The DOI matches its Crossref record; 485 of the 487 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 126 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature
Open accessAbstract
Depression is one of the leading causes of disability, and, if left unmanaged, it can increase the risk for suicide. The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult. The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough synthesis of the literature assessing the biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression in order to piece together the puzzle of the key factors that are related to this condition. Titles and abstracts published between 2017 and 2020 were identified in PubMed, as well as Medline, Scopus, and PsycInfo. Key words relating to biological, social, and psychological determinants as well as depression were applied to the databases, and the screening and data charting of the documents took place. We included 470 documents in this literature review. The findings showed that there are a plethora of risk and protective factors (relating to biological, psychological, and social determinants) that are related to depression; these determinants are interlinked and influence depression outcomes through a web of causation. In this paper, we describe and present the vast, fragmented, and complex literature related to this topic. This review may be used to guide practice, public health efforts, policy, and research related to mental health and, specifically, depression.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesized recent literature on biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression, including 470 documents published between 2017 and 2020. It concludes that risk and protective factors are interlinked across individual and wider ecological levels and influence depression through a complex web of causation.
Key findings
- From 6335 identified documents, 470 papers were included. Determinants spanned biological factors (genetics, microbiome, inflammation, HPA-axis dysfunction, kynurenine pathway, cognition), psychological factors (rumination, neuroticism, negative self-concept, low self-esteem, maladaptive coping), and social factors (socioeconomic status, social support, adverse childhood experiences, gender, diet, and others).
- Women were found to be twice as likely to have depression as men, and depression was estimated to have a prevalence of 5% among adults.
- Biological findings included links between depression and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, BDNF (including the rs6265 allele A with major depressive disorder), HPA-axis dysregulation, and the kynurenine pathway.
- Social and psychological findings included associations between low education and low income and depression, high education and income as protective, adverse childhood experiences increasing risk, and rumination acting as both a risk factor and mediator.
Methods
- Literature review of biological, psychological, and social determinants of depression, focusing on documents published 2017–2020. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and PsycInfo; inclusion covered primary studies, reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reports, and commentaries on human and/or rodent research, while treatment-focused studies and studies assessing depression as a comorbidity or secondary disorder were excluded.
- Titles and abstracts were screened, then full texts were assessed. Screening was conducted by O.R., with a subsample screened by J.M.; discrepancies were resolved through communication. A data charting form was piloted on 20 studies, and narrative analysis was used to identify key themes.
- The review attempted to follow PRISMA guidelines in several aspects.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the review may have missed potentially important studies, though this is described as unavoidable for literature reviews; the aim was not to identify every study on depression risk and protective factors but to gain insight into the breadth of literature and key themes.
- Evident from the text: heterogeneity in study design and measurement, and lack of standardization for measuring depression and its determinants, make comparison across studies difficult; findings in some areas, such as genetics, remain mixed.
- Evident from the text: the review is a narrative synthesis and does not describe a formal quality appraisal or meta-analytic pooling of results.
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Claims the paper makes
78 Not checked yet · 28 No basis given · 15 Own interpretation · 7 Own method · 3 Own result · 2 Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study indicated no support for depression candidate gene findings [122].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [122] Border, 2019, No Support for Historical Candidate Gene or Candidate Gene-by-Interaction Hypotheses for Major Depression Across Multiple Large Samples, Am. J. Psychiatry source
The Conclusions state that the study results do not support previous depression candidate gene findings. The Results likewise report no clear evidence of associations between the candidate gene polymorphisms examined and depression phenotypes. (LLM, conf=0.95)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“stress may be associated with the “dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic plasticity” [114].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [114] Uchida, 2017, Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
In “The Neuronal Plasticity Theory of Depression,” the paper says studies suggest that chronic stressful life events can cause dysregulation of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. This directly supports the citing sentence’s hedged association between stress and that dysregulation. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings showed that there are a plethora of risk and protective factors (relating to biological, psychological, and social determinants) that are related to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“For example, bladder outlet obstruction has been linked to inflammation and depressive behaviour in rodent research [24].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Hughes, 2020, A possible mechanism underlying mood disorders associated with LUTS: Chronic bladder outlet obstruction causes NLRP3-dependent inflammation in the hippocampus and depressive behavior in rats, Neurourol. Urodyn. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“a disordered gut microbiota can play a role in the onset of this mental health problem”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Winter, 2018, Gut microbiome and depression: What we know and what we need to know, Rev. Neurosci. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Another study found no association between specific polymorphisms and major depressive disorder [132].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] Hu, 2018, No association of GRIN2A polymorphisms with the major depressive disorder in the Chinese Han origin, Psychiatr. Genet. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The presence of head and neck cancer also seemed to be related to an increased risk for depressive disorder [45].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Fan, 2017, Risk of depressive disorder among patients with head and neck cancer: A nationwide population-based study, Head Neck source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Rodent research has shown that there may be a bidirectional association between the gut microbiota and depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Winter, 2018, Gut microbiome and depression: What we know and what we need to know, Rev. Neurosci. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of studies examined the links between the outcome of depression and physical health-related factors, such as bladder outlet obstruction, cerebral atrophy, cataract, stroke, epilepsy, body mass index and obesity, diabetes, urinary tract infection, forms of cancer, inflammatory bowel disorder, glaucoma, acne, urea accumulation, cerebral small vessel disease, traumatic brain injury, and dis”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were associations between genetic factors and depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is large heterogeneity in study design and measurement; this makes the comparison of findings between and across studies difficult”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“the existence of stress and depression may also lead to a lower level of richness and diversity in the microbiome [158].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [158] Winter, 2018, Gut microbiome and depression: What we know and what we need to know, Rev. Neurosci. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The dysregulation of the HPA axis is linked to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The findings show that raised levels of inflammation (because of factors such as pro-inflammatory cytokines) have been associated with depression [60,161,174,175,178].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Kahl, 2018, Link between depression and cardiovascular diseases due to epigenomics and proteomics: Focus on energy metabolism, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Koopman, 2017, Depressed gut? The microbiota-diet-inflammation trialogue in depression, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [174] Zhao, G., and Liu, X. (2019). Neuroimmune Advance in Depressive Disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 85–98. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“the findings showing that antibiotics may be related to depression [159,168].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Guida, 2018, Antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbation causes gut endocannabinoidome changes, hippocampal neuroglial reorganization and depression in mice, Brain Behav. Immun. source
- Not checked yetcites [168] Slykerman, 2016, Antibiotics in the first year of life and subsequent neurocognitive outcomes, Acta Paediatr. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stress is linked to the release of proinflammatory factors”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, not everyone with elevated inflammation develops depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stress has been mentioned in the literature as a risk factor of poor mental health and has emerged as an important determinant of depression.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, may play an important role”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different methods of measurement are used, making the comparison of findings across studies difficult”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pro-inflammatory cytokines are linked to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, have been linked to depression [185].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [185] Druzhkova, 2018, Acute stress response to a cognitive task in patients with major depressive disorder: Potential metabolic and proinflammatory biomarkers, Metab. Brain Dis. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There is a complex relationship between the HPA axis, glucocorticoid receptors, epigenetic mechanisms, and psychiatric sequelae [130,212].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] Kang, 2018, Longitudinal associations between glucocorticoid receptor methylation and late-life depression, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [212] Boku, 2017, Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“chronic and unpredictable stress (and other forms of tension or stress) have been linked to unusual behaviour and depression symptoms [114].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Uchida, 2017, Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The depression process and related brain changes, however, have also been linked to the hyperactivity or dysregulation of the HPA axis [127,130,131,182,212].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [127] Rupprecht, 2017, Neurobiology of depression: A neurodevelopmental approach, World J. Biol. Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [130] Kang, 2018, Longitudinal associations between glucocorticoid receptor methylation and late-life depression, Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [131] Jesulola, 2018, Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: From monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model-Are we there yet?, Behav. Brain Res. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indolamine 2,3-dioxegenase (IDO) polymorphisms are linked to postpartum depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“An integrated review by Dean and Keshavan [213] suggests that HPA axis hyperactivity is, in turn, related to other determinants, such as early deprivation and insecure early attachment”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Dean, 2017, The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view, Asian J. Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive decline and cognitive deficits are linked to increased depression risk”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When the kynurenine metabolism pathway is activated, this results in metabolites, which are neurotoxic.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The kynurenine pathway is linked to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, low emotional clarity has been associated with depression [267].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [267] Westenberg, 2019, The temporal association between emotional clarity and depression symptoms in adolescents, J. Adolesc. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of studies have been undertaken on the psychological factors linked to depression (including mastery, self-esteem, optimism, negative self-image, current or past mental health conditions, and various other aspects, including neuroticism, brooding, conflict, negative thinking, insight, cognitive fusion, emotional clarity, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, interpretation bias, and attach”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Trindade, 2017, An 18-month study of the effects of IBD symptomatology and emotion regulation on depressed mood, Int. J. Color. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Kushner, 2017, Depression in early adolescence: Contributions from relational aggression and variation in the oxytocin receptor gene, Aggress. Behav. source
- Not checked yetcites [140] Brouillard, 2016, Links Between the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Depression: A Genetically Informed Study, J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, the evidence on this topic is mixed”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“negative information processing biases are also important”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results show that factors, such as low cognitive ability/function, cognitive vulnerability, cognitive impairment or deficits, subjective cognitive decline, regression of dendritic branching and hippocampal atrophy/death of hippocampal cells, impaired neuroplasticity, and neurogenesis-related aspects, have been linked to depression [131,212,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,2”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Jesulola, 2018, Understanding the pathophysiology of depression: From monoamines to the neurogenesis hypothesis model-Are we there yet?, Behav. Brain Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [212] Boku, 2017, Neural basis of major depressive disorder: Beyond monoamine hypothesis, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [222] Halahakoon, 2019, Cognitive Impairment and Depression-Cause, Consequence, or Coincidence?, JAMA Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Determinants related to this condition include low self-esteem and shame, among other factors [269,270,275,278].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Azizoddin, 2017, Role of psychosocial reserve capacity in anxiety and depression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Int. J. Rheum. Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [270] Trindade, 2018, Chronic illness-related cognitive fusion explains the impact of body dissatisfaction and shame on depression symptoms in breast cancer patients, Clin. Psychol. Psychother. source
- Not checked yetcites [275] Hamilton, 2018, Negative cognitive style interacts with negative life events to predict first onset of a major depressive episode in adolescence via hopelessness, J. Abnorm. Psychol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“For example, in a study in which participants with multiple sclerosis also had low cognitive reserve, disability was shown to increase the risk for depression [63].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Cadden, 2018, Cognitive Reserve Attenuates the Effect of Disability on Depression in Multiple Sclerosis, Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several emotional states and traits, such as neuroticism [235,260,271,278], negative self-concept (with self-perceptions of worthlessness and uselessness), and negative interpretation or attention biases have been linked to depression [261,271,282,283,286].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] Valmisa, 2018, Prevalence and correlates of major depression in Granada, Spain: Results from the GranadΣp study, Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [260] Speed, 2019, Investigating the causal relationship between neuroticism and depression via Mendelian randomization, Acta Psychiatr. Scand. source
- Not checked yetcites [271] Smith, 2018, Cognitive biases predict symptoms of depression, anxiety and wellbeing above and beyond neuroticism in adolescence, J. Affect. Disord. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive reserve is important in the disability/depression relationship”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Halahakoon et al. [222] note a meta-analysis [240] that shows that a family history of cognitive impairment (in first degree relatives) is also linked to depression.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Halahakoon, 2019, Cognitive Impairment and Depression-Cause, Consequence, or Coincidence?, JAMA Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [240] MacKenzie, 2019, Cognitive Performance in First-Degree Relatives of Individuals With vs Without Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-analysis, JAMA Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“this variable (particularly brooding rumination) lies on the causal pathway between poor attention control and depression [265].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [265] DeJong, 2019, Does rumination mediate the relationship between attentional control and symptoms of depression?, J. Behav. Exp. Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When studied as a risk factor, it appears that the relationship of rumination with depression is mediated by variables that include limited problem-solving ability and insufficient social support [259].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] Trick, 2019, Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome, Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A wide range of factors have been linked to depression, such as the aforementioned determinants, but also: (low) optimism levels, maladaptive coping (such as avoidance), body image issues, and maladaptive perfectionism, among others [269,270,272,273,275,276,279,285,286].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [269] Azizoddin, 2017, Role of psychosocial reserve capacity in anxiety and depression in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Int. J. Rheum. Dis.
- Not checked yetcites [270] Trindade, 2018, Chronic illness-related cognitive fusion explains the impact of body dissatisfaction and shame on depression symptoms in breast cancer patients, Clin. Psychol. Psychother. source
- Not checked yetcites [272] Senra, 2017, Exploring the link between perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Contribution of rumination and defense styles, J. Clin. Psychol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When it comes to the severity of the disorder, it appears that meta-emotions (“emotions that occur in response to other emotions (e.g., guilt about anger)” [268]) have a role to play in depression [268].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [268] Bailen, 2019, Meta-emotions in daily life: Associations with emotional awareness and depression, Emotion source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are many social determinants linked to depression, such as sociodemographics, social support, adverse childhood experiences”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“women were found to be twice as likely to have depression as men.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Arciszewska, 2019, Resilience and cognitive biases mediate the relationship between early exposure to traumatic life events and depressive symptoms in young adults, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [384] Bone, 2020, The role of gender inequalities in adolescent depression, Lancet Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Low income is also related to depressive disorders [312].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Czaderny, 2020, Risk factors for depression. New evidence on selenium deficiency and depressive disorders, Psychiatr. Polska source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study within a systematic review indicated that having only primary education was associated with a higher risk of depression compared to having secondary or higher education (although another study contrasted this finding) [296].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [296] Brown, C.R., The U.S. Caribbean Alliance for Health Disparities Research Group (USCAHDR), Hambleton, I.R., Sobers-Grannum, N., Hercules, S.M., Unwin, N., Harris, E.N., Wilks, R., MacLeish, M., and Sullivan, L. (2017). Social determinants of depression and suicidal behaviour in the Caribbean: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender-related factors were linked to cognitive biases, resilience and vulnerabilities [362,384].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Arciszewska, 2019, Resilience and cognitive biases mediate the relationship between early exposure to traumatic life events and depressive symptoms in young adults, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [384] Bone, 2020, The role of gender inequalities in adolescent depression, Lancet Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gender-related factors were also found to play an important role with respect to mental health [235,381,382,383,384,385].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] Valmisa, 2018, Prevalence and correlates of major depression in Granada, Spain: Results from the GranadΣp study, Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [381] Petkus, 2017, Gene-environment interplay in depressive symptoms: Moderation by age, sex, and physical illness, Psychol. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [382] Ho, P.H., Leung, W.C.-Y., Leung, I.Y., and Chang, R.S. (2020). Factors associated with depression in people with epilepsy: A retrospective case-control analysis. Hong Kong Med. J. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the research has shown that a low level of education is linked to depression [297].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [297] Cianelli, 2016, Social Determinants of Depression Among Hispanic Women, J. Am. Psychiatr. Nurses Assoc.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A group of determinants touched upon by several studies included adverse childhood or early life experiences: ex. conflict with parents, early exposure to traumatic life events, bullying and childhood trauma were found to increase the risk of depression (ex. through pathways, such as inflammation, interaction effects, or cognitive biases) [161,182,258,358,362,380].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Koopman, 2017, Depressed gut? The microbiota-diet-inflammation trialogue in depression, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [182] Pariante, 2017, Why are depressed patients inflamed? A reflection on 20 years of research on depression, glucocorticoid resistance and inflammation, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. source
- Not checked yetcites [258] Ward, 2019, Relational impairments, sluggish cognitive tempo, and severe inattention are associated with elevated self-rated depressive symptoms in adolescents with ADHD, ADHD Atten. Deficit Hyperact. Disord. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“dietary aspects and diet components (ex. vitamin D, folate, selenium intake, iron, vitamin B12, vitamin K, fiber intake, zinc) as well as diet-related inflammatory potential have been linked to depression outcomes [161,208,236,312,396,402,403,404,405,406,407,408,409,410,411,412,413,414,415,416,417,418,419,420,421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [161] Koopman, 2017, Depressed gut? The microbiota-diet-inflammation trialogue in depression, Curr. Opin. Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [208] Arcego, 2017, Impact of High-Fat Diet and Early Stress on Depressive-Like Behavior and Hippocampal Plasticity in Adult Male Rats, Mol. Neurobiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [236] Yang, 2017, The relationship between cognition and depressive symptoms, and factors modifying this association, in Alzheimer’s disease: A multivariate multilevel model, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Risk behaviours, such as sedentary behaviour, substance abuse and smoking/nicotine exposure, have been linked to depression [226,335,355,385,386,387,388,389,390,391,392,393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [226] Vermeer, 2016, Correlates of depressive symptoms in individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics, Disabil. Rehabil. source
- Not checked yetcites [335] Park, 2018, Association of depression with socioeconomic status, anticardiolipin antibodies, and organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from the KORNET registry, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
- Not checked yetcites [355] Doamekpor, 2016, An Examination of the Sociodemographic and Health Determinants of Major Depressive Disorder Among Black Women, J. Racial Ethn. Health Disparities
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A poor diet has been linked to depression through mechanisms such as inflammation [428].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [428] Firth, 2020, Food and mood: How do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing?, Bmj source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have reviewed the determinants of depression and recognize that there are a multitude of risk and protective factors at the individual and wider ecologic levels.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 6. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Reviews on the determinants of depression have been conducted, but they either focus exclusively on a particular set of determinants (ex. genetic risk factors [15]) or population sub-group (ex. children and adolescents [16]) or focus on characteristics measured predominantly at the individual level (ex. focus on social support, history of depression [17]) without taking the wider context (ex. area”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Kendall, 2021, The genetic basis of major depression, Psychol. Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Sahoo, 2018, Antecedents of depression in children and adolescents, Ind. Psychiatry J. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Robertson, 2004, Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: A synthesis of recent literature, Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“therefore, this is just one route out of many linked to pathogenesis.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“While cognitive impairment may be implicated in the pathogenesis of depressive symptoms [222]”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [222] Halahakoon, 2019, Cognitive Impairment and Depression-Cause, Consequence, or Coincidence?, JAMA Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, positive fantasy engagement, cognitive biases, or personality dispositions may lead to emotion-focused coping, such as brooding, and subsequently increase the risk for depression [272,284,287].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [272] Senra, 2017, Exploring the link between perfectionism and depressive symptoms: Contribution of rumination and defense styles, J. Clin. Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [284] Macrynikola, 2017, Positive future-oriented fantasies and depressive symptoms: Indirect relationship through brooding, Conscious. Cogn. source
- Not checked yetcites [287] Everaert, 2016, Mapping the interplay among cognitive biases, emotion regulation, and depressive symptoms, Cogn. Emot. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Other research reported that the genetic variation of HPA-axis genes has moderating effects on the relationship between stressors and depression [198].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [198] Normann, 2019, Gene–environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and stressful life events in depression: A systematic review, Acta Neuropsychiatr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The etiology of depression is multifactorial, and it is worthwhile to examine the interaction between multiple factors, such as epigenetic, genetic, and environmental factors, in order to truly understand this mental health condition.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A study reported an interaction of significant life events with functional variation in the serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) allele type (in the context of multiple sclerosis) and linked this to depression [361]”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [361] Saul, 2018, Polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR) modifies the association between significant life events and depression in people with multiple sclerosis, Mult. Scler. J. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Severe stress that occurs in the form of early-life trauma has also been associated with depressive symptoms [362,380].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.1. Lifecourse Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [362] Arciszewska, 2019, Resilience and cognitive biases mediate the relationship between early exposure to traumatic life events and depressive symptoms in young adults, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [380] Park, S., Lee, Y., and Jun, J.Y. (2018). Trauma and Depression among North Korean Refugees: The Mediating Effect of Negative Cognition. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 15. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“another reported an interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR in relation to depression [480].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [480] Moons, 2017, Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence is a time of vulnerability [111,480].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Ksinan, 2019, Genetic and environmental effects on the development of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [480] Moons, 2017, Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The environment and genetics interact to increase the risk of depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] Zhang, 2018, Dvl3 polymorphism interacts with life events and pro-inflammatory cytokines to influence major depressive disorder susceptibility, Sci. Rep. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Wang, 2017, Interaction between early-life stress and FKBP5 gene variants in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [82] Ma, J., Wang, L., Yang, Y., Qiao, Z., Fang, D., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Zhu, X., He, J., and Pan, H. (2017). GNB3 and CREB1 gene polymorphisms combined with negative life events increase susceptibility to major depression in a Chinese Han population. PLoS ONE, 12. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study showed that early-life stress interacts with gene variants to increase the risk for depression [77].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Wang, 2017, Interaction between early-life stress and FKBP5 gene variants in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Affect. Disord. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Exposure to harmful determinants, such as stress, during this period can place an individual on a trajectory of depression in adulthood or later life.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Early life is a critical period during the lifespan at which cognitive processes develop.
In the paper
“this inequality in resources has translated to inequality in mental health outcomes [483].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [483] Compton, M.T., and Shim, R.S. (2015). The Social Determinants of Mental Health, American Psychiatric Publishing. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shows that the timing of events has significance when it comes to mental health.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Early life is a critical period during the lifespan at which cognitive processes develop.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When an individual is exposed to harmful determinants during critical periods and is also genetically predisposed to depression, the risk for the disorder can be compounded.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Early life is a critical period during the lifespan at which cognitive processes develop.
In the paper
“structural social capital has been identified as important in relation to depression in old age [293].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.1. Lifecourse Perspective
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [293] Lu, 2019, Community-based structural social capital and depressive symptoms of older urban Chinese adults: The mediating role of cognitive social capital, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included 470 documents in this literature review.”
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
“After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 470 papers were included in this review (Supplementary Table S1).”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § 3. Results · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The presence of a physical health condition can increase the risk for depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Gestational diabetes mellitus has been linked to depressive symptoms in the postpartum period (but no association has been found with depression in the third pregnancy trimester) [50]”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Varela, 2017, Association between gestational diabetes and perinatal depressive symptoms: Evidence from a Greek cohort study, Prim. Health Care Res. Dev. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are possible links between the gut microbiome, host liver metabolism, brain inflammation, and depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Links exist between major histocompatibility complex region genes, as well as various gene polymorphisms and depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through the searches, 6335 documents, such as primary studies, literature reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reports, and commentaries, were identified.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A disordered microbiome can lead to inflammation, which can then lead to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results from genetics studies are compelling; however, the findings remain mixed.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a study reported a link between the BDNF rs6265 allele (A) and major depressive disorder [117].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] Aldoghachi, A.F., Tor, Y.S., Redzun, S.Z., Bin Lokman, K.A., Razaq, N.A.A., Shahbudin, A.F., Badamasi, I.M., Cheah, P.-S., Stanslas, J., and Veerakumarasivam, A. (2019). Screening of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma BDNF levels among Malaysian major depressive disorder patients. PLoS ONE, 14. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Research has shown associations between depression and BDNF (as well as candidate SNPs of the BDNF gene, polymorphisms of the BDNF gene, and the interaction of these polymorphisms with other determinants, such as stress) [129,144,145].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] Manukyan, 2018, Interactions Among Polymorphisms of Susceptibility Loci for Alzheimer’s Disease or Depressive Disorder, Med. Sci. Monit. source
- Not checked yetcites [144] He, 2018, Interaction between job stress and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism affects depressive symptoms in Chinese healthcare workers, J. Affect. Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [145] Hing, 2018, A comprehensive review of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that regulate BDNF expression and function with relevance to major depressive disorder, Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr Genet. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When there is an imbalance in the intestinal bacteria, this can interfere with emotional regulation and contribute to harmful inflammatory processes and mood disorders [148,151,153,155,157].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Stower, 2019, Depression linked to the microbiome, Nat. Med.
- Not checked yetcites [151] Ma, 2019, Chronic paradoxical sleep deprivation-induced depression-like behavior, energy metabolism and microbial changes in rats, Life Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [153] Kuo, 2018, Moody microbiome: Challenges and chances, J. Formos. Med Assoc. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Various determinants, such as early life stress, have also been linked to systemic inflammation, and this can increase the risk for depression [186].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [186] Hashimoto, 2020, Early life stress from allergic dermatitis causes depressive-like behaviors in adolescent male mice through neuroinflammatory priming, Brain Behav. Immun. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Chronic stress can impact the dendrites and synapses of various neurons, and may be implicated in the pathway leading to major depressive disorder [114].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [114] Uchida, 2017, Epigenetic mechanisms of major depression: Targeting neuronal plasticity, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Stress has been linked to the release of inflammatory factors, as well as the development of depression [204].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [204] Wu, 2018, PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/CRMP-2-mediated neuroplasticity in depression induced by stress, NeuroReport source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The kynurenine pathway has been implicated not only in general depressed mood (inflammation-induced depression) [184,214,219] but also postpartum depression [120].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Dantzer, 2016, Role of the Kynurenine Metabolism Pathway in Inflammation-Induced Depression: Preclinical Approaches, Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [214] Jeon, 2017, Inflammation-induced depression: Its pathophysiology and therapeutic implications, J. Neuroimmunol. source
- Not checked yetcites [219] Kruse, 2019, Kynurenine metabolism and inflammation-induced depressed mood: A human experimental study, Psychoneuroendocrinology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another review by Danzer et al. suggests links between the inflammation-induced activation of indolamine 2,3-dioxegenase (the enzyme that converts tryptophan to kynurenine), the kynurenine metabolism pathway, and depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] Dantzer, 2016, Role of the Kynurenine Metabolism Pathway in Inflammation-Induced Depression: Preclinical Approaches, Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A review by Jeon et al. notes a link between the impairment of the kynurenine pathway and inflammation-induced depression (triggered by treatment for various physical diseases, such as malignancy).”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [214] Jeon, 2017, Inflammation-induced depression: Its pathophysiology and therapeutic implications, J. Neuroimmunol. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are many affective risk factors linked to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to cognitive deficits, low-level cognitive ability [231] and cognitive vulnerability [232] have also been linked to depression.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [231] Nissen, 2019, Low-level cognitive ability in young adulthood and other risk factors of depression in an observational cohort study among deployed Danish soldiers, Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [232] Liu, 2018, A Latent Structure Analysis of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescence, Behav. Ther. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Family history of cognitive impairment is linked to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Determinants of depression include negative self-concept, sensitivity to rejection, neuroticism, rumination, negative emotionality, and others”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The cognitive reserve appears to act as a moderator and can magnify the impact of certain determinants on poor mental health.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study on individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics showed that lower scores in cognition were related to depression; thus, cognitive impairment appears to be associated with depressive symptomatology [226].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [226] Vermeer, 2016, Correlates of depressive symptoms in individuals attending outpatient stroke clinics, Disabil. Rehabil. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Factors such as age, social or socioeconomic status, social support, financial strain and deprivation, food insecurity, education, employment status, living arrangements, marital status, race, childhood conflict and bullying, violent crime exposure, abuse, discrimination, (self)-stigma, ethnicity and migrant status, working conditions, adverse or significant life events, illiteracy or health liter”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Lee, 2017, Gender differences in the trajectories and the risk factors of depressive symptoms in later life, Int. Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [133] Geisler, 2018, Immunometabolism in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorders-Therapeutic Considerations, Curr. Top. Med. Chem. source
- Not checked yetcites [235] Valmisa, 2018, Prevalence and correlates of major depression in Granada, Spain: Results from the GranadΣp study, Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Social support and cohesion, as well as structural social capital, have also been identified as determinants [140,228,239,269,293,372,373,374,375,376,377,378,379].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [140] Brouillard, 2016, Links Between the Mother–Adolescent and Father–Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Depression: A Genetically Informed Study, J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [228] Hankin, 2018, Cognitive and Interpersonal Vulnerabilities to Adolescent Depression: Classification of Risk Profiles for a Personalized Prevention Approach, J. Abnorm. Child Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [239] Kim, 2016, The Impacts of Social Support and Cognitive Function on Depression among Community-Dwelling Older Japanese Americans, Soc. Work. Public Health source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Determinants can be at the individual, social network, community, and societal levels”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Rumination has been presented as a mediator but also as a risk factor for depression [57,210,259].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Zhang, 2019, Association between fatigue and depressive symptoms among kidney transplantation recipients: The mediating role of rumination, J. Adv. Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [210] Connolly, 2017, Rumination interacts with life stress to predict depressive symptoms: An ecological momentary assessment study, Behav. Res. Ther. source
- Not checked yetcites [259] Trick, 2019, Perseverative negative thinking predicts depression in people with acute coronary syndrome, Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By contrast, high levels of education and income are protective [335].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [335] Park, 2018, Association of depression with socioeconomic status, anticardiolipin antibodies, and organ damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from the KORNET registry, Clin. Exp. Rheumatol.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a study, part of the findings showed that low levels of education have been shown to be linked to post-stroke depression (but not severe or clinical depression outcomes) [299].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [299] Backhouse, E.V., McHutchison, C.A., Cvoro, V., Shenkin, S.D., and Wardlaw, J.M. (2018). Cognitive ability, education and socioeconomic status in childhood and risk of post-stroke depression in later life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of factors arose in this review that were related to depression”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.4. Others
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the latter determinants have been found to increase the risk for depression.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.4. Others
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings from this review show that there are important themes when it comes to the determinants of depression, such as: the microbiome, dysregulation of the HPA axis, inflammatory reactions, the kynurenine pathway, as well as psychological and social factors.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This review highlighted the myriad ways of measuring depression and its determinants [66,85,281,298,451,485].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] Trindade, 2017, An 18-month study of the effects of IBD symptomatology and emotion regulation on depressed mood, Int. J. Color. Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Treutlein, 2017, Association between neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 promoter variant rs6857715 and major depressive disorder, Psychiatr. Genet. source
- Not checked yetcites [281] Rudolph, 2017, Cognition–emotion interaction as a predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms, Dev. Psychol. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these determinants are interlinked and influence depression outcomes through a web of causation.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence base on the determinants of depression is fragmented, which makes the interpretation of the results across studies difficult.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In several aspects, we attempted to conduct this review according to PRISMA guidelines [18].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Tricco, 2018, PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation, Ann. Intern. Med. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The gut bacteria and the brain communicate via both direct and indirect pathways called the gut-microbiota-brain axis (the bidirectional communication networks between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract; this axis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis).”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data charting form was piloted on a subset of documents, and refinements to it were made.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A subsample of documents underwent double screening by two authors (O.R., J.M.); again, any discrepancies were resolved through communication.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Screening of documents was conducted by O.R., and a subsample was screened by J.M.; any discrepancies were resolved through a communication process.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process (a subsample) was verified by a second author (J.M.), and the two authors resolved any discrepancies through communication.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Key themes were also checked as to whether they were of major significance to public mental health and at the forefront of public health discourse according to consultations we held with stakeholders”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 2. Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Determinants are interlinked in a complex web of causation”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“it could be that early stress plays a role in the hyperactivation of the HPA axis, thus creating a predisposition “towards a maladaptive reaction to stress”. When this predisposition then meets an acute stressor, depression may ensue”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Dean, 2017, The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view, Asian J. Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One review indicates that a potential underpinning mechanism of depression relates to “HPA axis abnormalities involved in chronic stress” [213].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [213] Dean, 2017, The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view, Asian J. Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive deficits can be both causal and resultant in depression.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“according to the ‘cognitive neuropsychological’ model of depression, negative affective biases play a central part in the development of depression [222,241].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.1. Biological Factors
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Social determinants are the conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, etc.; these influence (mental) health [291]”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., Goldblatt, P., and Morrison, J. (2020). Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On, in The Health Foundation, Institute of Health Equity. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This shows that determinants may present in several forms: as moderators or mediators, risk factors or outcomes, and this is why disentangling the relationships between the various factors linked to depression is a complex task.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.2. Psychological Factors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“being exposed to deprivation, hardship, or adversity may increase the risk for air pollution exposure and nighttime shift work, among others”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.4. Others
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Perceived parental support has been found to interact with genes (GABRR1, GABRR2), and this appears to be associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence [480].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [480] Moons, 2017, Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms, J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The determinants have an influence on risk behaviours, and this, in turn, can affect the mood (i.e., depression), body processes (ex. can increase inflammation), and may negatively influence brain structure and function.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, all of these factors are interlinked and influence one another in a complex web of causation, as mentioned elsewhere in the paper.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.3. Social Determinants
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Air pollution could also be regarded as an ecologic-level (environmental) determinant of mental health.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 3. Results > 3.4. Others
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Previous literature has shown that chronic stress (associated with depression) is also linked to glucocorticoid receptor resistance, as well as problems with the regulation of the inflammatory response [484].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [484] Cohen, 2012, Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These determinants are interlinked and influence one another.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 6. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may be that physical factors are proximal determinants of depression, which, in turn, are acted on by more distal social factors, such as deprivation, environmental events, and social capital.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“an exhaustive discussion of all the risk factors and determinants linked to depression and their mechanisms is not possible in one journal article—which, by its very nature, a single paper cannot do.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 6. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limitations of the review include missing potentially important studies; however, this is a weakness that cannot be avoided by literature reviews.”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 5. Discussion > 5.2. Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous syntheses on depression are limited in scope and focus exclusively on social or biological factors, population sub-groups, or examine depression as a comorbidity rather than an independent disorder.
“The previous syntheses on depression are limited in scope and focus exclusively on social or biological factors, population sub-groups, or examine depression as a comorbidity (rather than an independent disorder).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Research on the determinants and causal pathways of depression is fragmented and heterogeneous, and this has not helped to stimulate progress in prevention and intervention.
“The research on the determinants and causal pathways of depression is fragmentated and heterogeneous, and this has not helped to stimulate progress when it comes to the prevention and intervention of this condition—specifically unravelling the complexity of the determinants related to this condition and thus refining the prevention and intervention methods.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Early life is a critical period during the lifespan at which cognitive processes develop.
“Early life is a critical period during the lifespan at which cognitive processes develop.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older people are at a heightened risk of losing their social networks.
“Older people are at a heightened risk of losing their social networks”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, we used a multidimensional approach to evaluate trial outcomes; symptom assessments were complemented with evaluation of change in subjective mental health behaviors and quality of life, as well as change in objective measures of neuro-cognition that are impacted in depression [31–37].”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Notably, while depression can be associated with cognitive deficits [31–37]”
From Personalized machine learning guided intervention for optimizing lifestyle behaviors in depression: a pilot study (2026) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > 4. Cross-Cutting Themes > 4.2. Gene–Environment Interactions
“while another reported an interaction between stress and 5-HTTLPR in relation to depression [480].”
§ Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature > References
“480. Van Assche E. Moons T. Cinar O. Viechtbauer W. Oldehinkel A.J. Leeuwen K.V. Verschueren K. Colpin H. Lambrechts D. Noortgate W.V.D. Gene-based interaction analysis shows GABAergic genes interacting with parenting in adolescent depressive symptoms”
Citations
Cites
PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation
Tricco, A. C., Lillie, E., Zarin, W., O'Brien, K. K., Colquhoun, H., Levac, D., Moher, D., Peters, M. D. J., Horsley, T., Weeks, L., et al. (2018) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m18-0850 · Cited by 43,565
Kirsch, I., Deacon, B. J., Huedo-Medina, T. B., Scoboria, A., Moore, T. J., & Johnson, B. T. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045 · Cited by 2,442
The neuroactive potential of the human gut microbiota in quality of life and depression
Valles-Colomer, M., Falony, G., Darzi, Y., Tigchelaar, E. F., Wang, J., Tito, R. Y., Schiweck, C., Kurilshikov, A., Joossens, M., Wijmenga, C., et al. (2019) · Nature Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41564-018-0337-x · Cited by 1,963
Antenatal risk factors for postpartum depression: a synthesis of recent literature
Robertson, E., Grace, S., Wallington, T., & Stewart, D. E. (2004) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2004.02.006 · Cited by 1,886 · cited 1×
“focus on social support, history of depression [17]) without taking the wider context (ex.”
BackgroundHealth equity in England: the Marmot review 10 years on
Marmot, M. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m693 · Cited by 1,834
Chronic stress, glucocorticoid receptor resistance, inflammation, and disease risk
Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Doyle, W. J., Miller, G. E., Frank, E., Rabin, B. S., & Turner, R. B. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1118355109 · Cited by 1,419
Depression and cancer mortality: a meta-analysis
Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709992285 · Cited by 1,083
Kessler, R. C. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.11.005 · Cited by 871
Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: Meta-analysis
Nelson, J., Klumparendt, A., Doebler, P., & Ehring, T. (2017) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180752 · Cited by 822
The neurobiology of depression: An integrated view
Dean, J., & Keshavan, M. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.01.025 · Cited by 765 · cited 3×
“One review indicates that a potential underpinning mechanism of depression relates to “HPA axis abnormalities involved in chronic stress” [213].”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Lima, 2019, Depressive Symptoms among the Elderly in Sao Paulo city, Brazil: Prevalence and Associated Factors (SABE Study), Rev. Bras. De Epidemiol., 21, e180014
- Wang, 2020, Advance in relationship between receptor gene abnormality and depression, Yaoxue Xuebao, 55, 384
- Salgado, 2018, A new theory of depression based on the serotonin/kynurenine relationship and the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis, Biomedica, 38, 437
- Ortiz, 2017, Determinants associated with chronic and incident depression in Mexican older adults, Gac. Med. De Mex., 153, S102
- Pramod, 2019, Lifestyle and substance use-an important cause for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorders, Drug Invent. Today, 11, 284
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Among US Adults
Zhang, Z., Jackson, S. L., Gillespie, C., Merritt, R. K., & Yang, Q. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.37011 · Cited by 206
Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018–2023)
Zielińska, M., Łuszczki, E., & Dereń, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15112433 · Cited by 155
A Comprehensive Analysis of Mental Health Problems in India and the Role of Mental Asylums
Meghrajani, V. R., Marathe, M., Sharma, R., Potdukhe, A., Wanjari, M. B., & Taksande, A. B. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42559 · Cited by 115
Sex differences in the inflammation-depression link: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jarkas, D., Villeneuve, A. H., Daneshmend, A., Villeneuve, P. J., & McQuaid, R. J. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.037 · Cited by 84
Jiménez-Labaig, P., Aymerich, C., Braña, I., Rullan, A., Cacicedo, J., Torres, M. Á. G., Harrington, K. J., & Catalán, A. (2024) · JNCI Cancer Spectrum · doi:10.1093/jncics/pkae031 · Cited by 72
Metadata
- Authors
- Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Remes, Olivia
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-12-10
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1633
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8699555
- OpenAlex
- W4200206491
- Cited by
- 482
- References
- 487
- Citations by year
- 2026: 127 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 117 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 12
- FWCI
- 7.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- The William Templeton Foundation for Young People's Mental Health (NA)
- Cambridge Philosophical Society (NA)
- Aviva Foundation (NA)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, biological determinants, psychological factors, social determinants, risk factors, protective factors, depression outcomes, suicide risk, mental health
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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