A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.
Abstract
Stereotype research emphasizes systematic processes over seemingly arbitrary contents, but content also may prove systematic. On the basis of stereotypes' intergroup functions, the stereotype content model hypothesizes that (a) 2 primary dimensions are competence and warmth, (b) frequent mixed clusters combine high warmth with low competence (paternalistic) or high competence with low warmth (envious), and (c) distinct emotions (pity, envy, admiration, contempt) differentiate the 4 competence-warmth combinations. Stereotypically, (d) status predicts high competence, and competition predicts low warmth. Nine varied samples rated gender, ethnicity, race, class, age, and disability out-groups. Contrary to antipathy models, 2 dimensions mattered, and many stereotypes were mixed, either pitying (low competence, high warmth subordinates) or envying (high competence, low warmth competitors). Stereotypically, status predicted competence, and competition predicted low warmth.
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Members of social categories perceived as low on both warmth and competence reliably elicit more disgust than other social categories.
“Members of social categories (e.g., homeless people, drug addicts) perceived as low on both warmth and competence reliably elicit more disgust than do other social categories (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002).”
From Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide? (2011) · cites this paper as Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002
People with disabilities are viewed as having high warmth but low competence.
“which shows that people with disabilities are viewed as having high warmth (e.g., friendly, good-natured) but low competence (e.g., incapable, unskilled).”
From The Participation of People with Disabilities in the Workplace Across the Employment Cycle: Employer Concerns and Research Evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Fiske, Cuddy, Glick, & Xu, 2002
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2002-06
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 878-902
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2109453861
- Cited by
- 7,364
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 485 · 2025: 609 · 2024: 535 · 2023: 521 · 2022: 567 · 2021: 551 · 2020: 557 · 2019: 466 · 2018: 423 · 2017: 390 · 2016: 343 · 2015: 336 · 2014: 291 · 2013: 244 · 2012: 229
- FWCI
- 110.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2019-04-25)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 33044)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- stereotype content, envy, pity, admiration, contempt, perceived status, intergroup competition, outgroup, gender stereotypes, disability stereotypes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Competitive Behavior, Empathy, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Jealousy, Male, Models, Psychological, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Class, Social Perception, Stereotyping, Students, Paternalism
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