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2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures.
Abstract
This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report examines the use of brief cognitive assessments by primary care physicians as a tool for improving early detection of dementia. An estimated 5.8 million Americans have Alzheimer's dementia. By mid‐century, the number of people living with Alzheimer's dementia in the United States may grow to 13.8 million, fueled in large part by the aging baby boom generation. In 2017, official death certificates recorded 121,404 deaths from AD, making AD the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age ≥65 years. Between 2000 and 2017, deaths resulting from stroke, heart disease, and prostate cancer decreased, whereas reported deaths from AD increased 145%. In 2018, more than 16 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.5 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias. This care is valued at nearly $234 billion, but its costs extend to family caregivers' increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age ≥65 years with Alzheimer's or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions. Total payments in 2019 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age ≥65 years with dementia are estimated to be $290 billion. Early detection of Alzheimer's offers numerous medical, emotional and financial benefits—benefits that accrue to affected individuals and their families as well as to society at large. Alzheimer's Association surveys regarding brief cognitive assessments for detection of dementia found that while a large majority of seniors and primary care physicians say the assessments are important, only half of seniors have received an assessment, and only 16 percent of seniors receive regular cognitive assessments. Many educational opportunities exist to facilitate increased use of brief cognitive assessments in the primary care setting.
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“precise identification of FTD and AD, which are the two most common types of dementia in the younger-elderly population (Bang et al., 2015; Association, 2019), is of vital clinical significance in the diagnosis of dementias.”
From Deep Learning-Based Classification and Voxel-Based Visualization of Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Association, 2019
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Shaw, L. M., Arias, J., Blennow, K., Galasko, D., Molinuevo, J. L., Salloway, S., Schindler, S., Carrillo, M. C., Hendrix, J. A., Ross, A., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.220 · Cited by 266
Physical Activity and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Stephen, R., Hongisto, K., Solomon, A., & Lönnroos, E. (2017) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glw251 · Cited by 262
The incremental direct costs associated with behavioral symptoms in AD
Murman, D. L., Chen, Q., Powell, M. C., Kuo, S. B., Bradley, C. J., & Colenda, C. C. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000036904.73393.e4 · Cited by 253
Transitions in Care for Older Adults with and without Dementia
Callahan, C. M., Arling, G., Tu, W., Rosenman, M. B., Counsell, S. R., Stump, T. E., & Hendrie, H. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03905.x · Cited by 253
Aguirre, E., Woods, B. T., Spector, A. E., & Orrell, M. W. (2012) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.001 · Cited by 252
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Fonareva, I., & Oken, B. S. (2014) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610214000039 · Cited by 249 · cited 1×
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Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies
Long, J. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.09.001 · Cited by 3,204
2021 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Anonymous (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12328 · Cited by 2,339
Sex and gender: modifiers of health, disease, and medicine
Mauvais-Jarvis, F., Bairey Merz, N., Barnes, P. J., Brinton, R. D., Carrero, J.-J., DeMeo, D. L., De Vries, G. J., Epperson, C. N., Govindan, R., Klein, S. L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31561-0 · Cited by 2,001
Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alzheimer's Association
- Corresponding author
- Alzheimer's Association
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 321-387
- ISSN
- 1552-5260 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5279
- OpenAlex
- W4211139529
- Cited by
- 2,461
- References
- 496
- Citations by year
- 2026: 108 · 2025: 214 · 2024: 245 · 2023: 310 · 2022: 357 · 2021: 558 · 2020: 544 · 2019: 120
- FWCI
- 316.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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