European population–based studies, VaD was prevalent in 1.6% of subjects >65 years of age, but there was a large variation in 5-year age-specific prevalence.264”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [264] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Statistical analysis sections describe a Boston dietary-questionnaire validation sample, not a pooled analysis of European population-based studies. Searches for vascular dementia, 1.6% prevalence, and five-year age-specific prevalence found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Recently, 1 study found an association of lower circulating vitamin D levels with poorer cognitive function,294 but another found no association.295”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [294] source
- Supportedcites [295] source
The Discussion reports that low circulating 25(OH)D was associated with impaired cognitive function in elders receiving home health services. The Results also report significant associations with several tests of executive function and attention. The separate finding of no association is attributed to citation 295, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This age-related increase in VaD follows the pattern of stroke,269 although dementia after stroke may be more frequent in people <80 years old.270”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [269] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that all-cause dementia incidence increased with age among people aged 90 and older, and that 22% of examiner-diagnosed cases were vascular dementia. They do not report age-specific vascular dementia rates or compare their pattern with stroke. The separate claim about dementia after stroke in people under 80 is attached to citation 270, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [270] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“A recent study reporting on the prevalence of VaD in developing countries reported a range of 0.6% to 2.1%.3,33”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [3] source
The Vascular dementia section directly reports a VaD prevalence range of 0.6% to 2.1% in developing countries. It specifies that the estimates are for people aged over 65; the citing sentence omits that age qualifier. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Chronic hyperglycemia, increased insulin, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with VCI,337,345–348 as well as VaD or dementia with stroke.349,350”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [337] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [345] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [346] source
- Partly supportedcites [347] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Comment and Results (pages unavailable) link metabolic syndrome and high fasting glucose to cognitive impairment in older women. They do not establish an association specifically with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), and the paper does not report an association for increased insulin. The citing sentence assigns its separate claim about vascular dementia or dementia with stroke to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [348] source
- Supportedcites [349] source
The citation to this paper is attached to the VaD or dementia-with-stroke part of the sentence, rather than the preceding VCI claim. The Discussion (page not specified) states that type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of vascular dementia and discusses Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular disease. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Body mass index measured in midlife is more strongly associated with VCI, whereas body weight measured later in life has an inverse association with cognitive impairment, where obesity is associated with a lower risk of dementia.320”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [320] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says high BMI has been associated with dementia, and the Results report that women overweight or obese in midlife had a higher blood–brain barrier permeability measure 24 years later. The paper does not establish a stronger association specifically with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), compare midlife BMI with later-life weight as predictors of cognitive impairment, or report that later-life obesity lowers dementia risk. The cited passages have no page numbers in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Physical activity may increase brain neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, improve cerebrovascular functioning and brain perfusion, reduce response to stress, and increase brain plasticity through synaptogenesis and neurogenesis.302”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [302] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A recent review identified older age, lower education, prestroke cognitive impairment, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation as factors that increased the risk, but one of the strongest predictors of cognitive decline after an initial stroke was the occurrence of a second stroke.269,270”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.2. Stroke
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Specifically, reduced cardiac output has been associated with executive dysfunction (mainly sequencing and planning difficulties)381 and regional WMLs adjacent to the subcortical nuclei.382”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.6. Low Cardiac Output
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [381] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion mentions white matter lesions in relation to diabetes, but does not link them to cardiac output or locate them adjacent to subcortical nuclei. Searches for reduced cardiac output and regional white matter lesions found no passage addressing that association. Citation 382 is attached to the white-matter-lesion part of the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [382] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that, among older adults with cardiovascular disease, reduced cardiac output was associated with executive dysfunction and white matter hyperintensities. It does not specify sequencing or planning difficulties, or locate the lesions adjacent to subcortical nuclei. The paper’s own Results found only a borderline association with a combined executive-function/information-processing score. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Management of vascular risks and symptomatic pharmacotherapy targeting VaD has been the primary approach.390”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [390] source
The Primary and Secondary Prevention section describes treatment of vascular risk factors, while Pharmacotherapy in VaD reviews drugs studied for symptomatic treatment. The Conclusions bring these approaches together, emphasizing vascular-risk control and trials of symptomatic agents; the paper also cautions that no symptomatic VaD treatment was officially approved. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The importance of balanced nutrition in early life for normal neurocognitive development, a process that is not finished until late adolescence, has been widely recognized.427”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [427] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Medical and Public Health Implications section links maternal nutrition and early development with the infant’s cognitive development, supporting the importance of early-life nutrition. It does not say that neurocognitive development continues until late adolescence; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive stimulation so far have not proven effective.419,420”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.4. Nonpharmacological Treatments
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [419] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Results sections describe trials comparing vinpocetine with placebo, and the Discussion concludes that evidence for vinpocetine's benefit is inconclusive. Searches for cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive stimulation, and nonpharmacological interventions found no passage assessing whether either approach has proven effective. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [420] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Cognitive benefit was found, but global and functional efficacy was less consistent in the individual studies.396,400”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [396] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) examines white matter hyperintensities and cognition, and says their effect on response to cholinesterase inhibitors remains to be determined. Searches for donepezil and for global and functional treatment outcomes found no passage assessing those outcomes in vascular dementia. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Supportedcites [400] source
The Discussion reports a small but significant cognitive improvement in this trial, no difference on the global CIBIC-Plus measure, and consistency with two prior donepezil VaD trials. It also describes a variable effect on activities of daily living, supporting the claim that functional efficacy was less consistent. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Results of studies on blood pressure measured in late life and dementia are less consistent, with most finding no association with hypertension or an association with low blood pressure and dementia.343,428”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [343] source
- Could not verifycites [428] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Common cause hypothesis and Reverse causality sections discuss cognitive ageing and illness in older people, but neither addresses blood pressure and dementia. Searches for late-life blood pressure, hypertension, and dementia found no passage reporting the claimed pattern of study results. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The treatment was found to have no effect on the risk of dementia or cognitive decline.444”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [444] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says HYVET-COG confirmed a non-significant reduction in dementia risk, which supports a finding of no statistically significant effect—not proof of no effect. It does not report HYVET-COG's cognitive-decline result; the no-difference finding for cognitive decline in the Discussion concerns PRoFESS patients instead. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“In 3 studies there was no association between hypertension treatment and risk of Alzheimer disease,432–434 whereas in others there was a decreased risk of Alzheimer disease among those receiving antihypertensive treatment.429,431,435–437”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [432] source
- Supportedcites [433] source
The citation supports the decreased-risk part of the sentence, not the finding attributed to the three other studies. In the Results (Table 2), participants treated for more than 12 years had lower Alzheimer disease risk than never-treated hypertensive participants; the shorter-treatment groups did not show a clear reduction. Page numbers were not provided in the passages. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [434] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [429] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [431] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“It was concluded that cognitive dysfunction is an independent predictor of clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus but does not modify the effects of blood pressure lowering or glucose control on the risk of major cardiovascular events.458”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [458] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background lists diabetes as a possible baseline risk factor, but the Discussion addresses whether blood-pressure lowering prevents cognitive decline or dementia in hypertensive patients without prior cerebrovascular disease. Searches for the claimed independent prediction and for glucose control and major cardiovascular events found no passage addressing those findings in patients with type 2 diabetes. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Treatment with statin therapy has been documented to protect against stroke, both in primary460 and secondary studies, based on data from meta-analysis36 and a single trial, Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL).461”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [460] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] source
- Could not verifycites [461] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (p. 2) describes ADVANCE as studying blood-pressure lowering and intensive glucose control, and the Discussion (p. 7) discusses stroke in relation to blood-pressure treatment. Searches for statins, SPARCL, and meta-analysis found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed protection against stroke in primary or secondary studies. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A few observational studies have documented that people who consume a Mediterranean diet have better cognition and less risk of dementia than people consuming other diets.470”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [470] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses observational findings about NSAID use and Alzheimer’s risk, not Mediterranean diets. Searches for “Mediterranean diet” and “diet cognition dementia risk” found no passage in our copy addressing diet, cognition, or a dietary comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“These studies had variable methods in relation to model type (fixed or random) and selection of patients.453,454”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [453] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Subjects and Methods section describes statistical analyses of the Syst-Eur trial, not a comparison of meta-analyses. Searches for fixed versus random models, patient selection, and meta-analysis found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed variation in methods. Page numbers were not available in the indexed passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [454] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“For example, in a cohort in Finland, the combination of elevated systolic blood pressure, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity increased the risk of Alzheimer disease by ≈6 times, whereas individually, any of these factors alone increased risk by ≈2 times.494”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [494] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Subjects and Methods (p. 2) describes a Finnish cohort of patients with ischemic stroke, while the Discussion (p. 4) compares criteria for diagnosing vascular dementia. Our copy does not address Alzheimer disease risk from the specified combination of blood pressure, cholesterol, and obesity, or report the claimed sixfold and twofold increases (searched those factors and risk estimates). (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carotid intimal-medial thickness and arterial stiffness are emerging as markers of arterial aging and may serve as risk markers for VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The neuropathology of cognitive impairment in later life is often a mixture of Alzheimer disease and microvascular brain damage, which may overlap and synergize to heighten the risk of cognitive impairment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Dementia criteria based on memory deficits are derived from concepts proposed for Alzheimer disease, but these may not be suitable for the dementia syndrome associated with cerebrovascular disease, in which memory-related structures (eg, mesial temporal lobe, thalamus) could be intact, resulting in relatively preserved memory functions.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia of later life are common.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Background and Purpose
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These risks may include but are not limited to atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the threshold is expanded, the frequency rates increase accordingly.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This synergistic effect between Alzheimer disease and cerebrovascular disease pathology may explain why patients with mesial temporal lobe atrophy, presumably attributable to Alzheimer disease, have an increased risk of dementia after stroke compared with those without atrophy, because hippocampal atrophy may also be caused by vascular disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.3. Heterogeneity of the VaD Syndrome
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“All of the major criteria for VaD have a different definition of dementia, and this results in challenges in reliability studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [26] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, these same vascular risk factors may be risk markers for Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although some authors propose that the symptoms should appear within 3 months after a stroke,30 this is arbitrary, and symptoms may develop after this time frame.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.2. Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of VaD
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, no specific treatments for VCI have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some studies contend that mixed pathologies, including the degenerative components caused by Alzheimer disease and vascular factors, are the most common explanation for cognitive impairment in aging.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Formal search strategies, however, were used as indicated for evaluation of clinical trial information.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of the literature review was based on the expert panel's knowledge of the field and therefore may be subject to bias.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Importantly, consensus-based recommendations for standardized imaging, cognitive, and pathological protocols have been developed.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“the more liberal criteria for VaD proposed by Hachinski et al result in large numbers, whereas the more conservative criteria such as those of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke–Association Internationale pour la Recherché et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) yield more modest rates.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Understanding of VCI has evolved substantially in recent years, based on preclinical, neuropathologic, neuroimaging, physiological, and epidemiological studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > Abstract > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, although Tomlinson et al described 100 mL of tissue loss as sufficient for dementia, those with lesser volumes of loss also had dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“these behaviors (depression or depressive symptoms) can severely influence patients’ activities of daily living and cognitive performance, although some symptoms can revert with treatment (eg, depression), and consequently cognition can improve.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.5. Reversibility of VaMCI
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, determining the volume or number necessary for VCI or dementia has proved difficult, and unlike with Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, there are no currently accepted neuropathological criteria to confirm a clinical diagnosis of VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In clinical-pathological studies, larger volumes39,51 and an increased number11,13,39,55,56 of macroscopic infarcts are as sociated with an increased likelihood of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.2. Cerebral Infarctions and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [11] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“For decades it has been recognized that cerebrovascular disease is associated with dementia”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This research area is complicated by the difficulty of clinically differentiating Alzheimer disease or VCI from mixed (Alzheimer disease plus cerebrovascular disease) disease, which may be more common than either “pure” Alzheimer disease or “pure” VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 2. Defining Alzheimer Disease and VCI > 2.6. Neuropsychological Assessments of VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas primary vessel disease may be associated with focal (eg, infarct) or diffuse tissue damage (eg, white matter degeneration) or may result in nonmorphologic functional changes.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.5. Other Vascular Pathologies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One study showed that only people with Alzheimer disease pathology with subcortical infarcts had dementia, raising the possibility of an interaction (a multiplicative effect) between the 2 pathologies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.3. Relation of Infarcts to Alzheimer Disease Pathology and Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vascular and degenerative pathologies are 2 common disorders in later life and often coexist”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.7. Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The interplay between macroscopic and microscopic infarcts and other vascular and degenerative pathologies in the development of clinical Alzheimer disease and VCI is complex.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.7. Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and each separately adds to the likelihood of cognitive impairment and dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.7. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, vascular and degenerative pathologies may result in overlapping clinical and imaging phenotypes.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 3. Neuropathological Aspects > 3.7. Summary
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“loss of energy-saving saltatory conduction increases metabolic demands and enhances local energy deficit and hypoxia.128”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [128] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aβ is a potent vasoconstrictor113,114 and suppresses endothelium-dependent responses, functional hyperemia, and cerebrovascular autoregulation.115–117”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] source
- Not checked yetcites [115] source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [116] source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [117] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Plasma Aβ, which is elevated in some patients with VCI and Alzheimer disease, induces cerebrovascular insufficiency and could play a role in the white matter alterations observed in both conditions.130,131”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although free radicals can induce inflammation by activating redox-sensitive proinflammatory transcription factors, the endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress can release vascular endothelial growth factor and prostanoids, which promote vascular leakage, protein extravasation, and cytokine production.125”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [125] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in Alzheimer disease and CAA, accumulation of Aβ in the media of cortical arterioles weakens the vessel wall and increases the chance of lobar hemorrhages.109”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [109] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Arterioles exhibit signs of “onion skin”–type changes and undergo hyaline degeneration (lipohyalinosis), a cause of microhemorrhages.105”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.2. The Neurovascular Unit: A Target of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Dementias
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In models of autoimmune white matter injury, extravasation of plasma protein triggers vascular inflammation and axonal demyelination,127 which in turn disrupts saltatory conduction,128 slowing the transmission of nerve impulses.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.3. Mechanisms of Neurovascular Dysfunction: Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“CAA appears in ≈10% to 30% of unselected brain autopsies and 80% to 100% when in the presence of accompanying Alzheimer disease.136”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [136] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diagnostic approaches to CAA (and to CADASIL, the most common form of hereditary small-vessel disease) have improved, but no disease-modifying therapies have been identified.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.3. Summary
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vascular oxidative stress and inflammation underlie many of these deleterious effects and are potential therapeutic targets.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.5. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although there are relatively few animal models of cognitive impairment and white matter damage, models recapitulating features of CAA, CADASIL, cerebral hypoperfusion, and hypertensive vasculopathy have been developed, mainly in rodents.5”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.4. Animal Models of VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They include carotid wall thickening and aortic stiffening, which also likely reflect atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, respectively.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurovascular dysfunction increases the brain's susceptibility to injury by (a) altering regulation of the cerebral blood supply, (b) disrupting BBB function, and (c) reducing the trophic support and repair potential of the injured brain.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.5. Summary
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This disorder can present clinically as migraines with aura, mood disturbances, recurrent strokes, or cognitive impairment163 and radiographically by the appearance of extensive WMLs, lacunar infarcts, microbleeds, and brain atrophy.164”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“CAA can also trigger vascular or perivascular inflammation,150,151 manifesting as vasogenic edema of subcortical white matter and more rapidly progressive cognitive decline.152”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Rodent models, although well suited to genetic manipulations and large-scale studies, can be problematic because of their small amount of white matter and limited behavioral repertoire.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 4. Basic Science Aspects: Importance of the Neurovascular Unit and Cerebral Blood Flow > 4.4. Animal Models of VCI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI sequences provide substantially increased sensitivity for detection of cerebral microbleeds and are key to the diagnosis of probable CAA.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.1. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Vascular Effects of Aβ
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Other hereditary small-vessel syndromes of the brain are rare and have generally not been reported as causes of sporadic disease via de novo mutation.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 5. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes > 5.2. Hereditary Small-Vessel Syndromes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure can be estimated noninvasively either from the radial artery waveform, using a transfer function, or from the common carotid waveform.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the relative contributions to VCI of microbleeds seen on MRI or microinfarcts discovered at autopsy remain uncertain, although both occur with increased frequency among people diagnosed with dementia during life.77,233”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Carotid IMT can reflect either a media thickening in response to the increase in blood pressure in hypertensive patients, an intima thickening in response to atherosclerotic risk factors, or most often a combination of both.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In all likelihood, common cardiovascular factors influence both IMT and VCI independently, but the consequences of vascular disease may also directly affect cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.1. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and VCI
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both aortic pulse wave velocity and central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure predict cardiovascular events independent of classic cardiovascular risk factors.182”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [182] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Small-vessel disease increases with age and is accelerated by vascular risk factors, most notably, hypertension and diabetes.223”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.3. Small-Artery Remodeling and VCI
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [223] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As previously discussed, VCI may have a variety of clinical presentations that may depend on the setting in which patients are evaluated.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.1. Clinical Presentation and Importance of Neuroimaging Studies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The analysis of aortic pressure waveform allows the calculation of central systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, which are influenced by aortic stiffness and the geometry and vasomotor tone of small arteries.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 6. Pathophysiology of Arterial Structure and Function > 6.2. Arterial Stiffness and VCI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Left hemisphere, anterior and posterior cerebral artery distribution, multiple infarcts, and strategic infarcts have been associated with PSD in at least 2 studies.40”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Conversely, measures of cerebral gray matter and hippocampal volume were both associated with declines in memory performance.256”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.4. CVBI and Cognition in Convenience Samples
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [256] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WMLs also share risk factors with stroke,239 although advancing age remains a strong effect.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [239] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among neuroimaging findings, silent cerebral infarcts, white matter changes, and global and medial temporal lobe atrophy are associated with increased risk of PSD.252”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [252] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with PSD have degrees of functional impairment and high mortality rates.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [252] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a Rochester, MN, community-based study of stroke, the prevalence of dementia was 30% immediately after stroke, and the incidence of new-onset dementia increased from 7% after 1 year to 48% after 25 years.250”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [250] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“WMLs are even more common and are generally present in most people >30 years of age,231 increasing steadily in extent with advancing age.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.2. Prevalence of CVBI and Associated Cognitive Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [231] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Risk of dementia is higher with increased age and fewer years of education, history of diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation, and recurrent stroke.251”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.3. Poststroke Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [251] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence estimates of VaD vary widely.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In general, however, after age 65 years, there is an exponential increase in prevalence and incidence of VaD as age increases,265,266 although the trends after 90 years of age have not been well established.4,267,268”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The clinical presentation and course of CVBI are highly variable, with the classic phenotype of stepwise decline in association with stroke10 being a relatively uncommon presentation for VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Structural MRI provides a fairly sensitive and specific marker for CVBI, but the relationship between CVBI and cognitive impairment is confounded by the frequent presence of Alzheimer disease changes of the brain and co-occurrence of depression on a cerebrovascular basis.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 7. Neuroimaging Factors That May Influence the Clinical Presentation and Course of VCI > 7.6. Summary
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Antioxidants, which include vitamins E,282 C, and beta carotene,283 consumed either as a part of the diet (fruits and vegetables) or as supplements, have been reported to reduce the risk of cognitive impairment.284”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Some studies report a higher incidence of VaD in men than in women,4,271 although a pooled analysis of incidence studies found no difference.272”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Fish oil n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are of interest because of their antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties and because they are major components of membrane phospholipids in the brain and play a critical role in neuronal function.288”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [288] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors276 and is a strong indicator of genetic risk for Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [276] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MCI may not differ by sex,273 but additional studies are needed to answer this question.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [273] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The incidence of VaD appears to be higher in blacks than in whites4 or in Hispanics with a history of stroke,274 possibly reflecting group differences in cerebrovascular risk profile.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.1. Nonmodifiable Risk Factors
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, there are a number of possible explanations or confounders in relation to education level and VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“We recognize that this is a somewhat arbitrary choice, because many articles and reviews show that vascular risk factors are also importantly associated with Alzheimer disease, mixed dementia, and amnestic MCI.110,260,261”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from these prospective cohort studies for diastolic blood pressure and cognitive decline are less consistent; however, many have reported a similar inverse relation.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In longitudinal cohort studies, higher systolic blood pressure has been associated with greater late-life cognitive decline, although some studies have reported a J- or U-shaped relation.342”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [342] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data on the role of blood pressure and hypertension in later life are not consistent, leaving open the issue of blood pressure treatment in older people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, studies vary in the amount of alcohol associated with a positive effect; the relative significance of global, memory, and executive function; and whether the effect varies by sex.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“possibly because nicotine may also stimulate cholinergic pathways within the brain.326”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [326] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is a relative paucity of data on the type and frequency of physical activity and what the short- and long-term benefits of physical activity are for preservation of brain health.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, long-term regular physical activity, including vigorous activity and walking, was strongly associated with higher levels of cognitive function, less cognitive decline, and less VaD.303–306”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.2. Lifestyle Factors
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression may impact cognitive functions and may mimic cognitive decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.3. Depression
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Midlife systolic and diastolic blood pressure, history of hypertension, and total cholesterol level predict VCI.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Finnish study Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE), midlife measures of total cholesterol significantly predicted cognitive impairment 21 years later, an association that was attenuated after accounting for statin therapy.354”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [354] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Severe chronic kidney disease has been associated with metabolic (uremic) and hypertensive encephalopathy and an increased risk of stroke.366”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.3. Chronic Kidney Disease
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [366] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings have been reported across multiple populations.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Findings in late-life cohorts vary, with some finding higher levels of cholesterol associated with a lower risk356 and others finding a higher risk for VaD.357”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are scarce data relating flow-mediated endothelial dilatation (brachial artery reactivity) with cognition.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.5. Peripheral Arterial Disease
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of these differences could be related to age or sex (the effect was weaker in women and older people) and the administration and effectiveness of anticoagulation.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.4. Atrial Fibrillation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relation of late-life VCI to measures of blood pressure and cholesterol in later life remains uncertain and requires further study, although higher levels of exposure to these risk factors may prove to be beneficial.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with blood pressure, inconsistencies may reflect timing of the cholesterol measurements relative to age, older people possibly being less likely to receive lipid-lowering therapy (“generational effect”), and clinical onset of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 8. Impact of Cardiovascular Risk Factors at Different Ages on the Risk of Cognitive Decline > 8.4. Physiological Risk Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Coronary artery bypass graft has been associated with poorer initial cognitive function and a higher late-life dementia risk.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.1. Coronary Artery Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Many facets of dementia care do not involve therapies directed at disease modification.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Cochrane reviews of VaD trials concluded that donepezil studies have provided the best available evidence for a beneficial effect for VaD397 and galantamine for mixed states,402 whereas a benefit of memantine410 and rivastigmine is still not proven.404”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A subsequent study of “pure” VaD patients (n=788) showed cognitive treatment benefits, including benefit for an executive measure but not for daily functions; however, there was an overall trend for global benefit (P=0.06).401”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [401] source
plaindirectn = 788 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Over the past decade, the role of vascular brain disease as a cause of cognitive impairment has become increasingly evident, alone or combined with Alzheimer disease.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In a recent study, however, more deaths occurred in the donepezil treatment group; this was attributed to the less than expected death rate in the placebo group.398”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [398] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The timing of such interventions may be important, because the association with dementia appears to be stronger for vascular factors and when measured in midlife rather than in old age, which suggests that midlife may be a critical period.424”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [424] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An 18-week study of donepezil in 168 patients with CADASIL had a neutral result but showed benefit in executive function measures in secondary analysis.408”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [408] source
plaindirectn = 168- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that hippocampal volume may need to be accounted for in future VaD trials.398”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [398] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an analogous manner, disease of the coronary or peripheral arterial circulations, atrial fibrillation, and clinically detectable renal and cardiac failure have each been associated with cognitive impairment.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.7. Summary: Concomitant Disease
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“There was statistically significant less decline in cognition, function, and behavior with galantamine, driven by the mixed subgroup, whereas subjects treated with placebo showed decline.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [403] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Vascular and metabolic risk factors should therefore be regarded as potential major targets for the prevention of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“It has been estimated, for example, that among the 106 million cases of Alzheimer disease expected worldwide by the year 2050, ≈23 million could be avoided completely if it were possible to delay the onset of disease by 2 years.423”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.1. Public Health Aspects
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [423] source
hedgedconditionaln = 106- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this is caused in part by loss of brain tissue, it may also reflect a direct effect of vascular risk factors on both risk of stroke and cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 9. Concomitant Clinical Vascular Disease > 9.7. Summary: Concomitant Disease
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One meta-analysis commented that the cognitive benefits of cholinergic agents and memantine were of uncertain clinical significance in VaD, and more data are required before widespread use of these agents is to be considered.411”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [411] source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specific pharmacotherapy trials targeting VaD have shown consistent, modest cognitive improvements with donepezil, galantamine, and memantine, but functional and global benefits have been less consistent, with evidence only from 2 large donepezil trials.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.3. Summary and Recommendations: Pharmacological Therapy
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, there are few randomized controlled trials, and there are methodological limitations in existing studies in the area.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.4. Nonpharmacological Treatments
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The donepezil trials focused on “pure” VaD (n=1219), in which placebo groups were stable over 6 months, requiring improvement to show efficacy.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
plainn = 1,219- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonpharmacological approaches have also been tried.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Rivastigmine has been less well studied, but beneficial effects on an executive measure were found in a 22-month, open-label controlled (n=16) study409 and in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial targeting vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia (n=50).405”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.2. Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment
What the sources say
plaindirectn = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mean duration of follow-up was ≤5 years for most studies, except 2 studies with a follow-up of 13429 and 19430 years and that included participants who were a younger age at inclusion.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Acupuncture showed cognitive benefit in a rodent model of VaD,421 but a Cochrane review of acupuncture in human VaD was inconclusive,422”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.4. Nonpharmacological Treatments
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reasons include only modest benefit on standard cognitive measures, which undersampled executive functioning”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 10. Clinical Trials in VCI and Symptomatic Treatment > 10.1. Background
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the 4-year follow-up, dementia was diagnosed in 410 patients, of whom 108 had dementia preceded by a stroke.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plainn = 410- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By comparing angiotensin receptor blockers with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 2 classes of drug similar in novelty and price, this study is a remarkable attempt to overcome confounding by indication.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the extension study, both Alzheimer disease and VaD were reduced by treatment with nitrendipine.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings, however, were based on a limited follow-up, a relatively small number of dementia cases, and confounding by indication.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the follow-up was relatively short, and ethnic disparities were not assessed.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The trial was stopped prematurely after a median follow-up period of 2 years on evidence of significant benefits from treatment with nitrendipine for lowering the risk of stroke.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“(4) small numbers of incident cases and low statistical power;”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of administrative databases, however, is subject to limitations such as a lack of precision concerning diagnosis of dementia and Alzheimer disease or the impossibility of taking into account potential major confounders such as educational level.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although initially planned as a trial of an angiotensin receptor blocker versus placebo, during the trial and for ethical reasons, antihypertensive drugs were administered to patients in the control group. Therefore, between-group blood pressure differences and the study power were reduced.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Combination therapy reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure by 12 and 5 mm Hg, respectively, and stroke risk by 43%.451”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [451] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Interestingly, 2 analyses of the same study showed different results according to the duration of follow-up: no effect on dementia and Alzheimer disease in a first study with only 2.2 years of follow-up432 and a 5% reduction in risk of dementia per year of treatment (6% for Alzheimer disease) in a study with a much longer follow-up.429”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Longer duration of treatment and lower age were associated with a stronger protective effect.429”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [429] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A few studies suggest a greater effect of some classes of antihypertensive therapy, but the evidence remains limited and is subject to bias so that no firm conclusion can be drawn about this relationship.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.2. Results of Main Studies on Vascular Factor Control and the Prevention of Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Some observational studies have suggested a beneficial effect of aspirin on cognition,465,466 although this was not confirmed in others.467,468”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Patients with diabetes of long duration are at increased risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and depression, as well as other phenotypes associated with aging.438a”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 438a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Diabetes is an important risk factor for mental symptoms and cognitive impairment, but available data are based mostly on observational studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They are subject to limitations similar to those of therapeutic trials and do not yield any substantial additional information.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is generally a lack of evidence for a positive benefit of antiaggregants and vitamin supplementation on cognitive function.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.6. Other Interventions for Vascular Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only 1 trial found that the risk for dementia was significantly decreased, but it was embedded in the report of the HYVET results, and its description was scant, especially concerning selection criteria for the studies.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This is often accompanied by other disturbances of mental function, such as depression or anxiety, all of these conditions being described as being more prevalent in established type 2 diabetes mellitus.438a”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites 438a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is scant evidence from observational studies on the effects of statin therapy on cognitive function, and the level of evidence is low.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Observational studies point to some benefit of antihypertensive treatment on the risk for Alzheimer disease, the treatment being apparently more effective in the youngest old than in the oldest people.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The treatment of hyperglycemia is associated with prevention of both microvascular and, to some degree, macrovascular events, based on data from a recent meta-analysis.457”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [457] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The possible effect of intensive control–induced hypoglycemia on cognitive function represents a relevant and yet-to-be-explored aspect in older people with diabetes.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In severe cases of hyperglycemia, the cognitive dysfunction is acutely impaired by hyperosmolar influences and electrolyte disturbances, conditions that are possible to improve by acute insulin therapy.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.4. Diabetes
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lipid control by statin therapy is able to prevent stroke, these drugs do not prevent cognitive decline in the elderly.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.5. Lipids
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Meta-analyses neither prove nor disprove the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment on the risk of dementia.”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 11. Prospects for Prevention of VCI and Alzheimer Disease by Risk Factor Control > 11.3. Clinical Trials of Blood Pressure–Lowering Drugs and Risk of Dementia
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Therefore, it has been proposed that there may be a convergence of pathogenic mechanisms in vascular and neurodegenerative processes that cause impairment of cognition.101,493”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“In fact, there is an angiogenesis hypothesis for Alzheimer disease and a possible role for genes in neurovascular unit dysfunction in Alzheimer disease.107,492”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, as subclinical CVBI, stroke, and vascular risk factors have been a major focus of this statement, a better understanding of the prevention of “silent” strokes and WMLs (ie, “covert” brain injury) is necessary, because these events may be associated with neuropsychological deficits and contribute to VCI and eventual manifest stroke sequelae risk.498”
§ Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia > 12. Summary and Course of Action
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [498] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Silent strokes outnumber clinically manifest strokes by more than nine to one.
- Rests on an assumption: The proportion of people with milder VCI is about twice that with severe VCI (VaD).
The authors state this as an assumption.
The underlying neuropathological substrate of amnestic mild cognitive impairment is pure Alzheimer disease pathology rather than vascular or mixed pathology.
“assuming the underlying neuropathological substrate of amnestic MCI is pure Alzheimer disease pathology rather than vascular or mixed pathology”
The paper relies on this without support.
Neuroimaging detects macroscopic infarcts about 3 mm or more in size, but microscopic infarcts and small-vessel disease are currently not within the resolution of most scans.
“First, neuroimaging detects macroscopic infarcts, ≈3 mm or more in size, but microscopic infarcts and small-vessel disease (eg, arteriolosclerosis) are currently not within the resolution of most scans.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Stiffer large arteries are associated with increased left ventricular mass.
“Additionally, stiffer large arteries are associated with increased left ventricular mass.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No study has investigated the relationship between small-artery remodeling and cognitive decline or white matter lesions.
“To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the relationship between small-artery remodeling and cognitive decline or WMLs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In community-based studies, evidence of CVBI and cognitive impairment is often found without a history of a strokelike event.
“For example, in community-based studies, evidence of CVBI and cognitive impairment is often found without a history of a strokelike event.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Late-life depression may be accompanied by a higher frequency of brain white matter damage and other subcortical lesions, such as lacunar infarcts.
“There may be a higher frequency of brain white matter damage and other subcortical lesions, such as lacunar infarcts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depression with a cerebrovascular basis may respond to treatment with certain selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors.
“Depression with a cerebrovascular basis may respond to treatment with certain selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The activity of biomarkers in the brain generally cannot be measured directly.
“The activity of biomarkers in the brain generally cannot be measured directly.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The only clear risk for cognitive impairment from alcohol intake is heavy alcohol use.
“The risks and benefits of alcohol intake have been debated for years, with the only clear risk for cognitive impairment being heavy alcohol use.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Smoking's effects on the cardiovascular system and neurons are mediated generally by oxidative stress and inflammation.
“Smoking has well-known effects on the cardiovascular system and neurons, which are mediated generally by oxidative stress and inflammation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Inflammation is a key process linking many cardiovascular risk factors to vascular and neuronal damage.
“Inflammation is a key process linking many cardiovascular risk factors to vascular and neuronal damage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During midlife, the population-attributable risk of dementia is highest for hypertension, up to 30% of late-life dementia cases.
“In relation to the role of vascular risk factors, during midlife the population-attributable risk of dementia has been reported to be highest for hypertension (up to 30% of cases of late-life dementia).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Smoking is a risk factor for stroke-associated dementia.
“Smoking is a risk factor for stroke-associated dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia is a metabolic condition of importance for cognitive function.
“Hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia is a metabolic condition of importance for cognitive function.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cognitive function is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.
“Cognitive function, an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly, however, is frequently not screened for in clinical practice as part of global cardiovascular risk and target-organ damage assessments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Silent strokes outnumber clinically manifest strokes by more than nine to one.
“It is estimated that “silent” strokes outnumber clinically manifest ones by a factor of >9:1”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportion of people with milder VCI is about twice that with severe VCI (VaD).
“and the proportion of those with a milder form of VCI is approximately 2-fold greater than those with a severe form of VCI (ie, VaD).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“neither include advances in understanding the pathophysiology and measurement of SVD”
From Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As pointed out by Gorelick et al. [56], a comprehensive assessment strategy is necessary for examining vascular contributions to subtle cognitive impairment, MCI, and dementia; and it notably differs from those strategies expressed by McKhann et al. [6] that bedside mental status testing—though not optimal—is acceptable or by the DSM-5 which recommends cognitive impairment be assessed either by”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“one MVL identified in standard sections of brain (Table 1 regions shaded green) is of unclear relationship to cognitive function, while multiple MVLs in these regions are associated with increased likelihood of cognitive impairment or dementia [24,52,62].”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“one MVL identified in standard sections of brain (Table 1 regions shaded green) is of unclear relationship to cognitive function, while multiple MVLs in these regions are associated with increased likelihood of cognitive impairment or dementia [24,52,62].”
From National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach (2012) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“included a class 2 recommendation for neuroimaging as part of the clinical investigation of vascular cognitive impairment.”
From Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“neither of these guidelines provide comprehensive recommendations for the many forms of SVD seen on neuroimaging”
From Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“a scientific statement from the American Heart Association incorporated neuroimaging evidence for SVD or stroke as part of the criteria for probable vascular mild cognitive impairment and dementia”
From Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration (2013) · cites this paper as [12]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, macroscopic infarcts occur in about one third to one half of elderly individuals, and of all major cognitively impairing disorders, including AD, there is a vascular component in up to 80%.4,18,19”
From Defining Optimal Brain Health in Adults: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Modifiable risks associated with poor cardiovascular health such as uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and depression are associated with compromised brain health.4”
From Defining Optimal Brain Health in Adults: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The statement did not recommend changes to the current management of cardiovascular risk factors to prevent dementia”
From Defining Optimal Brain Health in Adults: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The only Class I recommendation was, “In people at risk for vascular cognitive impairment, treatment of hypertension is recommended.”4”
From Defining Optimal Brain Health in Adults: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most common cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD), accounts for at least 20% of cases. 3”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Vascular dementia is now recognized as the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Rates of conversion to dementia, institutionalization, and mortality are significantly increased in these patients, identifying patients with VCI as an important target population for prevention. 3,8-11”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, these aspects have not been operationalized in current diagnostic criteria. 3”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“However, available diagnostic criteria vary with regard to sensitivity and specificity and are, thus, not interchangeable. 3,18,22-25”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of blood pressure (BP) lowering to prevent cognitive impairment in the elderly beyond stroke prevention is still controversial. 3”
From Vascular Cognitive Impairment (2017) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“A number of ‘vascular’ risk factors, variably referred to as ‘cardiovascular’ or ‘cerebrovascular’, have been identified as increasing the risk of cognitive disorders.”
From Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Emerging markers include carotid intimal-medial thickness and arterial stiffness, which are associated with arterial ageing and may serve as risk markers of VCD.24”
From Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement (2014) · cites this paper as [24]
In the citing paper
“Vascular dementia, a heterogeneous group of brain disorders in which cognitive impairment is attributable to cerebrovascular pathologies, is responsible for at least 20% of cases of dementia, being second only to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Gorelick et al., 2011).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Recent clinical-pathological studies have highlighted the role of cerebrovascular disease, not only as a primary cause of cognitive impairment, but also as an adjuvant to the expression of dementia caused by other factors, including AD and other neurodegenerative pathologies (Gorelick et al., 2011; Schneider et al., 2007a; Toledo et al., 2013).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“As for the other pathologies underlying VCI, there is a general correlation between the total burden of vascular pathology and cognitive deficits (Gelber et al., 2012; Gorelick et al., 2011; Inzitari et al., 2009).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Confluent white matter lesions, the imaging correlate of which is termed leukoaraiosis (fig. 3), and lacunes, small (<1.5 cm) white matter infarcts typically in the basal ganglia, are common occurrence in VCI and are strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors, especially hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and smoking (Gorelick et al., 2011; Wardlaw et al., 2013b).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Advanced age is a powerful risk factor for VCI, and the prevalence and incidence of cognitive impairment increases exponentially after age 65 (Gorelick et al., 2011).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“The development of treatments for VCI has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model recapitulating the multifaceted features of the disease (Gorelick et al., 2011).”
From The Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia (2013) · cites this paper as Gorelick et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Vascular dementia has seen a broadening of the concept to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia 156 , and new diagnostic criteria157, 158 have been proposed.”
From Mental health care for older adults: recent advances and new directions in clinical practice and research (2022) · cites this paper as [156]
In the citing paper
“A number of vascular risk factors that should raise the index of suspicion have been recognized, 34 but these factors should not be used as diagnostic criteria.”
From Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
In the citing paper
“Vascular disease also predisposes to cognitive impairment in older adults.182”
In the citing paper
“however, cerebral infarcts and neurovascular dysfunction are the most important cerebrovascular pathologies,182 both of which may benefit from regular physical activity.”
In the citing paper
“Substantial evidence exists supporting the link between cognition and cardiovascular risk factors.10”
In the citing paper
“In particular, high blood pressure has been linked with the pathophysiology of MCI other than with Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia.10,11”
In the citing paper
“However, evidence from randomized clinical trials that treatment of hypertension reduces dementia risk and that there is a class-specific effect of drugs targeting ANGII and its receptors is lacking (3).”
From Perivascular macrophages mediate the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction associated with hypertension (2016) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x · Cited by 25,553
Mild Cognitive Impairment: Clinical Characterization and Outcome
Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.3.303 · Cited by 8,980
Self-citationMild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity
Petersen, R. C. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x · Cited by 7,864
Self-citationExpert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications
Laurent, S., Cockcroft, J., Van Bortel, L., Boutouyrie, P., Giannattasio, C., Hayoz, D., Pannier, B., Vlachopoulos, C., Wilkinson, I., Struijker-Boudier, H., et al. (2006) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl254 · Cited by 6,077
Self-citationScreening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6 · Cited by 5,403
Structure and function of the blood–brain barrier
Abbott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., & Begley, D. J. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.07.030 · Cited by 5,185
Kernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., Fang, M. C., Fisher, M., Furie, K. L., Heck, D. V., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000024 · Cited by 5,170
Román, G. C., Tatemichi, T. K., Erkinjuntti, T., Cummings, J. L., Masdeu, J. C., Garcia, J. H., Amaducci, L., Orgogozo, J.-M., Brun, A., Hofman, A., et al. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.2.250 · Cited by 4,921
Self-citationAndresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4,426
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1993.
- Report of the Stroke Progress Review Group. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 2002.
- Safar M, O'Rourke MF eds. Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension: Handbook of Hypertension, Volume 23. New York, NY: Elsevier; 2006.
- Roose S, Sneed JR. The current status of vascular depression. US Psychiatry. 2007; 1: 21–23.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wardlaw, J. M., Smith, E. E., Biessels, G. J., Cordonnier, C., Fazekas, F., Frayne, R., Lindley, R. I., O'Brien, J. T., Barkhof, F., Benavente, O. R., et al. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70124-8 · Cited by 5,544
Self-citationHyman, B. T., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Carrillo, M. C., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., et al. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.10.007 · Cited by 3,092
Self-citationMontine, T. J., Phelps, C. H., Beach, T. G., Bigio, E. H., Cairns, N. J., Dickson, D. W., Duyckaerts, C., Frosch, M. P., Masliah, E., Mirra, S. S., et al. (2012) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-011-0910-3 · Cited by 2,894
Self-citationThe Pathobiology of Vascular Dementia
Iadecola, C. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.008 · Cited by 1,857
Self-citationMechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging
Wardlaw, J. M., Smith, C., & Dichgans, M. (2013) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70060-7 · Cited by 1,657
Metadata
- Authors
- Gorelick, P. B., Scuteri, A., Black, S. E., DeCarli, C., Greenberg, S. M., Iadecola, C., Launer, L. J., Laurent, S., Lopez, O. L., Nyenhuis, D., Petersen, R. C., Schneider, J. A., Tzourio, C., Arnett, D. K., Bennett, D. A., Chui, H. C., Higashida, R. T., Lindquist, R., Nilsson, P. M., Roman, G. C., Sellke, F. W., & Seshadri, S.
- Affiliations
- Alzheimer's Association (US)
- ORCID
- Gorelick, Philip B.
- Scuteri, Angelo
- Black, Sandra E.
- DeCarli, Charles
- Greenberg, Steven M.
- Iadecola, Costantino
- Launer, Lenore J.
- Nyenhuis, David
- Petersen, Ronald C.
- Schneider, Julie A.
- Tzourio, Christophe
- Arnett, Donna K.
- Bennett, David A.
- Chui, Helena C.
- Higashida, Randall T.
- Nilsson, Peter M.
- Sellke, Frank W.
- Seshadri, Sudha
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2672-2713
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- PMC
- PMC3778669
- OpenAlex
- W2527609605
- Semantic Scholar
- 349ef695d4a2dbdc85f5b635237c9068ec61b2ba
- Cited by
- 3,811
- References
- 538
- Citations by year
- 2026: 244 · 2025: 292 · 2024: 295 · 2023: 237 · 2022: 263 · 2021: 269 · 2020: 314 · 2019: 320 · 2018: 270 · 2017: 253 · 2016: 258 · 2015: 227 · 2014: 238 · 2013: 169 · 2012: 137
- FWCI
- 23.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- University of Southern California
- University of Minnesota
- University of Pittsburgh
- Minneapolis Heart Institute
- Rush University
- Daiichi-Sankyo
- University of Toronto
- Eisai
- Servier
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- National Institutes of Health
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Weill Cornell Medical College
- University of California, Davis
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG010129, R01AG021028, R01AG020098, U19AG010483)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS017950)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- vascular cognitive impairment, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, neurovascular unit, cerebral autoregulation, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, Alzheimer's disease, white matter hyperintensities, stroke risk factors, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, neuroimaging, prevention, treatment
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, American Heart Association, Mental Disorders, Cerebral Angiography, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, United States, Dementia, Vascular
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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