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The Central Nervous System and the Gut Microbiome
Open accessAbstract
Summary Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety, depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brain-barrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.
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“delivery mode (47) and early-life occurrences such as feeding changes, infection, and antibiotics treatment (48, 49) have a huge effect on the gut microbiota composition with a long-term impact on brain and behavior (9, 29).”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The modulation of gut physiology by the CNS and its effects on gut function such as motility, secretion, blood flow, nociception, and immune function during neurological stressors are well-documented (17, 29, 30).”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Accumulating evidence suggests that SCFAs that cross into the CNS have neuroactive properties.”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The central hypothesis is supported by experimental and clinical evidence that the microbiota is altered in such diseases, which aggravates the condition, and/or its modulation might prevent or improve the development and progression of CNS pathologies (17, 19, 29, 33–37).”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
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“several brain disorders have been linked to imbalances in the microbial composition of the gut (17, 19, 29, 33–37)”
From The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In the citing paper
“Through SCFAs, the gut microbiota actively communicates with host cells to regulate neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, and levels of neuroinflammation by affecting glial cell morphology and function, mitochondrial function, immune activation, lipid metabolism, and gene expression, thereby influencing CNS functions.”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“The maturation and function of CNS-resident macrophages and microglia are controlled by the gut microbiota (54).”
From Modulation of the gut–brain axis via the gut microbiota: a new era in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [54]
In the citing paper
“Animal studies suggest that the GM plays a crucial role in regulating early brain development (19, 45, 60, 114–117).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“Altered SCFA production has also been demonstrated in a variety of neuropathologies (42, 116, 127, 130, 132, 292–295).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [116]
In the citing paper
“A large body of preclinical literature supports the notion of a bidirectional communication system linking the gut and the brain, known as the gut-microbiota-brain axis (Borre et al., 2014; Sharon et al., 2016; Vuong et al., 2017).”
From Mechanisms underlying microbial-mediated changes in social behavior in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Sharon et al., 2016
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sharon, G., Sampson, T. R., Geschwind, D. H., & Mazmanian, S. K.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sharon, Gil
- Mazmanian, Sarkis K.
- Venue
- Cell
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 915-932
- ISSN
- 0092-8674 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5127403
- OpenAlex
- W2548933161
- Semantic Scholar
- 7bb11be31e7f534cb591760aeb939cd84b4b45ac
- Cited by
- 1,513
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 140 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 198 · 2023: 186 · 2022: 175 · 2021: 211 · 2020: 160 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 95 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 8.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cell (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Meixner Postdoctoral Fellowship in Translational Research
- Larry L. Hillblom Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship
- NIH (MH100556, DK078938, GM099535, NS085910)
- Department of Defense
- Heritage Medical Research Institute
- Simons Foundation
- NIMH (HD055784, MH100027, MH110927, MH1064382)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, central nervous system, brain development, gut-brain axis, anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, blood-brain barrier, myelination, neurogenesis, behavior, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Behavior, Brain, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Vagina, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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