Cited by 4,816Personality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and AssessmentPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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The structure of phenotypic personality traits.

Goldberg, Lewis R.·1993·American Psychologist

DOI 10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26

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Abstract

This personal historical article traces the development of the Big-Five factor structure, whose growing acceptance by personality researchers has profoundly influenced the scientific study of individual differences. The roots of this taxonomy lie in the lexical hypothesis and the insights of Sir Francis Galton, the prescience of L. L. Thurstone, the legacy of Raymond B. Cattell, and the seminal analyses of Tupes and Christal. Paradoxically, the present popularity of this model owes much to its many critics, each of whom tried to replace it, but failed. In reaction, there have been a number of attempts to assimilate other models into the five-factor structure. Lately, some practical implications of the emerging consensus can be seen in such contexts as personnel selection and classification.

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Authors: Goldberg, L. R.
Affiliations: Oregon Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Goldberg, Lewis R.
Venue: American Psychologist
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 26-34
ISSN: 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
1935-990X
DOI: 10.1037/0003-066x.48.1.26
OpenAlex: W1966732563
Semantic Scholar: c9e5ff2af5a184293feb8b5c4cdaf30d53694549
Cited by: 4,816
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 97 · 2025: 181 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 260 · 2021: 302 · 2020: 297 · 2019: 257 · 2018: 247 · 2017: 232 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 205 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 174 · 2012: 190
FWCI: 85.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5r01mh039077-08)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-39077)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Big Five personality traits, personality structure, lexical hypothesis, Francis Galton, individual differences, personality taxonomy, personnel selection, personality classification
MeSH terms: Humans, Individuality, Personality, Personality Tests, Temperament

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The structure of phenotypic personality traits.

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