The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Abstract
6.1464) is often used to predict people's behaviors.However, it has shown poor predictive ability potentially because of its typical scoring method (the D score), which is affected by the across-trial variability in the IAT data and might provide biased estimates of the construct.Linear Mixed-Effects Models (LMMs) can address this issue while providing a Rasch-like parametrization of accuracy and time responses.In this study, the predictive abilities of D scores and LMM estimates were compared.The LMMs estimates showed better predictive ability than the D score, and allowed for in-depth analyses at the stimulus level that helped in reducing the acrosstrial variability.Implications of the results and limitations of the study are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“like physiological measures, the validity of most indirect measures has been established via stimuli of known va- lence, and this knowledge came from studies using self-report measures (e.g., Fazio et al. 1986, Greenwald et al. 1998, Payne et al. 2005).This issue creates the same inferential paradox described for physiological measures.”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Greenwald et al. 1998
In the citing paper
“Some studies (Caliskan et al. 2017;Greenwald et al. 1998) have found that names associated with European Americans are more likely to be linked with pleasantness, while non-European names tend to be associated with unpleasantness.”
From Towards trustworthy LLMs: a review on debiasing and dehallucinating in large language models (2024) · cites this paper as Greenwald et al. 1998
In the citing paper
“Generalized effects were found both in the same task (novel pictures, close generalization) and in a different task, employing words instead of pictures: an approach avoid alcohol Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998).”
From Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation (2011) · cites this paper as Greenwald et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“For example, we tend to show implicit biases towards members of our own race and against those of other races, even when we don't hold any explicitly biased attitudes.”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“These implicit racial biases can be measured behaviourally using an implicit association task (IAT: See Glossary [15]), but also can be seen at the neural level in the form of distinct patterns of brain activity [2].”
From Changing bodies changes minds: Owning another body affects social cognition (2015) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The design of the task followed that of the original version used by Greenwald et al. (1998).”
From Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias (2012) · cites this paper as Greenwald et al. (1998)
In the citing paper
“Techniques that lead people to recognize their unconscious biases include exercises where they are prompted to compare what they would do and what they should do in a variety of intergroup circumstances,45 and recently developed procedures (such as the Implicit Association Test52,53) that can reveal unconscious prejudice and stereotypes.”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“Within research on aging, tools such as the Implicit Association Test [29] and Measurement of Aging Anxiety [46] are used to assess attitudes towards older adulthood (e.g., [34]).”
From Addressing age-related bias in sentiment analysis, (2018) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Prior work has demonstrated that response time biases can reflect implicit conceptual conflict (30, 31), such that slowing reflects cognitive interference induced when pairing incongruent constructs and speeding reflects facilitative association when pairing congruent constructs.”
From Development of self-protective biases in response to social evaluative feedback (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
Citations
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4
Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01 · Cited by 86,835
Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure
Zajonc, R. B. (1968) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025848 · Cited by 6,745
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
Self-citationUnderstanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815
Self-citationStereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673
Probabilistic Models for some Intelligence and Attainment Tests.
Wolins, L., Wright, B. D., & Rasch, G. (1982) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287805 · Cited by 2,009
Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction.
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Gaertner, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.62 · Cited by 1,567
Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.101 · Cited by 1,321
Self-citationUnderstanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity
Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271418 · Cited by 1,216
Self-citation
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 322
Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2006) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00371.x · Cited by 350
Measuring Bias in Contextualized Word Representations
Kurita, K., Vyas, N., Pareek, A., Black, A. W., & Tsvetkov, Y. (2019) · Proceedings of the First Workshop on Gender Bias in Natural Language Processing · doi:10.18653/v1/w19-3823 · Cited by 348
Priest, N., Walton, J., White, F., Kowal, E., Baker, A., & Paradies, Y. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.003 · Cited by 338
Social Determinants of Racial Disparities in CKD
Norton, J. M., Moxey-Mims, M. M., Eggers, P. W., Narva, A. S., Star, R. A., Kimmel, P. L., & Rodgers, G. P. (2016) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2016010027 · Cited by 345
Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers
Logel, C., Walton, G. M., Spencer, S. J., Iserman, E. C., von Hippel, W., & Bell, A. E. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015703 · Cited by 336
Unconscious (Implicit) Bias and Health Disparities: Where Do We Go from Here?
Blair, I. V., Steiner, J. F., & Havranek, E. P. (2011) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/11.979 · Cited by 329
The role of automatic obesity stereotypes in real hiring discrimination.
Agerström, J., & Rooth, D.-O. (2011) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021594 · Cited by 331
What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self
Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A., & van Knippenberg, A. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.4.669 · Cited by 424
The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation
Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736 · Cited by 322
How terrorism news reports increase prejudice against outgroups: A terror management account
Das, E., Bushman, B. J., Bezemer, M. D., Kerkhof, P., & Vermeulen, I. E. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.001 · Cited by 315
Banakou, D., Kishore, S., & Slater, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00917 · Cited by 305
Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder
Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G. A., Corrigan, P. W., & Bohus, M. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.500 · Cited by 304
Barnes-Holmes, D., Barnes-Holmes, Y., Stewart, I., & Boles, S. (2010) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395726 · Cited by 297
Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation
Gladwin, T. E., Figner, B., Crone, E. A., & Wiers, R. W. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.06.008 · Cited by 296
Thush, C., Wiers, R. W., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.019 · Cited by 282
Implicit cognition and substance use: a meta-analysis
Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.009 · Cited by 278
Cherry, K. M., Hoeven, E. V., Patterson, T. S., & Lumley, M. N. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101973 · Cited by 267
Lueke, A., & Gibson, B. (2015) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550614559651 · Cited by 265
Amodio, D. M., Harmon-Jones, E., & Devine, P. G. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.738 · Cited by 257
The effect of patients' sex on physicians' recommendations for total knee arthroplasty
Borkhoff, C. M., Hawker, G. A., Kreder, H. J., Glazier, R. H., Mahomed, N. N., & Wright, J. G. (2008) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.071168 · Cited by 254
Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment.
Teachman, B. A., & Woody, S. R. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.1.100 · Cited by 258
The role of control motivation in mortality salience effects on ingroup support and defense
Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhänel, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012666 · Cited by 252
Source factors in persuasion: A self-validation approach
Briñol, P., & Petty, R. E. (2009) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463280802643640 · Cited by 243
Hayes, S. C., Ciarrochi, J., Hofmann, S. G., Chin, F., & Sahdra, B. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104155 · Cited by 234
Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers
Wiers, R. W., Van De Luitgaarden, J., Van Den Wildenberg, E., & Smulders, F. T. Y. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01064.x · Cited by 238
Brooks, S., Prince, A., Stahl, D., Campbell, I. C., & Treasure, J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.006 · Cited by 236
Digital Behaviour Change Interventions to Break and Form Habits
Pinder, C., Vermeulen, J., Cowan, B. R., & Beale, R. (2018) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3196830 · Cited by 235
Lau, M. A., Segal, Z. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.003 · Cited by 232
Kubota, J. T., Banaji, M. R., & Phelps, E. A. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3136 · Cited by 242
Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox
Breda, T., Jouini, E., Napp, C., & Thebault, G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008704117 · Cited by 233
Mood-induced changes on the implicit association test in recovered depressed patients
Gemar, M. C., Segal, Z. V., Sagrati, S., & Kennedy, S. J. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.282 · Cited by 227
Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wiers, R. W. (2011) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2010.536417 · Cited by 220
Longitudinal Evidence for Unfavorable Effects of Antidepressants on Heart Rate Variability
Licht, C. M. M., de Geus, E. J. C., van Dyck, R., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.06.032 · Cited by 225
Doris, J. M., & The Moral Psychology Research Group (2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199582143.001.0001 · Cited by 227
Experiencing ownership over a dark-skinned body reduces implicit racial bias
Maister, L., Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.002 · Cited by 221
Measuring wanting and liking from animals to humans: a systematic review
Pool, E., Sennwald, V., Delplanque, S., Brosch, T., & Sander, D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.006 · Cited by 211
Licht, C. M. M., de Geus, E. J. C., van Dyck, R., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2009) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e3181a292a6 · Cited by 215
Mental habits: metacognitive reflection on negative self-thinking.
Verplanken, B., Friborg, O., Wang, C. E., Trafimow, D., & Woolf, K. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.3.526 · Cited by 213
Jealousy and the threatened self: Getting to the heart of the green-eyed monster
DeSteno, D., Valdesolo, P., & Bartlett, M. Y. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.626 · Cited by 213
Ethnic Out-Group Faces Are Biased in the Prejudiced Mind
Dotsch, R., Wigboldus, D. H. J., Langner, O., & van Knippenberg, A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02186.x · Cited by 207
Best research practices for using the Implicit Association Test
Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., Hahn, A., Hehman, E., Hofmann, W., Hughes, S., et al. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01624-3 · Cited by 209
Self-citationDo narcissists dislike themselves “deep down inside”?
Keith Campbell, W., Bosson, J. K., Goheen, T. W., Lakey, C. E., & Kernis, M. H. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01880.x · Cited by 207
Rapid approach responses to alcohol cues in heavy drinkers
Field, M., Kiernan, A., Eastwood, B., & Child, R. (2008) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.06.001 · Cited by 204
Brandtstädter, J. (2009) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2009.03.002 · Cited by 205
Implicit Behavioral Mimicry: Investigating the Impact of Group Membership
Yabar, Y., Johnston, L., Miles, L., & Peace, V. (2006) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-006-0010-6 · Cited by 201
Tam, T., Hewstone, M., Harwood, J., Voci, A., & Kenworthy, J. (2006) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430206064642 · Cited by 198
Condoning stereotyping? How awareness of stereotyping prevalence impacts expression of stereotypes.
Duguid, M. M., & Thomas-Hunt, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037908 · Cited by 200
Tomiyama, A. J., Finch, L. E., Belsky, A. C. I., Buss, J., Finley, C., Schwartz, M. B., & Daubenmier, J. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20910 · Cited by 199
Ma, Y., & Han, S. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/a0015797 · Cited by 197
Ironic Effects of Racial Bias During Interracial Interactions
Shelton, J. N., Richeson, J. A., Salvatore, J., & Trawalter, S. (2005) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01547.x · Cited by 190
Lifting the Veil of Morality: Choice Blindness and Attitude Reversals on a Self-Transforming Survey
Hall, L., Johansson, P., & Strandberg, T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045457 · Cited by 192
The neural basis of implicit moral attitude—An IAT study using event-related fMRI
Luo, Q., Nakic, M., Wheatley, T., Richell, R., Martin, A., & Blair, R. J. R. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.005 · Cited by 191
Using Nonnaive Participants Can Reduce Effect Sizes
Chandler, J., Paolacci, G., Peer, E., Mueller, P., & Ratliff, K. A. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615585115 · Cited by 185
Levesque, C., & Brown, K. W. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9075-8 · Cited by 188
Houben, K., Havermans, R. C., & Wiers, R. W. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1872-1 · Cited by 183
Neurocognitive Basis of Racial Ingroup Bias in Empathy
Han, S. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.02.013 · Cited by 182
Comparative Perspectives on Racial Discrimination in Hiring: The Rise of Field Experiments
Quillian, L., & Midtbøen, A. H. (2021) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-090420-035144 · Cited by 180
Miller, S. L., Maner, J. K., & Becker, D. V. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018086 · Cited by 177
Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., & Mellott, D. S. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.482 · Cited by 243
Self-citationImplicit self-concept and moral action
Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.015 · Cited by 169
Implicit and Explicit Stigma of Mental Illness: Links to Clinical Care
Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181879dfd · Cited by 169
Crowdsourcing hypothesis tests: Making transparent how design choices shape research results.
Landy, J. F., Jia, M. (., Ding, I. L., Viganola, D., Tierney, W., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Pfeiffer, T., Ebersole, C. R., Gronau, Q. F., et al. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000220 · Cited by 168
Wilson, T. D. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01143.x · Cited by 163
Cross-cultural evidence that the nonverbal expression of pride is an automatic status signal.
Tracy, J. L., Shariff, A. F., Zhao, W., & Henrich, J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/a0028412 · Cited by 163
The Interaction of Patient Race, Provider Bias, and Clinical Ambiguity on Pain Management Decisions
Hirsh, A. T., Hollingshead, N. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., & Kroenke, K. (2015) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.003 · Cited by 162
“Math is hard!” The effect of gender priming on women's attitudes
Steele, J. R., & Ambady, N. (2006) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.06.003 · Cited by 161
Moskowitz, G. B., Stone, J., & Childs, A. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300591 · Cited by 161
Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias.
Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038557 · Cited by 159
Park, J. H., & Schaller, M. (2005) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.013 · Cited by 159
Assessment of self-Injurious thoughts using a behavioral test
Nock, M. K., & Banaji, M. R. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.820 · Cited by 158
The effects of an academic environment intervention on science identification among women in STEM
Ramsey, L. R., Betz, D. E., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2013) · Social Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s11218-013-9218-6 · Cited by 152
Do Physicians' Implicit Views of African Americans Affect Clinical Decision Making?
Oliver, M. N., Wells, K. M., Joy-Gaba, J. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Nosek, B. A. (2014) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2014.02.120314 · Cited by 152
Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists
Daugherty, S. L., Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Furniss, A., Dickinson, L. M., Karimkhani, E., Main, D. S., & Masoudi, F. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006872 · Cited by 150
Propranolol reduces implicit negative racial bias
Terbeck, S., Kahane, G., McTavish, S., Savulescu, J., Cowen, P. J., & Hewstone, M. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2657-5 · Cited by 149
Measuring implicit attitudes of 4-year-olds: The preschool implicit association test
Cvencek, D., Greenwald, A. G., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.11.002 · Cited by 146
Self-citationHaider, A. H., Schneider, E. B., Sriram, N., Dossick, D. S., Scott, V. K., Swoboda, S. M., Losonczy, L., Haut, E. R., Efron, D. T., Pronovost, P. J., et al. (2014) · Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery · doi:10.1097/ta.0000000000000392 · Cited by 147
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
A new mode of fear expression: perceptual bias in height fear
Teachman, B. A., Stefanucci, J. K., Clerkin, E. M., Cody, M. W., & Proffitt, D. R. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.8.2.296 · Cited by 144
Political partisanship influences perception of biracial candidates' skin tone
Caruso, E. M., Mead, N. L., & Balcetis, E. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0905362106 · Cited by 141
The Role of Verbal Threat Information in the Development of Childhood Fear. “Beware the Jabberwock!”
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2010) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0064-1 · Cited by 146
Implicit association between basic tastes and pitch
Crisinel, A.-S., & Spence, C. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.016 · Cited by 141
Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention
Hughes, J. L., Horowitz, L. M., Ackerman, J. P., Adrian, M. C., Campo, J. V., & Bridge, J. A. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070630 · Cited by 135
Oxytocin modulates the racial Bias in neural responses to others' suffering
Sheng, F., Liu, Y., Zhou, B., Zhou, W., & Han, S. (2013) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.11.018 · Cited by 139
Revisiting the Jezebel Stereotype: The Impact of Target Race on Sexual Objectification
Anderson, J. R., Holland, E., Heldreth, C., & Johnson, S. P. (2018) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684318791543 · Cited by 139
Towards trustworthy LLMs: a review on debiasing and dehallucinating in large language models
Lin, Z., Guan, S., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Artificial Intelligence Review · doi:10.1007/s10462-024-10896-y · Cited by 141
Addressing age-related bias in sentiment analysis,
Diaz, M., Johnson, I., Lazar, A., Piper, A. M., & Gergle, D. (2018) · Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3173986 · Cited by 138
Terror management and adults' attachment to their parents: The safe haven remains
Cox, C. R., Arndt, J., Pyszczynski, T., Greenberg, J., Abdollahi, A., & Solomon, S. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.4.696 · Cited by 136
Pronk, T., Molenaar, D., Wiers, R. W., & Murre, J. (2022) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01948-3 · Cited by 123
Transcending the self in immersive virtual reality
Slater, M., & Sanchez-Vives, M. V. (2014) · Computer · doi:10.1109/mc.2014.198 · Cited by 134
Understanding and Using the Brief Implicit Association Test: Recommended Scoring Procedures
Nosek, B. A., Bar-Anan, Y., Sriram, N., Axt, J., & Greenwald, A. G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110938 · Cited by 179
“Also, the order of measurement blocks is a well-known influence on response latency measures like the IAT [2, 24].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAutomaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
Teachman, B. A., Joormann, J., Steinman, S. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.004 · Cited by 130
“In addition, there is some evidence indicating that even when given an instruction to show a particular pattern on the task, it can be difficult to produce that effect (see Greenwald et al., 1998), though there are cases where instructions can influence performance (e.g., Fiedler & Bluemke, 2005).”
BackgroundEberhardt, J. L. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.2.181 · Cited by 131
Conner, M. T., Perugini, M., O'Gorman, R., Ayres, K., & Prestwich, A. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207309194 · Cited by 129
The surprisingly limited malleability of implicit racial evaluations
Joy-Gaba, J. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2010) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000020 · Cited by 123
NIH peer review: Criterion scores completely account for racial disparities in overall impact scores
Erosheva, E. A., Grant, S., Chen, M.-C., Lindner, M. D., Nakamura, R. K., & Lee, C. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4868 · Cited by 125
Beyond the colour of my skin: how skin colour affects the sense of body-ownership
Farmer, H., Tajadura-Jiménez, A., & Tsakiris, M. (2012) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2012.04.011 · Cited by 123
Manning, V., Staiger, P. K., Hall, K., Garfield, J. B. B., Flaks, G., Leung, D., Hughes, L. K., Lum, J. A. G., Lubman, D. I., & Verdejo‐Garcia, A. (2016) · Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.13163 · Cited by 123
Lindgren, K. P., Neighbors, C., Gasser, M. L., Ramirez, J. J., & Cvencek, D. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2016.1229324 · Cited by 120
Szeto, A. C. H., & Dobson, K. S. (2010) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2011.11.002 · Cited by 119
In-group and out-group membership mediates anterior cingulate activation to social exclusion
Krill, A. (2009) · Frontiers in Evolutionary Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.18.001.2009 · Cited by 118
Metadata
- Authors
- Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1464-1480
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4231165370
- Semantic Scholar
- 10cc2d53ff8349d3432b8f822d58e4ddee3d475e
- Cited by
- 9,210
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 353 · 2025: 426 · 2024: 404 · 2023: 502 · 2022: 525 · 2021: 603 · 2020: 710 · 2019: 613 · 2018: 565 · 2017: 438 · 2016: 524 · 2015: 439 · 2014: 369 · 2013: 356 · 2012: 330
- FWCI
- 57.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Implicit Association Test, implicit cognition, individual differences, D-score, linear mixed models, predictive validity, response accuracy, reaction time (psychology), construct bias
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
