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Fast robust automated brain extraction
Open accessAbstract
An automated method for segmenting magnetic resonance head images into brain and non‐brain has been developed. It is very robust and accurate and has been tested on thousands of data sets from a wide variety of scanners and taken with a wide variety of MR sequences. The method, Brain Extraction Tool (BET), uses a deformable model that evolves to fit the brain's surface by the application of a set of locally adaptive model forces. The method is very fast and requires no preregistration or other pre‐processing before being applied. We describe the new method and give examples of results and the results of extensive quantitative testing against “gold‐standard” hand segmentations, and two other popular automated methods. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:143–155, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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“Thus, as in a prior pilot trial of EC (21), these individuals were at elevated risk for executive dysfunction and likely exerted more effort to successfully develop inhibitory skills, which may be reflected by increased ACC activity.”
From Evidence for Neurocognitive Plasticity in At-Risk Older Adults: The Experience Corps Program (2009) · cites this paper as [21]
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Chen, X., Hackett, P. D., DeMarco, A. C., Feng, C., Stair, S., Haroon, E., Ditzen, B., Pagnoni, G., & Rilling, J. K. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9411-7 · Cited by 81
Starck, T., Nikkinen, J., Rahko, J., Remes, J., Hurtig, T., Haapsamo, H., Jussila, K., Kuusikko-Gauffin, S., Mattila, M.-L., Jansson-Verkasalo, E., et al. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00802 · Cited by 75
Sex-linked white matter microstructure of the social and analytic brain
Chou, K.-H., Cheng, Y., Chen, I.-Y., Lin, C.-P., & Chu, W.-C. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.010 · Cited by 81
Sociotopy in the temporoparietal cortex: common versus distinct processes
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Walhovd, K. B., Westlye, L. T., Moe, V., Slinning, K., Due-Tønnessen, P., Bjørnerud, A., van der Kouwe, A., Dale, A. M., & Fjell, A. M. (2010) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a1957 · Cited by 82
Neural mechanisms supporting the relationship between dispositional mindfulness and pain
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Fiber tractography reveals disruption of temporal lobe white matter tracts in schizophrenia
Phillips, O. R., Nuechterlein, K. H., Clark, K. A., Hamilton, L. S., Asarnow, R. F., Hageman, N. S., Toga, A. W., & Narr, K. L. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.10.019 · Cited by 80
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Lawrence, K. E., Levitt, J. G., Loo, S. K., Ly, R., Yee, V., O’Neill, J., Alger, J., & Narr, K. L. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.01.010 · Cited by 77
Single-dose serotonergic stimulation shows widespread effects on functional brain connectivity
Klaassens, B. L., van Gorsel, H. C., Khalili-Mahani, N., van der Grond, J., Wyman, B. T., Whitcher, B., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & van Gerven, J. M. A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.012 · Cited by 76
Conditioned respiratory threat in the subdivisions of the human periaqueductal gray
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“…to statistical analysis: motion correction (MCFLIRT [Jenkinson, 2002a]), removal of the nonbrain structures (skull and surrounding tissue) (BET [Smith, 2002]), spatial smoothing using a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) Gaussian kernel of 2 mm, and high-pass temporal filtering (Gaussian-weighted…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, S. M.
- Affiliations
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, Stephen M.
- ORCID
- Smith, Stephen M.
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-09-18
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 143-155
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871816
- OpenAlex
- W2071881327
- Cited by
- 10,496
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 338 · 2025: 439 · 2024: 517 · 2023: 527 · 2022: 611 · 2021: 669 · 2020: 689 · 2019: 688 · 2018: 657 · 2017: 647 · 2016: 620 · 2015: 678 · 2014: 564 · 2013: 564 · 2012: 505
- FWCI
- 61.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Siena
- Medical Research Council
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (GR/R77018/01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Brain Tumor Detection and Classification
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain extraction, automated brain segmentation, deformable models
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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