The DOI matches its Crossref record; 104 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 43 of the 163 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms
Open accessAbstract
As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive. Perceptions of social isolation, or loneliness, increase vigilance for threat and heighten feelings of vulnerability while also raising the desire to reconnect. Implicit hypervigilance for social threat alters psychological processes that influence physiological functioning, diminish sleep quality, and increase morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to review the features and consequences of loneliness within a comprehensive theoretical framework that informs interventions to reduce loneliness. We review physical and mental health consequences of loneliness, mechanisms for its effects, and effectiveness of extant interventions. Features of a loneliness regulatory loop are employed to explain cognitive, behavioral, and physiological consequences of loneliness and to discuss interventions to reduce loneliness. Loneliness is not simply being alone. Interventions to reduce loneliness and its health consequences may need to take into account its attentional, confirmatory, and memorial biases as well as its social and behavioral effects.
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53 No full text of the sources · 29 Own interpretation · 25 Supported · 9 Not checked yet · 7 Partly supported · 6 Supported so far · 5 Own result · 3 Sources not found · 3 No basis given · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Depressive symptoms have been associated with loneliness and with adverse health outcomes, but loneliness continued to predict CHD in these women after also controlling for depressive symptoms.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [19] Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 836–842. source
The Results (abstract) state that high loneliness was associated with incident CHD among women and that the finding persisted after additional adjustment for depressive symptoms. The Discussion likewise says the association persisted with that adjustment. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among women in the National Health and Nutrition Survey, chronic high frequency loneliness (>3 days/week at each of two measurement occasions about 8 years apart) was prospectively associated with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) over a 19-year follow-up in analyses that adjusted for age, race, socioeconomic status, marital status, and cardiovascular risk factors [19].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [19] Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 836–842. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“A growing body of longitudinal research indicates that loneliness predicts increased morbidity and mortality [12–19].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [12] Caspi A, Harrington H, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ, Poulton R. Socially isolated children 20 years later: Risk of cardiovascular disease. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006; 160: 805–811. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: Psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135: 854–864. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14 year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33: 1189–1195. source
- Partly supportedcites [15] Penninx BW, van Tilburg T, Kriegsman DM, et al. Effects of social support and personal coping resources on mortality in older age: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146: 510–519. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Direct effects sections report that greater loneliness predicted a higher risk of death during follow-up among older adults. The paper measured chronic diseases at baseline but does not report that loneliness predicted subsequent morbidity. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] Seeman T. Health promoting effetcs of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2000; 14: 362–370. source
- Supportedcites [17] Shiovitz-Ezra S, Ayalon L. Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010; 22: 455–462. source
The Introduction reports a longitudinal study linking chronic loneliness to poorer physical health and reviews studies linking loneliness to higher mortality risk. The Abstract reports that both situationally and chronically lonely older adults had greater all-cause mortality risk in this paper’s longitudinal analysis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Sugisawa H, Liang J, Liu X. Social networks, social support, and mortality among older people in Japan. J Gerontol. 1994; 49: S3–13. source
- Supportedcites [19] Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 836–842. source
The Results report that, in this prospective study, high loneliness was associated with both fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events among women. The Discussion describes follow-up of up to 19 years. The finding supports the paper's use as an example of longitudinal research linking loneliness to morbidity and mortality, though the study found no significant association among men. (LLM, conf=0.86)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“a follow-up study of these same individuals showed that a persistent trait-like aspect of loneliness accelerated the rate of blood pressure increase over a 4-year follow-up period [22]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: Five-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychol Aging. 2010; 25: 132–141. source
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that baseline loneliness predicted cumulative increases in systolic blood pressure over four years in the same sample of 50–68-year-old adults. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes chronic loneliness as having a durable influence that accelerated those increases, consistent with the claim’s trait-like characterization. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Penninx et al. [15] showed that loneliness predicted all-cause mortality during a 29-month follow-up after controlling for age, sex, chronic diseases, alcohol use, smoking, self-rated health, and functional limitations.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [15] Penninx BW, van Tilburg T, Kriegsman DM, et al. Effects of social support and personal coping resources on mortality in older age: The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146: 510–519. source
The Mortality section states that deaths were recorded over an average follow-up of 29 months. The Direct effects section reports higher mortality with higher loneliness scores and says that additional adjustment for physical limitations, self-rated health, smoking, and alcohol use hardly changed the estimates; its multivariate table also includes age, sex, and specific diseases. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“diminished executive control [30, 31]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Cacioppo JT, Ernst JM, Burleson MH, et al. Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur social neuroscience studies. Int J Psychophysiol. 2000; 35: 143–154. source
- Partly supportedcites [31] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Health Psychol. 2009; 28: 354–363. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper states that loneliness has been linked to impaired attentional self-regulation and reports an association with poorer hedonic emotion regulation (Discussion; page not available). These findings support diminished regulatory capacity, but the paper does not specifically assess or identify executive control, so the claim is broader than its evidence. (LLM, conf=0.80)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“many of these mechanisms are influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and obesity—factors that alter blood lipids and inflammatory processes that have known consequences for vascular health and functioning [62, 63].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350: 1387–1397. source
- Could not verifycites [63] Yusuf S. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study). Lancet. 2004; 364: 937–952. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed passages appear to come from a different paper: its References section lists the INTERHEART study, but no passage from that study's text is available here. Searches for diet, physical inactivity, obesity, blood lipids, and inflammation did not yield a passage establishing the claimed pathway to vascular health. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The prospective effect of loneliness on SBP was independent of age, gender, race/ethnicity, cardiovascular risk factors, medications, health conditions, and the effects of depressive symptoms, social support, perceived stress, and hostility [22].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: Five-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychol Aging. 2010; 25: 132–141. source
The Discussion states that loneliness predicted increases in SBP over time independently of the listed demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, medications, chronic conditions, and psychosocial variables. The Results also report that the long-lagged association persisted after adjustment for the psychosocial variables. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The association between loneliness and cardiovascular disease and mortality [13, 14, 19] may have its roots in physiological changes that begin early in life.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [13] Eaker ED, Pinsky J, Castelli WP. Myocardial infarction and coronary death among women: Psychosocial predictors from a 20-year follow-up of women in the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1992; 135: 854–864. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Olsen RB, Olsen J, Gunner-Svensson F, Waldstrøm B. Social networks and longevity. A 14 year follow-up study among elderly in Denmark. Soc Sci Med. 1991; 33: 1189–1195. source
- Supportedcites [19] Thurston RC, Kubzansky LD. Women, loneliness, and incident coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 2009; 71: 836–842. source
The Introduction reports links between loneliness and cardiovascular mortality, and the Discussion reports an association between loneliness and incident coronary heart disease among women. The citation follows the statement about that association; the subsequent suggestion about physiological changes beginning early in life is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“loneliness was associated with greater daytime dysfunction in a 3-day diary study of middle-age adults, an association that was independent of age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, health behaviors, BMI, chronic health conditions, daily illness symptom severity, and related feelings of stress, hostility, poor social support, and depressive symptoms.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [55] Hawkley LC, Preacher KJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration. Health Psychol. 2010; 29: 124–129. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 51
- Probably not a substantial claim. 10
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“all-cause mortality over a 4-year follow-up was predicted by loneliness, and the effect was greater in chronically than situationally lonely adults [17]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [17] Shiovitz-Ezra S, Ayalon L. Situational versus chronic loneliness as risk factors for all-cause mortality. Int Psychogeriatr. 2010; 22: 455–462. source
The Results report deaths between 2000 and 2004 and find that both situational and chronic loneliness predicted all-cause mortality, with chronic loneliness the slightly stronger risk factor. The Abstract identifies the sample as participants in the Health and Retirement Study. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system plays a major role in maintaining basal vascular tone and TPR [64, 65] and elevated sympathetic tone is responsible for the development and maintenance of many forms of hypertension [66].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [64] Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. ABC of hypertension: The pathophysiology of hypertension. Br Med J (Clinical research ed). 2001; 322: 912–916. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this source is attached to the claim about elevated sympathetic tone in hypertension, not the preceding claim about basal vascular tone. In “Cardiac output and peripheral resistance” (page unavailable), the paper describes sympathetic overactivity as a postulated contributor to very early hypertension. It does not establish that elevated sympathetic tone develops and maintains many forms of hypertension; the “Autonomic nervous system” section says its causal role remains unclear. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites [65] Black HR, Bakris GL, Elliott WJ. Hypertension: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. In: Fuster V, Alexander RW, O’Rourke RA, eds. Hurst's the Heart. 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:1553-604.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Guyenet PG. The sympathetic control of blood pressure. Nature Rev Neurosci. 2006; 7: 335–346. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“relative to nonlonely people, lonely individuals see the social world as a more threatening place, expect more negative social interactions, and remember more negative social information.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > The Loneliness Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2006; 40: 1054–1085. source
- Supportedcites [9] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009; 13: 447–454. source
The Conclusion states that, compared with nonlonely individuals, lonely individuals are more likely to construe the social world as threatening, hold negative social expectations, and remember negative social events. This directly supports all three parts of the paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“loneliness and poor quality social relationships have been associated with self-reported poor sleep quality and daytime dysfunction (i.e., low energy, fatigue), but not with sleep duration [49–52].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Crawford LE, et al. Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosom Med. 2002; 64: 407–417. source
- Partly supportedcites [50] Friedman EM, Hayney MS, Love GD, et al. Social relationships, sleep quality, and interleukin-6 in aging women. PNAS. 2005; 102: 18757–18762. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Table 2; page not provided) show that better social relationships were associated with better self-reported overall sleep quality, but not significantly associated with objectively measured total sleep duration. The Methods list daytime dysfunction as a component of the sleep-quality questionnaire, but our copy does not report a separate association between social relationships and daytime dysfunction or self-reported sleep duration. The study's own results concern aging women; its discussion of loneliness also cites earlier studies. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [51] Jacobs JM, Cohen A, Hammerman-Rozenberg R, Stessman J. Global sleep satisfaction of older people: The Jerusalem Cohort Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54: 325–329. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page not specified) identifies loneliness as a predictor of later poor global sleep satisfaction. The Results (page not specified) associate poor sleep satisfaction with fatigue, but do not establish an association between loneliness or poor-quality social relationships and daytime dysfunction. The paper also does not report that these social factors are unassociated with sleep duration. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [52] Mahon NE. Loneliness and sleep during adolescence. Perceptual & Motor Skills. 1994; 78: 227–231. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“short sleep duration has been associated with risk for hypertension [45], incident coronary artery calcification [46], and mortality [47].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [45] Gangwisch JE, Heymsfield SB, Boden-Albala B, et al. Short sleep duration as a risk factor for hypertension: Analyses of the first national health and nutrition examination survey. Hypertension. 2006; 47: 833–839. source
The Abstract reports that sleeping five hours or less was associated with increased hypertension risk among adults aged 32–59. The Discussion likewise reports an association with incident hypertension. This citation [45] supports only the hypertension portion of the citing sentence; the other outcomes have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [46] King CR, Knutson KL, Rathouz PJ, et al. Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification. JAMA. 2008; 300: 2859–2866. source
The citation is attached specifically to incident coronary artery calcification, not hypertension or mortality. The Abstract Results report that longer measured sleep was associated with lower five-year calcification incidence, and the Discussion describes an association between sleep duration and incident calcification. The supplied passages do not give page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Kripke DF, Garfinkel L, Wingard DL, Klauber MR, Marler MR. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002; 59: 131–136. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Our model of loneliness [8, 9] posits that perceived social isolation is tantamount to feeling unsafe, and this sets off implicit hypervigilance for (additional) social threat in the environment.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > The Loneliness Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2006; 40: 1054–1085. source
- Supportedcites [9] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009; 13: 447–454. source
The Conclusion states that feeling socially isolated can trigger implicit hypervigilance for social threats. The Social Cognition section describes lonely individuals as on high alert for social threats and as tending to view their social world as threatening, supporting the paraphrase about feeling unsafe. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Experimental sleep deprivation has adverse effects on cardiovascular functioning, inflammatory status, and metabolic risk factors [44].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [44] Mullington JM, Haack M, Toth M, Serrador JM, Meier-Ewert HK. Cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic consequences of sleep deprivation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2009; 51: 294. source
The Sympathetic activation section reports adverse changes in cardiac and blood-pressure regulation during sleep deprivation. The Endocrine/metabolic changes section reports slowed glucose metabolism, while the Inflammatory mediators section reports increases in several inflammatory markers, though it notes some negative results. Page numbers were not provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“more recent analyses of five consecutive annual assessments of loneliness and depressive symptoms have shown that loneliness predicts increases in depressive symptoms over 1-year intervals, but depressive symptoms do not predict increases in loneliness over those same intervals [36]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [36] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Thisted RA. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: Five year cross-lagged analysis of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations study. Psychol Aging. 2010; 25: 453–463. source
The Results report a significant one-year lagged effect of loneliness on depressive symptoms, while the reverse effect was not statistically significant. The Discussion states that, after demographic variables were considered, loneliness in year n−1 predicted changes in depressive symptoms in year n, but depressive symptoms did not predict changes in loneliness. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Cross-lagged panel analyses of the three consecutive days indicated potentially reciprocal causal roles for loneliness and daytime dysfunction: lonely feelings predicted daytime dysfunction the following day, and daytime dysfunction exerted a small but significant effect on lonely feelings the following day [55], effects that were independent of sleep duration.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Hawkley LC, Preacher KJ, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration. Health Psychol. 2010; 29: 124–129. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Short-term (i.e., 1 year) fluctuations in loneliness were not significant predictors of SBP changes over 1-year intervals, but a trait-like component of loneliness present at study onset contributed to greater increases in SBP over 2-, 3-, and 4-year intervals [22].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [22] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Masi CM, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: Five-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychol Aging. 2010; 25: 132–141. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Compromised regulation of emotion in lonely individuals explained their diminished likelihood of performing any physical activity, and loneliness also predicted a decrease in physical activity over time [31].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Hawkley LC, Thisted RA, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness predicts reduced physical activity: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Health Psychol. 2009; 28: 354–363. source
The Results (Cross-Sectional Regression Analyses) report that hedonic emotion regulation explained a significant portion of the association between loneliness and engaging in any physical activity. The Results summary also reports that loneliness predicted lower odds of activity over the next two years and a greater likelihood of becoming inactive. The Discussion limits the emotion-regulation explanation to the cross-sectional association, as the claim does. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Group differences in NF–κB/glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcription activity were not attributable to objective indices of social isolation, nor were they explained by demographic, psychosocial (i.e., perceived stress, depression, hostility), or medical risk factors [75].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [75] Cole SW, Hawkley LC, Arevalo JM, et al. Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biology. 2007; 8: R189.181–R189.113. source
The Results (Transcription control pathways) report that NF-κB/GRE ratios remained elevated after adjustment for demographic, psychological, and medical factors, including perceived stress, depression, and hostility. The same section reports that the ratios remained significantly elevated after controlling for objective social network density. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“However, the association between subjective social isolation and gene expression corresponds well to gene expression differences in animal models of social isolation (e.g., [77–79]), suggesting that a subjective sense of social connectedness is important for genomic expression and normal immunoregulation in humans.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [77] Levine S, Mody T. The long-term psychobiological consequences of intermittent postnatal separation in the squirrel monkey. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2003; 27: 83–89. source
- Supportedcites [78] Pan Y, Liu Y, Young KA, Zhang Z, Wang Z. Post-weaning social isolation alters anxiety-related behavior and neurochemical gene expression in the brain of male prairie voles. Neurosci Lett. 2009; 454: 67–71. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Poletto R, Steibel JP, Siegford JM, Zanella AJ. Effects of early weaning and social isolation on the expression of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mRNAs in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of piglets. Brain Res. 2006; 1067: 36–42. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“However, in lonely individuals, this correlation was attenuated and nonsignificant, consistent with a diminished effect of cortisol at the level of leukocytes.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [76] Cole SW. Social regulation of leukocyte homeostasis: The role of glucocorticoid sensitivity. Brain Behav Immun. 2008; 22: 1049–1055. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Parallel multilevel causal models revealed that prior-day feelings of loneliness and related feelings of sadness, threat, and lack of control were associated with a higher cortisol awakening response the next day, but morning cortisol awakening response did not predict experiences of these psychosocial states later the same day [73].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [73] Adam EK, Hawkley LC, Kudielka BM, Cacioppo JT. Day-to-day dynamics of experience-cortisol associations in a population-based sample of older adults. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 2006; 103: 17058–17063. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Social evaluative threat is known to be a potent elicitor of cortisol [74], and our theory that loneliness is characterized by chronic threat of and hypervigilance for negative social evaluation [9] is consistent with the finding that loneliness predicts increased cortisol awakening response.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Dickerson SS, Kemeny ME. Acute stressors and cortisol responses: A theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research. Psychol Bull. 2004; 130: 355–391. source
- Supportedcites [9] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC. Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2009; 13: 447–454. source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the effect size for social cognition interventions (−0.60, 95% CI −0.96, −0.23, N= 4) was significantly larger than the effect size for social support (−0.16, 95% CI −0.27, −0.06, N=12), social skills (0.02, 95% CI −0.24, 0.28, N=2), and social access (−0.06, 95% CI −0.35, 0.22, N=2)”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 50 studies eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis, 12 were pre-post studies, 18 were non-randomized group comparison studies, and 20 were randomized group comparison studies.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sugisawa et al. [18] also found a significant effect of loneliness on mortality over a 3-year period, and this effect was explained by chronic diseases, functional status, and self-rated health.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Physical Health and Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Sugisawa H, Liang J, Liu X. Social networks, social support, and mortality among older people in Japan. J Gerontol. 1994; 49: S3–13. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The conjunction of daytime dysfunction and micro-awakenings is consistent with polysomnography studies showing a conjunction, essentially an equivalence, between subjective sleep quality and sleep continuity [54], and substantiates the hypothesis that loneliness impairs sleep quality.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [54] Akerstedt T, Hume K, Minors D, Waterhouse J. The meaning of good sleep: A longtitudinal study of polysomnography and subjective sleep quality. J Sleep Res. 2009; 3: 152–158. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, the same amount of sleep is less salubrious in individuals who feel more socially isolated and, ironically, less salubrious sleep feeds forward to further exacerbate feelings of social isolation.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feeling socially isolated impairs the capacity to self-regulate, and these effects are so automatic as to seem outside of awareness.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The ability to regulate one’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior is critical to accomplish personal goals or to comply with social norms.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“loneliness was associated with elevated SBP in an elderly convenience sample [49], and in a population-based sample of 50–68-year-old adults in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study [21].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Crawford LE, et al. Loneliness and health: Potential mechanisms. Psychosom Med. 2002; 64: 407–417. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Hawkley LC, Masi CM, Berry JD, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychol Aging. 2006; 21: 152–164. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data suggest that a perceived sense of social connectedness serves as a scaffold for the self—damage the scaffold and the rest of the self begins to crumble.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Physical activity is a well-known protective factor for physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning [40]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] Penedo FJ, Dahn JR. Exercise and well-being: A review of mental and physical health benefits associated with physical activity. Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2005; 18: 189–193. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among young adults who were administered this task, the lonely and nonlonely groups did not differ in performance when directed to attend to their pre-potent right ear, but the lonely group performed significantly worse than the nonlonely group when directed to shift attention to their non-prepotent left ear [30].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [30] Cacioppo JT, Ernst JM, Burleson MH, et al. Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur social neuroscience studies. Int J Psychophysiol. 2000; 35: 143–154. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At high concentrations, circulating epinephrine binds α-1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle cells to elicit vasoconstriction and could thereby serve as a mechanism for increased SBP in lonely individuals.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“implying that health behaviors may better serve their purpose or have greater effect among those who feel socially connected than those who feel lonely.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true.
In the paper
“The association between loneliness and elevated SBP was exaggerated in older relative to younger lonely adults in this sample [21], suggesting an accelerated physiological decline in lonely relative to nonlonely individuals.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Hawkley LC, Masi CM, Berry JD, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychol Aging. 2006; 21: 152–164. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Candidate mechanisms include age-related changes in vascular physiology, including increased arterial stiffness [58], diminished endothelial cell release of nitric oxide, enhanced vascular responsivity to endothelial constriction factors, increases in circulating catecholamines, and attenuated vasodilator responses to circulating epinephrine due to decreased beta-adrenergic sensitivity in vascular”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Schiffrin EL. Vascular stiffening and arterial compliance: Implications for systolic blood pressure. Am J Hypertens. 2004; 17: S39–S48. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Cheitlin MD. Cardiovascular physiology-changes with aging. The American Journal of Geriatric Cardiology. 2003; 12: 9–13. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Folkow B, Svanborg A. Physiology of cardiovascular aging. Physiol Rev. 1993; 73: 725–764. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [61] Toro L, Marijic J, Nishimaru K, et al. Aging, ion channel expression, and vascular function. Vascular Pharmacology. 2002; 38: 73–80. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“To date, loneliness has not been shown to correlate with SNS activity at the myocardium (i.e., pre-ejection period [21, 56]) but was associated with a greater concentration of epinephrine in overnight urine samples in a middle-aged and older adult sample [21].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [21] Hawkley LC, Masi CM, Berry JD, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychol Aging. 2006; 21: 152–164. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Hawkley LC, Burleson MH, Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003; 85: 105–120. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the cognitive functioning of 75–85-year-olds (as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination) did not differ as a function of loneliness at baseline but diminished to a greater extent among those high than low in loneliness over a 10-year follow-up [28]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Tilvis RS, Kahonen-Vare MH, Jolkkonen J, et al. Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period. J Gerontol (A Biol Sci Med Sci). 2004; 59: M268–M274. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have noted that loneliness heightens feelings of vulnerability and unconscious vigilance for social threat, implicit cognitions that are antithetical to relaxation and sound sleep.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Sleep offers physiological restoration.
In the paper
“Elevated SBP is a well-known risk factor for chronic cardiovascular disease, and these data suggest that the effects of loneliness accrue to accelerate movement along a trajectory toward serious health consequences [20].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Aging and loneliness: Downhill quickly? Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2007; 16: 187–191. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“cognitive impairments may hamper social interactions, prompt social withdrawal, and thus lead to loneliness.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Gow AJ, Pattie A, Whiteman MC, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Social support and successful aging: Investigating the relationships between lifetime cognitive change and life satisfaction. Journal of Individual Differences. 2007; 28: 103–115. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Loneliness has been associated with urinary excretion of significantly higher concentrations of cortisol [70], and, in more recent studies, with higher levels of salivary or plasma cortisol [71, 72].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [70] Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Ricker D, George J, et al. Urinary cortisol levels, cellular immunocompetency, and loneliness in psychiatric inpatients. Psychosom Med. 1984; 46: 15–23. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [71] Steptoe A, Owen N, Kunz-Ebrecht SR, Brydon L. Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004; 29: 593–611. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [72] Pressman SD, Cohen S, Miller GE, et al. Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychol. 2005; 24: 297–306. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This self-reinforcing loneliness loop is accompanied by feelings of hostility, stress, pessimism, anxiety, and low self-esteem [8] and represents a dispositional tendency that activates neurobiological and behavioral mechanisms that contribute to adverse health outcomes.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > The Loneliness Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2006; 40: 1054–1085. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“TPR is the primary determinant of SBP until at least 50 years of age [57], which suggests that loneliness-related elevations in TPR in early to middle-adulthood may lead to higher blood pressure in middle and older age.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [57] Franklin SS, Gustin WI, Wong ND, et al. Hemodynamic patterns of age-related changes in blood pressure: The framingham heart study. Circulation. 1997; 96: 308–315. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“experimental evidence, in which feelings of loneliness (and social connectedness) were hypnotically induced, indicates that loneliness not only increases depressive symptoms but also increases perceived stress, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety, and anger, and diminishes optimism and self-esteem [8]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Cacioppo JT, Hawkley LC, Ernst JM, et al. Loneliness within a nomological net: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality. 2006; 40: 1054–1085. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other words, automatic attentional processes may be unimpaired, but effortful attentional processes are compromised in lonely relative to socially connected individuals.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Health behaviors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Negative social expectations tend to elicit behaviors from others that confirm the lonely persons’ expectations, thereby setting in motion a self-fulfilling prophecy in which lonely people actively distance themselves from would-be social partners even as they believe that the cause of the social distance is attributable to others and is beyond their own control [37].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > The Loneliness Model
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [37] Newall N, Chipperfield J, Clifton R, et al. Causal beliefs, social participation, and loneliness among older adults: A longitudinal study. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2009; 26: 273–290. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This recursive loop operates outside of consciousness and speaks to the relative impenetrability of loneliness to intervention.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“impaired cognitive performance and cognitive decline over time [27–29]”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Loneliness Matters for Mental Health and Cognitive Functioning
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Gow AJ, Pattie A, Whiteman MC, Whalley LJ, Deary IJ. Social support and successful aging: Investigating the relationships between lifetime cognitive change and life satisfaction. Journal of Individual Differences. 2007; 28: 103–115. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Tilvis RS, Kahonen-Vare MH, Jolkkonen J, et al. Predictors of cognitive decline and mortality of aged people over a 10-year period. J Gerontol (A Biol Sci Med Sci). 2004; 59: M268–M274. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Wilson RS, Krueger KR, Arnold SE, et al. Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007; 64: 234–240. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Almost 80% of our waking hours are spent with others, and on average, time spent with friends, relatives, spouse, children, and coworkers is rated more inherently rewarding than time spent alone [99, 100].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Emler N. Gossip, reputation, and adaptation. In: Goodman R, Ben Ze'ev A, eds. Good Gossip. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press; 1994: 34–46.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [100] Kahneman D, Krueger AB, Schkade DA, Schwarz N, Stone AA. A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The day reconstruction method. Science. 2004; 306: 1776–1780. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that loneliness is associated with elevated cortisol levels, loneliness might be expected to reduce risk for inflammatory diseases.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via nuclear hormone receptor-mediated control of gene transcription.
- Rests on an assumption: NF–κB up-regulates inflammation-related genes, and its activity is antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Chronic perceived isolation (i.e., loneliness) is characterized by impairments in attention, cognition, affect, and behavior that take a toll on morbidity and mortality through their impact on genetic, neural, and hormonal mechanisms that evolved as part and parcel of what it means to be human.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relevance of the association between loneliness and HPA regulation is particularly noteworthy given recent evidence that loneliness-related alterations in HPA activity may occur at the level of the gene, a topic to which we turn next.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, we perceive social isolation when social opportunities and relationships do exist but we lack the capacity to harness the power of social connectedness in everyday life.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“All but one of these reviews concluded that loneliness interventions have met with success, particularly interventions which targeted opportunities for social interaction.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Cattan M, White M. Developing evidence based health promotion for older people: A systematic review and survey of health promotion interventions targeting social isolation and loneliness among older people. Internet Journal of Health Promotion. 1998; 13: 1–9. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Cattan M, White M, Bond J, Learmouth A. Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: A systematic review of health promotion interventions. Aging & Society. 2005; 25: 41–67. source
- Not matchedcites [87] Findlay R: Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: Where is the evidence? Abstracts in Social Gerontology. 2004; 47.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [88] McWhirter BT. Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, with Implications for Counseling and Research. Journal of Counseling and Development. 1990; 68: 417–422. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [89] Perese E, Wolf M. Combating loneliness among persons with severe mental illness: Social network interventions' characteristics, effectiveness, and applicability. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2005; 26: 591–609. source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [90] Rook KS. Promoting social bonding: Strategies for helping the lonely and socially isolated. Am Psychol. 1984; 39: 1389–1407. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with the hypothesis that adverse social conditions result in functional desensitization of the glucocorticoid receptor, which permits increased NF–κB activity and thereby induces a pro-inflammatory bias in gene expression.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via nuclear hormone receptor-mediated control of gene transcription.
- Rests on an assumption: NF–κB up-regulates inflammation-related genes, and its activity is antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor.
In the paper
“This was accompanied by a significant improvement in self-rated health, fewer health care services and lower costs, and greater survival at 2-year follow-up [94].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Implications for Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [94] Pitkala KH, Routasalo P, Kautiainen H, Tilvis RS. Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on health, use of health care services, and mortality of older persons suffering from loneliness: A randomized, controlled trial. J Gerontol (A Biol Sci Med Sci). 2009; 64: 792–800. source
plaindirectn = 235- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An intervention study of loneliness and health has yet to be designed that addresses the maladaptive social cognitions that make loneliness the health risk factor it increasingly appears to be.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Implications for Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social connections with a mate, a family, and a tribe foster social affiliative behaviors (e.g., altruism, cooperation) that enhance the likelihood that utterly dependent offspring reach reproductive age, and connections with others at the individual and collective levels improve our chances of survival in difficult or hostile environments.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reproductive success of the human species hinges on offspring surviving to reproductive age.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That is, group activities such as those introduced in this intervention provide new social opportunities but do not alter how individuals approach and think about their social relationships more generally.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Implications for Health
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding may be attributable to impaired glucocorticoid receptor-mediated signal transduction; failure of the cellular genome to “hear” the anti-inflammatory signal sent by circulating glucocorticoids permits inflammatory processes to continue relatively unchecked.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > How Loneliness Matters: Mechanisms > Physiological functioning
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Cortisol regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via nuclear hormone receptor-mediated control of gene transcription.
- Rests on an assumption: NF–κB up-regulates inflammation-related genes, and its activity is antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Humans are such meaning-making creatures that we perceive social relationships where no objectifiable relationship exists (e.g., between author and reader, between an individual and God) or where no reciprocity is possible (e.g., in parasocial relationships with television characters).”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Findlay [87] was more cautious in his review, noting that only six of the 17 intervention studies in his review employed a randomized group comparison design, with the remaining 11 studies subject to the shortcomings and flaws of pre-post and nonrandomized group comparison designs.”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [87] Findlay R: Interventions to reduce social isolation amongst older people: Where is the evidence? Abstracts in Social Gerontology. 2004; 47.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Relative to the control group, individuals in the treatment group became more socially active, found new friends, and experienced an increase in feeling needed [93].”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Implications for Health
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [93] Routasalo PE, Tilvis RS, Kautiainen H, Pitkala KH. Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well-being of lonely, older people: Randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2009; 65: 297–305. source
plaindirectn = 235- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Humans are a social species and rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive.
“As a social species, humans rely on a safe, secure social surround to survive and thrive.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The ability to regulate one’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior is critical to accomplish personal goals or to comply with social norms.
“The ability to regulate one’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior is critical to accomplish personal goals or to comply with social norms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep offers physiological restoration.
“sleep offers physiological restoration.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cortisol regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via nuclear hormone receptor-mediated control of gene transcription.
“Cortisol regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via nuclear hormone receptor-mediated control of gene transcription.”
The paper relies on this without support.
NF–κB up-regulates inflammation-related genes, and its activity is antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor.
“NF–κB is known to up-regulate inflammation-related genes, and its activity is antagonized by the glucocorticoid receptor.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reproductive success of the human species hinges on offspring surviving to reproductive age.
“Consider that the reproductive success of the human species hinges on offspring surviving to reproductive age.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The only extant data to address whether successful loneliness interventions produce physiological and physical health benefits comes from the recent study of 235 lonely home-dwelling older adults.
“The only extant data to address this question comes from a recent study in which 235 lonely home-dwelling older adults (>74 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Given that loneliness is a significant and independent risk factor for complex psychopathology, including depression and suicidal ideation [8,9,11,12,34-36], lonely people may be particularly susceptible to disengaging from treatment early.”
From The Effectiveness of a Smartphone Intervention Targeting Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Influence of Loneliness (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These results are consistent with the existing literature examining the relationship between loneliness and mental health to the extent that they suggest that loneliness is associated with more complex psychopathology [8,9,11,12,34-36].”
From The Effectiveness of a Smartphone Intervention Targeting Suicidal Ideation in Young Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Influence of Loneliness (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, both social isolation and loneliness have been shown to be related to negative health-related behaviors, such as reduced physical activity and smoking [24,27–29]”
From Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Each is also associated with health relevant biological processes including higher blood pressure, C-reactive protein, lipid profiles, and poorer immune functioning (Grant, Hamer, & Steptoe, 2009;Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010;Pressman et al., 2005).”
From Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review (2015) · cites this paper as Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“First, research in psychology indicates that loneliness is a powerful emotional state that urges consumers to seek social connections (Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010; Holt-Lunstad et al. 2015).”
From AI Companions Reduce Loneliness (2024) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“That feelings of isolation were elevated before school lockdowns (T2) might reflect normal trends, because up to 80% of young people typically report experiencing loneliness (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010), while one in ten report “often” feeling lonely (Snape & Manclossi, 2018).”
From Adolescents' longitudinal trajectories of mental health and loneliness: The impact of COVID‐19 school closures (2022) · cites this paper as Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, feeling insufficiently connected to others is associated with profound and lasting negative consequences on physical and mental health, even leading to increased mortality.2”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In line with the literature, the experience of loneliness among participants was not premised upon physical isolation (Matthews et al., 2016), but rather upon the assessment that interrelationships were not satisfying intimacy needs (Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010).”
From Living through lockdown: A qualitative exploration of individuals' experiences in the UK. (2022) · cites this paper as Hawkley & Cacioppo, 2010
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Loneliness has also been shown to be associated with a wide range of physical and mental health outcomes, such as reduced cognitive function [23], depression [24–26], and mortality [3].”
In the citing paper
“The self-preservation motive causes lonely individuals to be hypervigilant to social threats, which may lead to worry about and even mis-interpretation of social interactions.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
In the citing paper
“A recent review (Goossens, 2018) suggests that feelings of loneliness tend to be prevalent during adolescence, and that this relationship could be explained by the evolutionary theory of loneliness (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010) and the processes of social reorientation characteristic of this developmental period.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
In the citing paper
“The theory states that loneliness activates two opposing motives: social re-connection and self-preservation.”
From Centennials, FOMO, and loneliness: an investigation of the impact of social networking and messaging/voip apps usage during the initial stage of the coronavirus pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
In the citing paper
“Researchers have identified three main pathways through which social relationships may affect health: behavioural, psychological and physiological mechanisms.3 4”
In the citing paper
“Non-systematic reviews have identified similar findings with respect to increased risk of mortality 59-64 , cardiovascular disease and outcomes 62, 65-72 , mental health 61, 62, 64, 73-90 , with less evidence for other physical health conditions and behaviours 72, 76, 80, 91-93 .”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“a number of non-systematic reviews have identified associations with changes to brain structure and processes, sympathetic neural tone, vascular stress responses, altered sleep and reduced sleep quality, cortisol secretion patterns, impaired cellular and humoral immunity, and reduced inflammatory responses 61, 80, 96, 102-106 .”
From An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness (2017) · cites this paper as [61]
In the citing paper
“Integrative reviews of the literature provide consistent evidence that social relationships – both quantity and quality – are a major contributing factor in lowering broad-based morbidity and mortality [1–3].”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“loneliness has been found to be associated with adverse health behaviors – poorer health practices (e.g., alcohol use and smoking) and fewer health-promoting behaviors (e.g., less physical activity, poor nutrition) among older persons.”
From Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Chronic loneliness disproportionately affects people older (that is, elderly people46) and younger (that is, adolescents14) than the participants studied here; future studies should test whether the current results generalize to those more vulnerable populations.”
From Acute social isolation evokes midbrain craving responses similar to hunger (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
In the citing paper
“loneliness may appear either as a behavioural manifestation of cognitive deterioration or as an early sign of an underlying pathology contributing to MCI and dementia (Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010;Wilson and Bennett, 2017).”
From Does loneliness contribute to mild cognitive impairment and dementia? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies (2019) · cites this paper as Hawkley and Cacioppo, 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
“the effect size for social cognition interventions (−0.60, 95% CI −0.96, −0.23, N= 4)”
§ Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms > Future Loneliness Matters > Interventions for Loneliness
“Moreover, existing social cognitive therapies have had a small effect overall (0.20) relative to the meta-analytic mean effect of over 300 other interventions in the social and behavioral domains (0.50) [91].”
Citations
Cites
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17018-9 · Cited by 12,026
(2000) · Cited by 9,198
Dickerson, S. S., & Kemeny, M. E. (2004) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355 · Cited by 5,881 · cited 1×
“Social evaluative threat is known to be a potent elicitor of cortisol [74], and our theory that loneliness is characterized by chronic threat of and hypervigilance for negative social evaluation [9] is consistent with the finding that loneliness predicts increased cortisol awakening response.”
The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472 · Cited by 5,173 · cited 3×
“Loneliness is typically measured by asking individuals to respond to items such as those on the frequently used UCLA Loneliness Scale [7]: “I feel isolated,” © The Society of Behavioral Medicine 2010 Correspondence to: Louise C. Hawkley, hawkley@uchicago.edu.”
InfluentialA Survey Method for Characterizing Daily Life Experience: The Day Reconstruction Method
Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D. A., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103572 · Cited by 3,422 · cited 1×
“Almost 80% of our waking hours are spent with others, and on average, time spent with friends, relatives, spouse, children, and coworkers is rated more inherently rewarding than time spent alone [99, 100].”
Danesh, J., Wheeler, J. G., Hirschfield, G. M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Pepys, M. B., & Gudnason, V. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032804 · Cited by 2,953 · cited 1×
“In turn, many of these mechanisms are influenced by lifestyle factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and obesity—factors that alter blood lipids and inflammatory processes that have known consequences for vascular health and functioning [62, 63].”
Penedo, F. J., & Dahn, J. R. (2005) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200503000-00013 · Cited by 2,851 · cited 1×
“Physical activity is a well-known protective factor for physical health, mental health, and cognitive functioning [40], suggesting that poorer self-regulation may contribute to the greater health risk associated with loneliness via diminished likelihood of engaging in”
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 · Cited by 2,380 · cited 1×
“The causal nature of the association between loneliness and depressive symptoms appears to be reciprocal [32], but more recent analyses of five consecutive annual assessments of loneliness and depressive symptoms have shown that loneliness predicts increases in depressive symptoms over 1-year intervals, but depressive…”
Self-citationHemodynamic Patterns of Age-Related Changes in Blood Pressure: The Framingham Heart Study
Franklin, S. S., Gustin, W., Wong, N. D., Larson, M. G., Weber, M. A., Kannel, W. B., & Levy, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.1.308 · Cited by 2,321 · cited 1×
“TPR is the primary determinant of SBP until at least 50 years of age [57], which suggests that loneliness-related elevations in TPR in early to middleadulthood may lead to higher blood pressure in middle and older age.”
Perceived social isolation and cognition
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkley, L. C. (2009) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005 · Cited by 2,144 · cited 4×
“Social evaluative threat is known to be a potent elicitor of cortisol [74], and our theory that loneliness is characterized by chronic threat of and hypervigilance for negative social evaluation [9] is consistent with the finding that loneliness predicts increased cortisol awakening response.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLoneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
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InfluentialSelf-citationReducing Suicide--A National Imperative
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Self-citationSocial regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes
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Stress, loneliness, and changes in herpesvirus latency
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Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C., Kowalewski, R. B., Paulsen, A., Hobson, J. A., Hugdahl, K., et al. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00049-5 · Cited by 492 · cited 2×
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InfluentialLoneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure.
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Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
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Do Lonely Days Invade the Nights? Potential Social Modulation of Sleep Efficiency
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Social relationships, sleep quality, and interleukin-6 in aging women
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Loneliness impairs daytime functioning but not sleep duration.
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Self-citationEvolution for everyone: how Darwin's theory can change the way we think about our lives
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Does altered glucocorticoid homeostasis increase cardiovascular risk?
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Social regulation of leukocyte homeostasis: the role of glucocorticoid sensitivity
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hawkley, Louise C.
- Venue
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-07-22
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 218-227
- ISSN
- 0742-5554 (ISSN-L)
- 0883-6612
- 1532-4796
- PMC
- PMC3874845
- OpenAlex
- W2168289525
- Cited by
- 4,782
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 598 · 2025: 580 · 2024: 534 · 2023: 576 · 2022: 561 · 2021: 515 · 2020: 379 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 191 · 2017: 149 · 2016: 111 · 2015: 131 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Behavioral Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John Templeton Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 RG999999, 5r01ag036433-02)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG 036433-01, R01-AG036433, R01AG034052)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- loneliness, social isolation, hypervigilance, social danger, vulnerability, sleep quality, physical health effects, mental health outcomes, attentional bias, memory bias, loneliness interventions, physiological function
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Health Status, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Immune System, Loneliness, Mental Health, Mortality, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Gene Expression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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