Cited by 1,130Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchFace Recognition and PerceptionAction Observation and Synchronization

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The amygdala theory of autism

Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H.A., Bullmore, E.T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., Williams, S.C.R.·2000·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00011-7

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Abstract

Brothers (Brothers L. Concepts in Neuroscience 1990;1:27-51) proposed a network of neural regions that comprise the "social brain", which includes the amygdala. Since the childhood psychiatric condition of autism involves deficits in "social intelligence", it is plausible that autism may be caused by an amygdala abnormality. In this paper we review the evidence for a social function of the amygdala. This includes reference to the Kluver-Bucy syndrome (which Hetzler and Griffin suggested may serve as an animal model of autism). We then review evidence for an amygdala deficit in people with autism, who are well known to have deficits in social behaviour. This includes a detailed summary of our recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study involving judging from the expressions of another person's eyes what that other person might be thinking or feeling. In this study, patients with autism or AS did not activate the amygdala when making mentalistic inferences from the eyes, whilst people without autism did show amygdala activity. The amygdala is therefore proposed to be one of several neural regions that are abnormal in autism. We conclude that the amygdala theory of autism contains promise and suggest some new lines of research.

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Authors: Baron-Cohen, S., Ring, H. A., Bullmore, E. T., Wheelwright, S., Ashwin, C., & Williams, S. C. R.
Affiliations: University of Cambridge (GB)
University of London (GB)
ORCID: Ring, H.A.
Bullmore, E.T.
Wheelwright, S.
Ashwin, C.
Williams, S.C.R.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-05
Volume: 24
Issue: 3
Pages: 355-364
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00011-7
OpenAlex: W2070083499
Cited by: 1,130
References: 117
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 41 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 50 · 2012: 69
FWCI: 12.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust
Gatsby Charitable Foundation
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords: autism spectrum disorder, amygdala, social brain, social cognition, Klüver-Bucy syndrome, animal models of autism, amygdala dysfunction, mentalization, gaze, functional MRI
MeSH terms: Amygdala, Animals, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Social Behavior

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