The empathic brain: how, when and why?

The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I

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Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases

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Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain

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The functional architecture of human empathy

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Emotion, regulation, and moral development

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Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others

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Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation highlights the sensorimotor side of empathy for pain.

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Somatosensory activations during the observation of touch and a case of vision–touch synaesthesia

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Empathy and altruism.

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Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy

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Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain

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The social neuroscience of empathy

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The Social Brain: Neural Basis of Social Knowledge

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Participatory sense-making: An enactive approach to social cognition

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Empathy and compassion

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Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior

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Mechanisms of Social Cognition

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Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis

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The Neural Basis of Empathy

Bernhardt, B. C., & Singer, T. (2012) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150536 · Cited by 952

Regulation of the neural circuitry of emotion by compassion meditation: effects of meditative expertise

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Reducing intergroup prejudice and conflict using the media: A field experiment in Rwanda.

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Is there a core neural network in empathy? an fMRI based quantitative meta-analysis

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Social Robots for Long-Term Interaction: A Survey

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Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice

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Oxytocin increases generosity in humans

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The Neuroscience of Social Decision-Making

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Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism

Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq060 · Cited by 655

Brain basis of human social interaction: from concepts to brain imaging

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Synchronized arousal between performers and related spectators in a fire-walking ritual

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Functional Neural Plasticity and Associated Changes in Positive Affect After Compassion Training

Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2013) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs142 · Cited by 634

I feel how you feel but not always: the empathic brain and its modulation

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The role of anterior insular cortex in social emotions

Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0251-3 · Cited by 566

Serotonin selectively influences moral judgment and behavior through effects on harm aversion

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Leadership, affect and emotions: A state of the science review

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The self to other model of empathy: providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia

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Fiction: Simulation of Social Worlds

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Neural processing associated with cognitive and affective theory of mind in adolescents and adults

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Dissecting the social brain: introducing the EmpaToM to reveal distinct neural networks and brain-behavior relations for empathy and theory of mind

Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.082 · Cited by 421

Empathy constrained: prejudice predicts reduced mental simulation of actions during observation of outgroups

Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.03.011 · Cited by 379

Empathy present and future

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The role of social cognition in decision making

Frith, C. D., & Singer, T. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0156 · Cited by 361

On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and theory of mind

Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010 · Cited by 348

The influence of empathy in human-robot relations

Leite, I., Pereira, A., Mascarenhas, S., Martinho, C., Prada, R., & Paiva, A. (2013) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.09.005 · Cited by 344

Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions

Johnson, D. R. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.005 · Cited by 343

Reduced spontaneous but relatively normal deliberate vicarious representations in psychopathy

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A Neurocomputational Model of Altruistic Choice and Its Implications

Hutcherson, C. A., Bushong, B., & Rangel, A. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.031 · Cited by 299

Decoding the charitable brain: empathy, perspective taking, and attention shifts differentially predict altruistic giving

Tusche, A., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Trautwein, F.-M., & Singer, T. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3392-15.2016 · Cited by 309

Cyberbullying among adolescent bystanders: role of the communication medium, form of violence, and empathy

Barlińska, J., Szuster, A., & Winiewski, M. (2013) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2137 · Cited by 296

Structural plasticity of the social brain: Differential change after socio-affective and cognitive mental training

Valk, S. L., Bernhardt, B. C., Trautwein, F.-M., Böckler, A., Kanske, P., Guizard, N., Collins, D. L., & Singer, T. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1700489 · Cited by 264

Effects of oxytocin and prosocial behavior on brain responses to direct and vicariously experienced pain.

Singer, T., Snozzi, R., Bird, G., Petrovic, P., Silani, G., Heinrichs, M., & Dolan, R. J. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014195 · Cited by 248

Mentalizing about emotion and its relationship to empathy

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Physiological feelings

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Rodent empathy and affective neuroscience

Panksepp, J. B., & Lahvis, G. P. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.013 · Cited by 224

Reward circuitry function in autism during face anticipation and outcomes

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Are strong empathizers better mentalizers? Evidence for independence and interaction between the routes of social cognition

Kanske, P., Böckler, A., Trautwein, F.-M., Parianen Lesemann, F. H., & Singer, T. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw052 · Cited by 209

Intergroup differences in the sharing of emotive states: Neural evidence of an empathy gap

Gutsell, J. N., & Inzlicht, M. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr035 · Cited by 203

BOLD signal in insula is differentially related to cardiac function during compassion meditation in experts vs. novices

Lutz, A., Greischar, L. L., Perlman, D. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.081 · Cited by 199

Experience modulates vicarious freezing in rats: a model for empathy

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Influencing human–AI interaction by priming beliefs about AI can increase perceived trustworthiness, empathy and effectiveness

Pataranutaporn, P., Liu, R., Finn, E., & Maes, P. (2023) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-023-00720-7 · Cited by 192

Anterior insula activations in perceptual paradigms: often observed but barely understood

Sterzer, P., & Kleinschmidt, A. (2010) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-010-0252-2 · Cited by 183

Contagious crying beyond the first days of life

Geangu, E., Benga, O., Stahl, D., & Striano, T. (2010) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.03.004 · Cited by 176

Interoceptive sensitivity predicts sensitivity to the emotions of others

Terasawa, Y., Moriguchi, Y., Tochizawa, S., & Umeda, S. (2014) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.888988 · Cited by 175

Distinct Neural Activity Associated with Focused-Attention Meditation and Loving-Kindness Meditation

Lee, T. M. C., Leung, M.-K., Hou, W.-K., Tang, J. C. Y., Yin, J., So, K.-F., Lee, C.-F., & Chan, C. C. H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040054 · Cited by 162

Inability to empathize: brain lesions that disrupt sharing and understanding another’s emotions.

Hillis, A. E. (2014) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt317 · Cited by 158

Functional dissociation of the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortices in empathy for pain

Gu, X., Liu, X., Guise, K. G., Naidich, T. P., Hof, P. R., & Fan, J. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4844-09.2010 · Cited by 150

Neural basis of contagious itch and why some people are more prone to it

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Potentiating empathic growth: Generating imagery while reading fiction increases empathy and prosocial behavior.

Johnson, D. R., Cushman, G. K., Borden, L. A., & McCune, M. S. (2013) · Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts · doi:10.1037/a0033261 · Cited by 146

Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners

Chatel-Goldman, J., Congedo, M., Jutten, C., & Schwartz, J.-L. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00095 · Cited by 135

Mirror neuron system involvement in empathy: A critical look at the evidence

Baird, A. D., Scheffer, I. E., & Wilson, S. J. (2011) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2010.547085 · Cited by 137

Is the Putative Mirror Neuron System Associated with Empathy? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bekkali, S., Youssef, G. J., Donaldson, P. H., Albein-Urios, N., Hyde, C., & Enticott, P. G. (2021) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09452-6 · Cited by 128

Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders.

Thoma, P., Friedmann, C., & Suchan, B. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.024 · Cited by 134

The neuroscience of social feelings: mechanisms of adaptive social functioning

Eslinger, P. J., Anders, S., Ballarini, T., Boutros, S., Krach, S., Mayer, A. V., Moll, J., Newton, T. L., Schroeter, M. L., de Oliveira-Souza, R., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.028 · Cited by 130

How specific are emotional deficits? A comparison of empathic abilities in schizophrenia, bipolar and depressed patients

Derntl, B., Seidel, E.-M., Schneider, F., & Habel, U. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.020 · Cited by 124

Empathy in schizophrenia: impaired resonance

Haker, H., & Rössler, W. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0007-3 · Cited by 122

To empathise or not to empathise? Empathy and its limits in design

Heylighen, A., & Dong, A. (2019) · Design Studies · doi:10.1016/j.destud.2019.10.007 · Cited by 121

The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human–Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding

Prato-Previde, E., Basso Ricci, E., & Colombo, E. S. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12202835 · Cited by 121

Neural Basis of Self and Other Representation in Autism: An fMRI Study of Self-Face Recognition

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Task-specific activity and connectivity within the mentalizing network during emotion and intention mentalizing

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Empathy in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index

Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.12.033 · Cited by 115

Touching the social robot PARO reduces pain perception and salivary oxytocin levels

Geva, N., Uzefovsky, F., & Levy-Tzedek, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66982-y · Cited by 111

Neural Basis of Observational Fear Learning: A Potential Model of Affective Empathy

Keum, S., & Shin, H.-S. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.013 · Cited by 104

Are Empathic Abilities Impaired in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?

Nietlisbach, G., Maercker, A., Rösler, W., & Haker, H. (2010) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.106.3.832-844 · Cited by 101

Affective empathy in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis

Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.037 · Cited by 99

The Relationship between Empathy, Perception of Pain and Attitudes toward Pets among Norwegian Dog Owners

Ellingsen, K., Zanella, A. J., Bjerkås, E., & Indrebø, A. (2010) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/175303710x12750451258931 · Cited by 97

Processing of observed pupil size modulates perception of sadness and predicts empathy.

Harrison, N. A., Wilson, C. E., & Critchley, H. D. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.724 · Cited by 94

Empathy for social exclusion involves the sensory-discriminative component of pain: a within-subject fMRI study

Novembre, G., Zanon, M., & Silani, G. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu038 · Cited by 92

Evidence from pupillometry and fMRI indicates reduced neural response during vicarious social pain but not physical pain in autism

Krach, S., Kamp‐Becker, I., Einhäuser, W., Sommer, J., Frässle, S., Jansen, A., Rademacher, L., Müller‐Pinzler, L., Gazzola, V., & Paulus, F. M. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22949 · Cited by 87

Differential Roles of Fairness‐ and Compassion‐Based Motivations for Cooperation, Defection, and Punishment

Singer, T., & Steinbeis, N. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04733.x · Cited by 86

Structural changes in socio-affective networks: Multi-modal MRI findings in long-term meditation practitioners

Engen, H. G., Bernhardt, B. C., Skottnik, L., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.024 · Cited by 83

Moral judgment modulates neural responses to the perception of other’s pain: an ERP study

Cui, F., Ma, N., & Luo, Y.-J. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep20851 · Cited by 82

Empathic perspective taking promotes interpersonal coordination through music

Novembre, G., Mitsopoulos, Z., & Keller, P. E. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48556-9 · Cited by 82

Interacting and dissociable effects of alexithymia and depression on empathy

Banzhaf, C., Hoffmann, F., Kanske, P., Fan, Y., Walter, H., Spengler, S., Schreiter, S., Singer, T., & Bermpohl, F. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.10.045 · Cited by 75

I can feel my heartbeat: dancers have increased interoceptive accuracy

Christensen, J. F., Gaigg, S. B., & Calvo‐Merino, B. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13008 · Cited by 74

The cognitive science of fiction

Oatley, K. (2012) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1185 · Cited by 77

Empathy toward animals and people: The role of gender and length of service in a sample of Italian veterinarians

Colombo, E. S., Crippa, F., Calderari, T., & Prato-Previde, E. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.010 · Cited by 75

Detection of the facial expression of emotion and self-report measures in empathic situations are influenced by sensorimotor circuit inhibition by low-frequency rTMS.

Balconi, M., & Bortolotti, A. (2012) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.05.004 · Cited by 74

Empathy in depression: egocentric and altercentric biases and the role of alexithymia

Hoffmann, F., Banzhaf, C., Kanske, P., Gärtner, M., Bermpohl, F., & Singer, T. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.007 · Cited by 71

Can neuroscience help to understand narcissism? A systematic review of an emerging field

Jauk, E., & Kanske, P. (2021) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2021.1 · Cited by 66

Models, Mechanisms and Moderators Dissociating Empathy and Theory of Mind

Kanske, P., Böckler, A., & Singer, T. (2015) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_412 · Cited by 64

Can Compassion Meditation Contribute to the Development of Psychotherapists’ Empathy? A Review

Bibeau, M., Dionne, F., & Leblanc, J. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0439-y · Cited by 64

Affective Science Perspectives on Cancer Control: Strategically Crafting a Mutually Beneficial Research Agenda

Ferrer, R. A., Green, P. A., & Barrett, L. F. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615576755 · Cited by 58

The neural mediators of kindness-based meditation: a theoretical model

Mascaro, J. S., Darcher, A., Negi, L. T., & Raison, C. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00109 · Cited by 58

The bad things we do because of empathy

Breithaupt, F. (2018) · Interdisciplinary Science Reviews · doi:10.1080/03080188.2018.1450928 · Cited by 55

A neural model of mechanisms of empathy deficits in narcissism.

Zajkowski, W. (2013) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.889593 · Cited by 54

Gender Differences in Empathy During Adolescence: Does Emotional Self-Awareness Matter?

Trentini, C., Tambelli, R., Maiorani, S., & Lauriola, M. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120976631 · Cited by 53

How Dogs Perceive Humans and How Humans Should Treat Their Pet Dogs: Linking Cognition With Ethics

Benz-Schwarzburg, J., Monsó, S., & Huber, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.584037 · Cited by 50

Self perception of empathy in schizophrenia: emotion recognition, insight, and symptoms predict degree of self and interviewer agreement

Lysaker, P. H., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Kravetz, S., Kent, J. S., & Roe, D. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.021 · Cited by 43

The closer you feel, the more you care: Positive associations between closeness, pain intensity rating, empathic concern and personal distress to someone in pain

Grynberg, D., & Konrath, S. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103175 · Cited by 36

Reading about minds: The social-cognitive potential of narratives

Eekhof, L. S., van Krieken, K., & Willems, R. M. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-022-02079-z · Cited by 39