What People Really Think About Safety around Horses: The Relationship between Risk Perception, Values and Safety Behaviours

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Effective risk management supports a reduction of human injury-illness and fatalities in both work and non-work environments.

“Effective risk management supports a reduction of human injury-illness and fatalities in both work and non-work environment [17,122].”

• cites [17] Chapman, M., and Thompson, K. (2016). Preventing and investigating horse-related human injury and fatality in work and non-work equestrian environments: A consideration of the workplace health and safety framework. Animals, 6. sourcePartly supported

  The Conclusions (section 6; page not provided) say a workplace health and safety framework can support reductions in horse-related human injuries and deaths in both work and non-work contexts. The claim extends this to human injury and fatalities generally and adds illness, which the cited passage does not address. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [122] Mensah, 2016, Occupational health and safety and organizational commitment: Evidence from the Ghanaian mining industry, Saf. Health Work sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (page not provided) reports that management safety practices can reduce workplace injuries and describes occupational health programs as preventing ill health arising from workplace conditions. It does not extend that benefit to non-work environments or establish that risk management reduces fatalities. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

It may state two separate claims as one.

81.1% (n = 1037) of respondents reported having at least one horse-related injury, with an average of 3.28 injuries (SD = 6.19) per respondent.

“Of the respondents, (81.1%; n = 1037) reported having at least one horse-related injury, with an average of 3.28 injuries (SD = 6.19) reported per respondent.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents who derived an income from horse-related activities had an increased propensity to compromise their safety before that of their horse (χ2 (1,1271) = 6.546, p < 0.05), not wear a helmet when riding a horse at home (χ2 (1,1271) = 16.045, p < 0.001), and ride largely in a work or competitive context (χ2 (1,1271) = 8.226, p < 0.01).

“Respondents who derived an income from horse-related activities had an increased propensity to compromise their safety before that of their horse (χ2 (1,1271) = 6.546, p < 0.05), not wear a helmet when riding a horse at home (χ2 (1,1271) = 16.045, p < 0.001), and ride largely in a work or competitive context (χ2 (1,1271) = 8.226, p < 0.01).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The maximum number of reported rider falls from a horse in 12 months was 20, with a mean of less than one during this time.

“The maximum number of reported rider falls from a horse in 12 months was 20, with a mean of less than one during this time.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Males exhibited a higher propensity towards risk taking in general (F(1,1271) = 12.984, p < 0.001) and across all specific dimensions of risk-taking except health-related risk taking.

“Males exhibited a higher propensity towards risk taking in general (F(1,1271) = 12.984, p < 0.001) and across all specific dimensions of risk-taking except health-related risk taking.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Unsafe behaviours around horses were associated with higher levels of equestrian experience as well as income from horse-related work.

“Second, unsafe behaviours around horses were associated with higher levels of equestrian experience as well as income from horse-related work.”

• Also stated in: § 3.5. Horse-Related Safety Behaviours · boosted

  “Findings demonstrated that equestrian experience and income generation were associated with unsafe behaviours, whereas training was associated with positive safety behaviours.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

10.7% (n = 136) of respondents believed they were unable to control risks around horses, and 12.5% (n = 159) agreed it was okay to drug a horse to make it safer to ride.

“Analysis of respondent safety beliefs, values and interests showed (10.7%; n = 136) believed they were unable to control risks around horses with (12.5%; n = 159) agreeing it was okay to drug a horse to make it safer to ride.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

69.8% (n = 888) of respondents self-rated their level of experience with horses as intermediate or advanced.

“The majority of respondents (69.8%; n = 888) self-rated their level of experience with horses as intermediate or advanced (see Figure 1 and Figure 2).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents who derived income from horse-related activities exhibited a higher propensity towards risk taking in general (F(1,1269) = 15.860, p < 0.001) and across the specific dimensions of risk-taking in sport (F(1,1269) = 9.834, p = 0.002) and in occupational settings (F(1,1269) = 36.934, p < 0.001).

“Those respondents who derived income from horse-related activities exhibited a higher propensity towards risk taking in general (F(1,1269) = 15.860, p < 0.001) and across the specific dimensions of risk-taking in sport (F(1,1269) = 9.834, p = 0.002) and in occupational settings (F(1,1269) = 36.934, p < 0.001).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There were no relationships observed between propensity towards risk taking in general and perception of a horse as a hazard or that all horses could cause harm.

“There were no relationships observed between propensity towards risk taking in general and perception of a horse as a hazard or that all horses could cause harm.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The survey sample was predominantly female (90.2%; n = 1148), with 9.8% (n = 125) males and an overall mean age of 46.99 (SD = 13.71, range = 15-80) years.

“The survey sample was predominantly female (90.2%; n = 1148), with only (9.8%, n = 125) males and an overall mean age of the sample being 46.99 (SD = 13.71, range = 15–80) years.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

29.3% (n = 373) of respondents reported earning an income from horse-related activities, while 70.7% (n = 898) participated in leisure or sporting.

“Some respondents reported earning an income from horse-related activities (29.3%; n = 373), with the majority participating in leisure or sporting (70.7%; n = 898).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

96.1% (n = 1223) of respondents were prepared to follow safety rules even when others were not, and 91.1% (n = 1159) agreed an experienced rider not using safety equipment may influence safety values and beliefs of less experienced riders.

“The majority of respondents were prepared to follow safety rules, even when others were not (96.1%; n = 1223) and similarly (91.1%; n = 1159 agreed an experienced rider not using safety equipment may influence safety values and beliefs of less experienced riders.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

76.1% (n = 965) of respondents had received training in horse handling, 85.2% (n = 1081) in horse riding, and 48.4% (n = 614) were currently undertaking professional training.

“Of the respondents (76.1%; n = 965) had received training in horse handling, (85.2%; n = 1081) had received training in horse riding, and (48.4%; n = 614) were currently undertaking professional training (see Figure 3).”

It may state two separate claims as one.

A higher propensity towards risk-taking in sport was associated with disagreement with the statements that a horse is a safety hazard (F(1,1545) = 4.961, p = 0.026) and that all horses could cause harm (F(1,1545) = 9.643, p = 0.002).

“However, a higher propensity towards risk-taking in sport was associated with disagreement with the statements that a horse is a safety hazard (F(1,1545) = 4.961, p = 0.026) and that all horses could cause harm (F(1,1545) = 9.643, p = 0.002).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The survey was attempted by 1718 respondents, with 1273 completing all questions, representing 25 different countries.

“The survey was attempted by 1718 respondents, with a total completion rate of all questions being 1273 equestrians with representation from 25 different countries.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

46.8% (n = 595) of respondents would record a horse-related injury or illness if an on-line reporting database was available, and 89.2% (n = 1135) currently did not report human horse-related near miss events.

“However, less than half (46.8%; n = 595) would record a horse-related injury or illness if an on-line reporting data base was available and (89.2%; n = 1135) of the respondents currently did not report human horse-related near miss events.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

This was particularly evident with respondents who did not believe a horse was hazardous and could cause them harm, being overlooked when income and success was a stimulus.

“This was particularly evident with respondents who did not believe a horse was hazardous and could cause them harm, being overlooked when income and success was a stimulus.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Not all equestrians wear a helmet.

“Research supports the wearing of helmets as a safety tool [113,114,115,116,117] however, not all equestrians wear one.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Safety-trained respondents agreed they had more control of risk when riding horses (χ2 (1,1269) = 7.834, p < 0.01) and as trainers had an increased propensity to influence trainees' (less experienced) safety values and beliefs.

“Safety-trained respondents agreed they had more control of risk when riding horses (χ2 (1,1269) = 7.834, p < 0.01) and as trainers had an increased propensity to influence trainees (less experienced) safety values and beliefs.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents who self-rated their level of experience and horsemanship skill as advanced or proficient appeared more willing to take risks around horses and not follow simple, tried and tested safety-first procedures.

“Respondents who self-rated their level of experience and horsemanship skill as advanced or proficient, appeared more willing to take risks around horses and not follow simple, tried and tested safety-first procedures.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Some respondents in this survey had an increased propensity to disassociate horse-related human risk and potential harm to achieve sporting accolades and recognition.

“Some respondents in this survey had an increased propensity to disassociate horse-related human risk and potential harm to achieve sporting accolades and recognition.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The concept of tribal-bonding, experiencing group thoughts and aspirations was evident in this survey, with many respondents sharing similar equestrian activities, along with related safety beliefs.

“The concept of tribal-bonding, experiencing group thoughts [84] and aspirations was evident in this survey, with many respondents sharing similar equestrian activities, along with related safety beliefs [85].”

• cites [84] Olive, 2006, Relationship of safety culture and process safety, J. Hazard. Mat. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [85] Turner, 1994, Social identity maintenance prescriptions for preventing groupthink: Reducing identity protection and enhancing intellectual conflict, Int. J. Confl. Mgt. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Helmets still reign supreme over all other safety controls when humans interact with horses.

“Helmets still reign supreme over all other safety controls when humans interact with horses.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This survey highlighted human (equestrian) beliefs, values and perceptions about risk that have an influence over individual safety behaviors and actions during horse-related interactions, whereby respondents who received income from horse-related activities were more risk tolerant during daily living events, work, and non-work environments.

“This survey highlighted human (equestrian) beliefs, values and perceptions about risk that have an influence over individual safety behaviors and actions during horse-related interactions, whereby respondents who received income from horse-related activities were more risk tolerant during daily living events, work, and non-work environments.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Survey results have indicated there are many external factors that can motivate a human's risk-taking predisposition, resulting in either risk-aversion or risk-tolerance.

“Survey results have indicated there are many external factors that can motivate a human’s risk-taking predisposition, resulting in either risk-aversion or risk-tolerance.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

This survey identified all respondents who had participated in any form of horse safety training and leadership continued to expand their knowledge when interacting with horses.

“This survey identified all respondents who had participated in any form of horse safety training and leadership continued to expand their knowledge when interacting with horses.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

This study identified the self-rated more experienced group of respondents were found to be at higher risk, taking less safety precautions.

“This study identified the self-rated more experienced group of respondents were found to be at higher risk, taking less safety precautions.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

General risk perception was assessed using the standardized German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) survey.

“This was assessed using the standardized German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) survey [52] to measure respondent’s general willingness to take risks and their attitudes when car driving, financial matters, sports-leisure, health and career.”

• cites [52] Wagner, 2007, The German Socio-Economic Panel study (SOEP)-evolution, scope and enhancements, SSRN Electron. J.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Many equestrian organisations develop their own riding levels or modify traditional categories from internationally recognised bodies such as the British Horse Society, Spanish or German Riding Schools and Federation Equestre Internationale.

“Many equestrian organisation’s develop their own riding levels or they modify traditional categories from internationally recognised identifies such as the British Horse Society, Spanish or German Riding Schools and Federation Equestre Internationale [51].”

• cites [51] Webb, 2019, Experience, riding practices and training methods of Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI: 80–160 km) level endurance horse rider-owner-trainers in New Zealand, Comp. Ex. Phys. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

Human behaviours and actions have complex relationships with values, attitudes and perceptions.

“We already know human behaviours and actions have complex relationships with values, attitudes and perceptions [44,45].”

• cites [44] Eccles, 1995, In the mind of the actor: The structure of adolescents’ achievement task values and expectancy-related beliefs, Personal. Soc. Psychol. Bull. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [45] Dickson, 2000, Personal values, beliefs, knowledge, and attitudes relating to intentions to purchase apparel from socially responsible businesses, Cloth. Textiles. Res. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

Horses have been identified as a hazardous animal.

“horses have been identified as a hazardous animal [4,5,6,7]”

• cites [4] Woods, 2000, Beauty and the beast: Preferences for animals in Australia, J. Tourism. Stud.Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [5] Birke, 2007, Learning to speak horse: The culture of Natural Horsemanship, Soc. Anim. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [6] Safe Work Australia (2014). Guide to Managing Risks When New and Inexperienced Persons Interact with Horses, Safe Work Australia.Not checked yet
• cites [7] Thompson, 2015, Critical Review of Horse-Related Risk: A Research Agenda for Safer Mounts, Riders and Equestrian Cultures, Animals sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.

Horses can be dangerous, especially when humans ignore harmful situations or activities and choose not to control risk.

“Horses can be dangerous, especially when humans ignore harmful situations or activities and choose not to control risk [1,2,3].”

• cites [1] Chitnavis, 1996, Accidents with horses: what has changed in 20 years?, Injury sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [2] Douglas, M., and Wildavsky, A. (1983). Risk and Culture: An Essay on the Selection of Technological and Environmental Dangers, University of California Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [3] Lupton, 1993, Risk as moral danger: The social and political functions of risk discourse in public health, Int. J. Health. Serv. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Quantitative outliers were identified and adjusted by winsorising.

“Quantitative outliers were identified and adjusted by winsorising [59].”

• cites [59] Wilcox, R. (2005). Outlier Detection. Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science, John Wiley & Sons. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

More recent research suggests we need to consider what factors contribute to different human behaviours and the risks they are prepared to take when interacting with horses.

“More recent research suggests we need to consider what factors contribute to different human behaviours and the risks they are prepared to take when interacting with horses [17,31,32,33,34].”

• cites [17] Chapman, M., and Thompson, K. (2016). Preventing and investigating horse-related human injury and fatality in work and non-work equestrian environments: A consideration of the workplace health and safety framework. Animals, 6. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [31] Kouabenan, 1998, Beliefs and the perception of risks and accidents, Risk Anal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [32] DeJoy, 2005, Behaviour change versus culture change: Divergent approached to managing workplace safety, Saf. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [33] Harris, 2006, Gender differences in risk assessment: Why do women take fewer risks than men?, Judge. Decision. Make. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [34] Kasperson, 1988, The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework, Risk Anal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A few studies have analysed safety interventions highlighting the need for more robust preventative safety actions and risk mitigation opportunities.

“A few studies have analysed safety interventions highlighting the need for more robust preventative safety actions and risk mitigation opportunities.”

• cites [26] Nylund, 2019, Do riders who wear an air jacket in equestrian eventing have reduced injury risk in falls? A retrospective data analysis, J. Sci. Med. Sport sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [27] McKee, 2004, Why should 4-H horse and pony youth wear certified equestrian helmets, J. Ext. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [23] Guyton, 2013, Equestrian injury is costly, disabling, and frequently preventable: The imperative for improved safety awareness, Am. Surg. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Universally, equestrian does not define or outline a consistent approach to riding or horse-handling capabilities, levels or skills due to the complexity of the horse-rider relationship.

“Universally, equestrian does not define or outline a consistent approach [47,48] to riding or horse-handling capabilities, levels or skills due to the complexity of the horse-rider relationship [49,50].”

• cites [47] Hammitt, 1989, A comparison of user vs researcher determined level of past experience on recreation preference, J. Leis. Res. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [48] Kang, 2010, Comparative analyses of rider position according to skill levels during walk and trot in Jeju horse, Hum. Mov. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [49] Williams, 2017, Rider impacts on equitation, App, Anim. Behav. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [50] Peham, 2001, A new method to quantify harmony of the horse–rider system in dressage, Sports. Eng. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Horse-riding is ranked as one of the most dangerous sports due to high accident frequency rates and the severity of human injuries.

“with horse-riding ranked as one of the most dangerous sports due to high accident frequency rates and the severity of human injuries [8,9].”

• cites [8] Christensen, 2006, Training methods for horses: Habituation to a frightening stimulus, Equine. Vet. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [9] Barber, 1973, Horse-play: Survey of accidents with horses, Br. Med. J. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons was used in post hoc analyses between groups.

“Subsequent post hoc analyses between groups were undertaken through comparison of means using Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The research was conducted in accordance with CQU Human Research Ethics Committee protocol number H17/02-026.

“This research was conducted in accordance with CQU Human Research Ethics Committee protocol number H17/02-026.”

• Also stated in: § 2.4. Ethics Statement · plain

  “Ethics approval was received by Central Queensland University Ethics Committee. Approval number H17/02-026 / 0000020510 initial date 28 March 2017.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A horse is an imminent threat to human safety.

“The horse is a sentient being (it perceives and feels); a large and fast animal (up to 500 kg, travelling up to 50 km/h); capable of harmful forces resulting in an unplanned human intercept (kick, bite or strike) whilst being agile [19,20,21]. Consequently, a horse is an imminent threat to human safety.”

• cites [19] Norwood, 2000, Mechanisms and patterns of injuries related to large animals, J. Trauma. Acute. Care. Sur. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [20] Williams, 1989, Horse Related Injuries, HospitalNot checked yet
• cites [21] Greene, A. (2009). Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America, Harvard University Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The survey had a low attrition rate of 22% (1273 of 1718 starters completed the entire survey).

“Of the 1718 starters, 1273 completed the entire survey and only these results were used for data analysis. This is consistent with a low attrition (drop out) rate of 22% [58].”

• cites [58] Manfreda, K.L., and Vehovar, V. (2019, November 15). Survey Design Features Influencing Response Rates in Web Surveys. Available online: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.87.515&rep=rep1&type=pdf.Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

High-risk industries have minimised human risk exposures and promoted a safety-first culture through regular training, safe work procedures, risk-assessment tools, safety-data analysis and other safety innovations.

“With regular training to skill workers, safe work procedures, risk-assessment tools, safety-data analysis and other safety innovations, high-risk industries have minimised human risk exposures and promoted a safety-first culture [42,43].”

• cites [42] Wachter, 2014, A system of safety management practices and worker engagement for reducing and preventing accidents: An empirical and theoretical investigation, Accid. Anal. Prev. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [43] Rasmussen, J., and Svedung, I. (2000). Proactive Risk Management in a Dynamic Society, Swedish Rescue Services Agency (Statens räddningsverk).Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The inherent risk of human-horse interaction remains unchanged.

“Therefore, the inherent risk of human–horse interaction remains unchanged [18].”

• cites [18] O’Brien, D. (2016). Look before you leap: What are the obstacles to risk calculation in the equestrian sport of eventing?. Animals, 6. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The hierarchy of control options used in the survey was adopted from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) prevention through design program.

“The ‘hierarchy’ of control options used in this survey was adopted from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) prevention through design program to prevent or reduce occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities [55,56,57].”

• cites [55] Ertas, A. (2010). Prevention through Design: Transdisciplinary Process, ATLAS Publishing LLC. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [56] Lamba, 2013, Practice: Designing out hazards in the real world, Prof. Safety.Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [57] Renshaw, F.M. (2019). Prevention through Design (PtD). Handbook of Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

High-risk workplaces do not operate or receive industry approval without a strategically planned, tested and frequently reviewed safety management system.

“In comparison, high-risk workplaces (e.g., mining and construction) do not operate or receive industry approval where applicable, without a strategically planned [40], tested and frequently reviewed safety management system [41].”

• cites [40] International Organization for Standardization (2009). ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management—Principles and Guidelines.Not checked yet
• cites [41] Jannadi, 2003, Risk Assessment in Construction, J. Constr. Eng. Mgt. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Humans will never equal a horse's physiological characteristics or capabilities, remaining the weaker or more threatened species during any interactions.

“In comparison, humans will never equal a horse’s physiological characteristics or capabilities [21] whereby, remaining the weaker or more threatened species during any interactions.”

• cites [21] Greene, A. (2009). Horses at Work: Harnessing Power in Industrial America, Harvard University Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

In a study of 16 Canadian athletes, some expressed acceptance of injury as masculine and valued living with everyday pain, sporting violence and even death.

“A study by Young et al. interviewed 16 Canadian athletes (e.g., ice hockey, football and rugby) to explore their personal acceptance of injury in various sports. In some cases it was expressed by the athletes as being masculine and somewhat highly valued living with ‘everyday pain’, sporting violence and even death [68].”

• cites [68] Young, 1994, Body talk: Male athletes reflect on sport, injury, and pain, Soc. Sport. J. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias whereby humans have a tendency to overestimate their knowledge or ability.

“David Dunning and Justin Kruger (professors of psychology), explored this theory in 1999 and they describe their findings as the Dunning–Kruger effect [94]. It is simply defined as a cognitive bias (blind-spot), whereby humans have a tendency to overestimate their knowledge or ability.”

• cites [94] Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning–Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one’s own ignorance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Elsevier. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The human need to belong, think alike, network and protect each other's beliefs and behaviours can be likened to many herd animal behaviours.

“The human need to belong, think alike, network and protect each other’s beliefs and behaviours, can be liked to many herd animal behaviours [82,83].”

• cites [82] Wood, 2007, Evolving the selfish herd: Emergence of distinct aggregating strategies in an individual-based model, Proceed. R. Soc. Bio. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [83] Avital, E., and Jablonka, E. (2000). Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution, Cambridge University Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.

More effective advanced controls may include training, safe handling-riding procedures, talking about risks with horses, better handler-rider match, fit-for-purpose equipment, checking the environment and supervision needs.

“Some more effective (advanced) controls may include training, safe handling-riding procedures, talking about risks with horses, better handler-rider match, fit-for-purpose equipment, checking the environment and supervision needs, just to name a few.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Sticking together enables strong cultural-social bonds and provides a protective barrier for varying horse-discipline identities and differences of opinions.

“Sticking together enables strong cultural-social bonds and provides a protective barrier for varying horse-discipline identities and differences of opinions [80,81].”

• cites [80] Abrams, 1990, Social identification, self-categorization and social influence, Eur. Rev. Soc. Psych. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [81] Goldsmith, 2011, Social influence and sustainability in households, Int. J. Consum. Stud. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Recent research has highlighted the potential for participants in equestrian sports to overestimate their level of knowledge or skill.

“Recent research has highlighted the potential for participants in equestrian sports to overestimate their level of knowledge or skill [93].”

• cites [93] Marlin, D., Pal, L., Randle, H., and Williams, J.M. (2018, January 29). Do equestrians have insight into their equine-related knowledge (or lack of knowledge). Proceedings of the 14th International Equitation Science Conference, Rome, Italy.Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

This belief raises a number of safety, legal and horse welfare concerns.

“This belief raises a number of safety, legal and horse welfare concerns.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Safety trade-offs overshadowed by income, especially in competitive occupational and sporting environments, exposed a disregard for safety-first principles, despite the human knowing the harmful consequences.

“Safety trade-offs overshadowed by income, especially in competitive occupational and sporting environments, exposed a disregard for safety-first principles, despite the human knowing the harmful consequences [52,92].”

• cites [52] Wagner, 2007, The German Socio-Economic Panel study (SOEP)-evolution, scope and enhancements, SSRN Electron. J.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites [92] Slanger, 1997, Motivation and disinhibition in high risk sports: Sensation seeking and self-efficacy, J. Res. Personal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Kasperson et al.'s theory is influenced by public opinion through the increase of an acceptable response to a single risk or risk event.

“This theory is influenced by public opinion through the increase of an acceptable response to a single risk or risk event [76].”

• cites [76] Wahlberg, 2000, Risk perception and the media, J. Risk. Res. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In a study of German Olympian athletes, the elite group had a positive correlation to risk acceptance both physical and social within their sport environment.

“Similar findings were highlighted in a study of German Olympian athletes, whereby the elite group had a positive correlation to risk acceptance both physical and social within their sport environment [70].”

• cites [70] Saragiotto, 2014, What do recreational runners think about risk factors for running injuries? A descriptive study of their beliefs and opinions, J. Ortho. Sports. Phy. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

If the equestrian industry chose to implement tried-and-tested safety principles, this would assist in mitigating risk and potentially reduce human horse-related injury and fatalities.

“Moreover, if the equestrian industry chose to implement these tried-and-tested safety principles, this would assist in mitigating risk and potentially reduce human horse-related injury and fatalities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

With this, adherence to best safety practices diminishes and more short-cuts are likely to occur.

“With this adherence to best safety practices diminish and more short-cuts are likely to occur.”

Probably not a substantial claim.

Some human behaviours likened to those of herd animals may unintentionally cloud independent judgment resulting in more exposure to imminent danger or a hazard.

“Some human behaviours likened to those of herd animals may unintentionally cloud independent judgment resulting in more exposure to imminent danger or a hazard.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The concept of sensation or stimulation seeking may explain why some humans take more risks around horses than others.

“In addition, the concept of sensation or stimulation seeking has been given some consideration by researchers [46,60,89] and this may explain why some humans take more risks around horse than others.”

• cites [46] Thompson, 2013, Over-riding concerns: Developing safe relations in the high-risk interspecies sport of eventing, Int. Rev. Sociol. Sport. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [60] Nicholson, 2005, Personality and domain-specific risk taking, J. Risk. Res. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [89] Zuckerman, M. (2007). Sensation Seeking and Risky Behaviour, American Psychological Association. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Myers theory and explanation may lead to inaccurate, unsafe or biased safety decisions.

“Myers theory and explanation may lead to inaccurate, unsafe or biased safety decisions.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Nixon's review of American sport articles suggests athletes identify with a set of values and beliefs to accept risk and pain in sport, due to culture and social messaging.

“The findings suggest athletes identify with a set of values and beliefs to accept risk and pain in sport, due to the nature and implications of culture and social messaging [77].”

• cites [77] Nixon, 1993, Accepting the risks of pain and injury in sport: Mediated cultural influences on playing hurt, Soc. Sport. J. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The use of a helmet for some may suggest an element of risk compensation whereby a human changes their behaviour becoming more careful when sensing increased risk, and with a helmet less careful if they feel protected.

“The use of a helmet for some may suggest an element of ‘risk compensation’ whereby a human changes their behaviour becoming more careful when sensing increased risk, and with a helmet less careful if they feel protected.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

If a horse receiving drugs to make it safer to ride changes hands, the opportunity for non-disclosure of previous usage by the owner is very likely.

“Finally, (3) if a horse receiving drugs to make it safer to ride changes hands (sale, lease or other), the opportunity for non-disclosure of previous usage by the owner is very likely.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

If a horse is unsafe to ride, masking or intermittently controlling an unwanted or unsafe behaviour with a drug or substance does not fix or change the initial problem behaviour, even though it may take the edge off it.

“(1) If a horse is unsafe to ride, masking or intermittently controlling an unwanted or unsafe behaviour with a drug or substance does not fix or change the initial problem behaviour, even though it may ‘take the edge off it’.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Trade-offs for income regardless of the risk to human health or wellbeing seem to be accepted in other contexts like sex workers, income per capita with less preparation for natural disasters, and rising urbanisation escalating global risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes.

“Trade-offs for income regardless of the risk to human health or wellbeing seems to be accepted in other contexts like, sex workers [99,100], income per capita, with less preparation for natural disasters [101] and rising urbanisation escalating global risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes [102].”

• cites [99] Musyoki, 2015, Prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and risk behaviours among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya: Results of a respondent driven sampling study, AIDS Behav. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [100] Benotsch, 2004, Drug use and sexual risk behaviours among female Russian IDUs who exchange sex for money or drugs, Int. J. STD AIDS sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [101] Kellenberg, 2008, Does rising income increase or decrease damage risk from natural disasters?, J. Urban Econ. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [102] Tilman, 2014, Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health, Nature sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Improved safety controls usually require more planning and implementation than PPE.

“Improved safety controls usually require more planning and implementation than PPE.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

In these circumstances, feelings of human dread or fear in a dangerous situation are expelled from normal human thinking processes.

“In these circumstances, feelings of human dread or fear in a dangerous situation are expelled from normal human thinking processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Humans tend to feel more comfortable and accepted in groups.

“Humans tend to feel more comfortable and accepted in groups [79].”

• cites [79] Joffe, 2003, Risk: From perception to social representation, Brit. J. Soc. Psych. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A human may be less likely to express a safety concern or belief for fear of not fitting in, being rejected or different, creating intellectual conflict and unwillingness to speak up or accept change.

“Moreover, a human may be less likely to express a safety concern or belief for fear of not ‘fitting-in’ the group, being rejected or different, thus creating intellectual conflict and an unwillingness to speak-up or accept a change in tradition or culture.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Research validates less competent humans often exaggerate their level of skill and knowledge.

“given research validates less competent humans often exaggerate their level of skill and knowledge [98].”

• cites [98] Huang, 2013, When peers are not peers and don’t know it: The Dunning-Kruger effect and self-fulfilling prophecy in peer-review, Bioessays sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Myers suggests risk perception is a common sense approach, educated guess or intuition (heuristics), a mental shortcut to reduce decision making.

“Myers suggests it’s a common sense approach, educated guess or intuition (heuristics), a mental (cognitive) shortcut to reduce decision making [72].”

• cites [72] Myers, D.G. (2010). Social Psychology, McGraw Hill. [10th ed.].Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

One way a human can determine if their judgments and choices are accurate is if they receive guidance, a signal, or engage a mentor (coach or supervisor).

“However, one way a human can determine if their judgments and choices are accurate is if they receive guidance, a signal, or engage a mentor (coach or supervisor).”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Kasperson et al.'s theory of social amplification of risk includes human psychology, social and cultural perspectives.

“Finally, Kasperson et al.’s theory of social amplification of risk (interdisciplinary approach) includes human psychology, social and cultural perspectives [34].”

• cites [34] Kasperson, 1988, The social amplification of risk: A conceptual framework, Risk Anal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In many circumstances humans are more likely to be misguided by their own choices, even if they believe they are right and justified.

“In many circumstances humans are more likely to be misguided by their own choices, even if they believe they are right and justified.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Perception of lower levels of risk is associated with a higher risk of injury in sport.

“Deroche et al. identified following a study of psychological mediators in sport injury, that the perception of lower levels of risk were associated with a higher risk of injury [67].”

• cites [67] Deroche, 2012, Psychological mediators of the sport injury—perceived risk relationship, Risk. Anal. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Research has found that those who participate in high-risk sports are predominantly extroverts with Type A personality characteristics and tend to be emotionally stable.

“Research has found that those who participate in high-risk sports are predominantly extroverts with Type A personality characteristics and they tend to be emotionally stable [87,88].”

• cites [87] Watson, 2004, Personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors, Percept. Mot. Ski. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [88] Freixanet, 1991, Personality profile of subjects engaged in high physical risk sports. Personality, Ind. Diff. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Research has recognised safety-first human behaviours involving a problematic task may change if rules are not reinforced and money becomes an incentive.

“Research has recognised safety-first human behaviours involving a problematic task, may change if rules are not reinforced and money becomes an incentive [103].”

• cites [103] Arkes, 1986, Factors influencing the use of a decision rule in a probabilistic task, Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. Proc. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Many forms of drugs and substances are used illegally and often over-used or abused by humans.

“In addition, it is well known that many forms of drugs and substances are used illegally an often over-used or abused by humans [106,107].”

• cites [106] Volkow, N.D. (2019, November 15). Prescription drugs: Abuse and Addiction; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Available online: https://www.drugabuse.gov.Not checked yet
• cites [107] Compton, 2006, Abuse of prescription drugs and the risk of addiction, Drug. Alc. Dep. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Dunning-Kruger theory suggests that the most competent humans usually underestimate their level of capabilities.

“This theory suggests that the most competent humans usually underestimate their level of capabilities [94].”

• cites [94] Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning–Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one’s own ignorance. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Elsevier. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Respondents self-rated their level of capability using a brief definition of an adjusted 5-level-skill-scale based on the British Horse Societies Pathways program, and it was their subjective opinion to determine their own rating.

“To assist respondents in self-rating their level of capability they were provided with a brief definition of an adjusted 5-level-skill-scale based on the British Horse Societies Pathways program.”

• Also stated in: § 4.3. Horse-Related Safety Behaviours · plain

  “It was the respondent’s subjective opinion of themselves to determine their own rating.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Helmet usage is frequently a topic of debate amongst equestrians, horse-related disciplines, and other sports, with the perception that if the helmet is on you are safe to ride.

“Helmet usage is frequently a topic of debate amongst equestrians, horse-related disciplines, and other sports, with the perception that if the lid (helmet) is on your safe to ride [112].”

• cites [112] Bazargan, 2011, The frequency and predictors of helmet use among Iranian motorcyclists: A quantitative and qualitative study, Accid. Anal. Prev. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Some equestrians may fit into the sensation-seeking group, with confidence, high self-efficacy and a strong desire to master the challenge of any high-risk activity, to control oneself and their environment.

“Some equestrians may fit into the sensation-seeking group [90], oozing confidence, with high self-efficacy and a strong desire to master the challenge of any high-risk activity, to control oneself and their environment [87,91,92].”

• cites [90] Rowland, 1986, Sensation seeking and participation in sporting activities, J. Sport. Exer. Psych. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [87] Watson, 2004, Personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors, Percept. Mot. Ski. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [91] Slovic, P. (1992). Perception of Risk: Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm, University of Oregon Division Research.Not checked yet
• cites [92] Slanger, 1997, Motivation and disinhibition in high risk sports: Sensation seeking and self-efficacy, J. Res. Personal. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

This belief is unlikely to change without further interventions such as risk analysis, safety training and sharing ideas or experiences to be safer around horses.

“This belief is unlikely to change without further interventions, such as risk analysis, safety training and the sharing ideas or experiences to be safer around horses [71].”

• cites [71] Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B., and Lichtenstein, S. (1981). Perceived Risk: Psychological Factors and Social Implications, Decision Research Branch of Perceptronics. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Drugs are used by humans for medical or mental health conditions, pleasure and social purposes, an accepted and well-known practice in society.

“Drugs are used by humans for medical or mental health conditions, pleasure and social purposes, this being an accepted and well-known practice in society [104,105].”

• cites [104] Hanson, G., Venturelli, P., and Fleckenstein, A. (2001). Drugs and Society, Jones & Bartlett Publishers.Not checked yet
• cites [105] Ksir, C., Hart, C., and Ray, O. (2009). Drugs, Society and Human Behavior, McGraw-Hill.Not checked yet

It may state two separate claims as one.

Being over-confident can result in harm, also lead to complacency and human error.

“Being over-confident can result in harm, also lead to complacency and human error [97].”

• cites [97] Trevelyan, 2008, Optimism, overconfidence and entrepreneurial activity, Mgt. Dec. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Drugs and substances are used by humans (some unqualified) for horses (prescribed or not by a veterinarian) for performance enhancement, calming, horse-health, welfare or sedation.

“Drugs and substances are used by humans (some unqualified) for horses (prescribed or not by a veterinarian) for the purposes of performance enhancement, calming, horse-health, welfare or sedation of a horse [108,109,110,111].”

• cites [108] Atock, 1994, Welfare of competition horses, Rev. Sci. Tech. L’Office Int. Epizoot. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [109] Bartek, K.E. (2013). What Ails America’s Racetracks: Drugging in Horse Racing, Seton Hall University.Not checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [110] Murphy, D. (1982). Horse Racing and Drug Abuse: Untangling the Issues Involved, The Humane Society Institute for Science and Policy, WBI Studies Repository. Available online: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=acwp_ewp.Not checked yet
• cites [111] Charles, C. (1981). Drugs and the Performance Horse, Thomas.Not checked yet

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Some athletes could be described as having a stimulus addiction, whereby daily activities of living may be routine and boring, so pushing physical and emotional boundaries becomes exciting.

“Some athletes could be described as having a stimulus addiction, whereby daily activates of living may be somewhat routine and boring, so pushing their physical and emotional boundaries becomes exciting [87].”

• cites [87] Watson, 2004, Personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors, Percept. Mot. Ski. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The alleged title of high-risk athletes being mad is often accompanied by strong leadership skills, emotional stability, independence and low levels of anxiety.

“However, this alleged title is often accompanied by strong leadership skills, emotional stability, independence and low levels of anxiety [87].”

• cites [87] Watson, 2004, Personality differences in high risk sports amateurs and instructors, Percept. Mot. Ski. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Horse-related injuries is well researched identifying young inexperienced (amateur) female riders under or around 20 years of age are the at-risk-group for accidents and fatalities.

“Horse-related injuries is well researched identifying young inexperienced (amateur) female riders under or around 20 years of age are the at-risk-group for accidents and fatalities [62,63,64].”

• cites [62] Thomas, 2006, Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001–2003, Brit. J. Sports. Med. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [63] McCrory, P., and Turner, M. (2005). Equestrian injuries. Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries, Karger Publishers. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [64] 1992, Pediatric equestrian injuries, Pediatrics. J. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

These safer processes build a more robust risk management program for safer human-horse interactions.

“These safer processes build a more robust risk management program for safer human–horse interactions [42,123].”

• cites [42] Wachter, 2014, A system of safety management practices and worker engagement for reducing and preventing accidents: An empirical and theoretical investigation, Accid. Anal. Prev. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [123] Vinodkumar, 2010, Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation, Accid. Anal. Prev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Survey results may change through improved communication to mitigate any language barriers.

“Therefore, survey results may change through improved communication to mitigate any language barriers [166].”

• cites [166] Abbe, 2006, A survey of language barriers from the perspective of pediatric oncologists, interpreters, and parents, Pediatric Blood Cancer sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

General statements like 'unsafe behaviours for a horse' were not defined whereas other questions included parameters and definitions, which may have been easier for some and not others to interpret.

“General statements like ‘unsafe behaviours for a horse’ were not defined whereas, other questions included parameters and definitions, which may have been easier for some and not others to interpret.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Due to the complexity of language and varying disciplines in equestrian, some terminology used may have been misunderstood by respondents, which may limit communication competence.

“Due to the complexity of language and varying disciplines in equestrian some terminology used may have been misunderstood by respondents, which in fact may limit communication competence [165].”

• cites [165] Richards, J.C., and Schmidt, R.W. (2014). Language and Communication, Routledge. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A similar proactive investment for equestrian would far outweigh significant costs of human rehabilitation and associated legal fees.

“A similar proactive investment for equestrian would far outweigh significant costs of human rehabilitation [161] and associated legal fees.”

• cites [161] Parkkari, 2001, Is it possible to prevent sports injuries?, Sports. Med. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The only mode of survey participation was an online format, with no option for telephone, written or face to face completion.

“Furthermore, the only mode of survey participation was an online format, with no option for telephone, written or face to face completion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

A study of an effective evacuation during a fire emergency in road tunnels concluded safety informed and behaviorally trained participants were able to evacuate more reliably than those who did not participate in practical training exercises.

“A study of an effective evacuation during a fire emergency in road tunnels, concluded safety informed and behavioral trained participants were able to evacuate more reliably than those who did not participant in practical training exercises [134].”

• cites [134] Kinateder, 2013, Human behaviour in severe tunnel accidents: Effects of information and behavioural training, Trans. Res. Part F Traffic. Psych. Behav. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

A similar proactive investment for equestrian has the potential to reduce family loss and the devastating impact on social groups and the equestrian industry.

“Moreover, it has the potential to reduce family loss and the devastating impact on social groups and the equestrian industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Below the "tip of the iceberg" lies the unknown, assumed and unevaluated risks.

“Below the “tip of the iceberg” (a metaphor) [167] lies the unknown, assumed and unevaluated risks [168].”

• cites [167] Blasko, 1999, Only the tip of the iceberg: Who understands what about metaphor?, J. Pragmat. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [168] Zinn, 2008, Heading into the unknown: Everyday strategies for managing risk and uncertainty, Health Risk Soc. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

All survey responses were subjective with no opportunity for revealed behaviours, observation or discussion.

“All survey responses were subjective with no opportunity for revealed behaviours, observation or discussion.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

Responses primarily relied on the participant's self-reported opinion, memory recall, feelings, beliefs and values and was only distributed in the English language.

“Responses primarily relied on the participant’s self-reported opinion, memory recall, feelings, beliefs and values and was only distributed in the English language [164].”

• cites [164] Coughlan, 2009, Survey research: Process and limitations, Int. J. Ther. Rehabil. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

Some responses may have been over or underreported based on social desirability bias.

“In addition, some of the responses may have been over or underreported based on social desirability bias [163].”

• cites [163] Garb, 1997, Race bias, social class bias, and gender bias in clinical judgment, Clin. Psychol. Sci. Pract. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim.

This was a significant quantitative finding for respondents interacting with horses in the survey.

“This was a significant quantitative finding for respondents interacting with horses in the survey.”

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Equestrian as an industry has the opportunity to learn from other high-risk sports and workplaces about successful risk-mitigation processes to help reduce horse-related human injuries and fatalities.

“Finally, equestrian as an industry has the opportunity to learn from other high-risk sports and workplaces, about successful risk-mitigation processes to help reduce horse-related human injuries and fatalities.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Training can promote positive human safety behaviours and improve organisational culture, although there is often resistance to training interventions.

“Training can promote positive human safety behaviours and improve organisational culture [127,128,129,130] although there is often resistance to training interventions.”

• cites [127] Hafey, R. (2017). Lean Safety: Transforming Your Safety Culture with Lean Management, CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [128] Harvey, 2001, The effectiveness of training to change safety culture and attitudes within a highly regulated environment, Per. Rev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [129] Cabrera, 1997, Safety climate and attitude as evaluation measures of organizational safety, Accid. Anal. Prev. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [130] Parker, 2006, A framework for understanding the development of organisational safety culture, Saf. Sci. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

To be able to juggle between learning and managing change, a human requires an initial degree of skill and competence.

“Therefore, to be able to juggle between learning and managing change, a human requires an initial degree of skill and competence.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

Other elements can influence the success of human training and improved safety knowledge, including quality of training methods, dynamic training environment, having a training plan and time to reinforce new skills, and the horse.

“However, other elements can influence the success of human training and improved safety knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The cost-benefit analysis for high-risk industries of value adding to workers' safety knowledge, behaviour change and risk perceptions is crucial to risk mitigation and often mandatory.

“The cost-benefit analysis for these industries of ‘value adding’ to workers (especially inexperienced) safety knowledge, behaviour change and risk perceptions is crucial to risk mitigation and often mandatory [135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142].”

• cites [135] Zohar, 2003, The use of supervisory practices as leverage to improve safety behavior: A cross-level intervention model, J. Saf. Res. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [136] Shi, 1993, A cost-benefit analysis of a California county’s back injury prevention program, Public Health Rep.Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [137] Tichon, 2010, Plant operator simulation: Benefits and drawbacks for a construction training organization, Cogn. Technol. Work sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [138] Tong, 2014, Simulation study of coal mine safety investment based on system dynamics, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [139] Edkins, 2002, A review of the benefits of aviation human factors training, Hum. Factors Aerosp. Saf.Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [140] Kristiansen, S. (2013). Maritime Transportation: Safety Management and Risk Analysis, CRC Press. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [141] Reese, C.D., and Eidson, J.V. (2006). Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health, CRC Press Taylor & Francis. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [142] Schulte, 2005, Integrating occupational safety and health information into vocational and technical education and other workforce preparation programs, Am. J. Public Health sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The survey respondents were predominantly female, which may lead to gender bias.

“The survey respondents were predominantly female, which may lead to gender bias [162].”

• cites [162] Heiervang, 2011, Advantages and limitations of web-based surveys: Evidence from a child mental health survey, Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

It may state two separate claims as one.

Training in safer handling-riding of horses increases situational awareness and assists a human in making an informed decision about likely hazards and the risks.

“Training in safer handling-riding of horses (high-risk activity), increases situational awareness and assists a human in making an informed decision about likely hazards and the risks [132,133].”

• cites [132] Pradhan, A.K., Fisher, D.L., and Pollatsek, A. (2005, January 6). The effects of PC-based training on novice drivers’ risk awareness in a driving simulator. Proceedings of the The third International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, Rockport, ME, USA. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

• cites [133] Nazir, 2015, Impact of training methods on Distributed Situation Awareness of industrial operators, Saf. Sci. sourceNot checked yet

  Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

Higher safety controls may take time to develop and apply.

“Higher safety controls may take time to develop and apply.”