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Multidimensional Assessment of Emotion Regulation and Dysregulation: Development, Factor Structure, and Initial Validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
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The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale has demonstrated good internal consistency and validity.
“This measure has demonstrated good internal consistency (α = .93) and validity (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Difficulties in emotion regulation in treatment-seeking alcoholics with and without co-occurring mood and anxiety disorders. (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
The study used the DERS to assess emotion regulation capability.
“Emotion regulation capability was assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), a 36-item scale 40.”
Asking once about usual behavior cannot capture dynamic constructs across different settings well.
“Posing questions at a single time point about typical behavior does not give us strong purchase on the operation of dynamic concepts in varied contexts (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Palmieri, Boden, & Berenbaum, 2009; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers.
“This inconsistency in the findings could be due to the different scales used as the original study (Romero-Moreno et al., 2017) employed a measure of acceptance not specifically designed for dementia caregivers (i.e., the subscale of the Emotion Regulation Scale, Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Valued Living Questionnaire Adapted to Caregiving (2023) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
DERS scores have good test-retest reliability (ρI = 0.88, P < 0.01).
“DERS scores have also been shown to have good test–retest reliability (ρI = 0.88, P < 0.01) [14].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
Lack of emotional clarity and lack of emotional awareness is a crucial component of dysfunctional emotion regulation.
“Now, when it comes to assessing dysfunctional ER, in an integrative study on the so-called “Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale,” lack of emotional clarity and, even more seriously, the lack of emotional awareness has been suggested to be a crucial component (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Collaborative Irrationality, Akrasia, and Groupthink: Social Disruptions of Emotion Regulation (2017) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The DERS has adequate predictive and constructive validity, with scores correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms.
“The DERS has also been reported to have adequate predictive and constructive validity [14], with scores being correlated with depression and anxiety symptoms [18].”
From Emotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The DERS was developed to assess a range of emotion regulation difficulties associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology using a single measure.
“The DERS was developed to assess a range of emotion regulation difficulties associated with the development and maintenance of psychopathology using a single measure to reduce patient burden and clinical overlap which can occur when using multiple tools (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Psychometric properties of acceptance measures: A systematic review (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations.
“It uses a 5-point Likert scale and has shown acceptable test-retest reliability and internal consistency in adolescent populations [137-140].”
From Family Support Protocol for Adolescent Internalizing Disorders: Protocol for a Pre-Post Quantitative Treatment Development Study (2024) · cites this paper as [138]
The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation.
“The DERS-16 is a short, valid measure of emotion regulation [29,44].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [44]
The DERS has moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85).
“The DERS’s psychometric properties are favorable, having moderate to very strong internal consistency (α=.69-.97) and strong retest reliability (r=0.88; ρI=0.85) [29, 46-49].”
From A Virtual Reality-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for and With Inuit in Québec: Protocol for a Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [46]
In Gratz and Roemer's definition of adaptive emotion regulation, awareness and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to modulate emotional responses are emphasized, together with controlling impulsive behaviors to act according to a long-term goal or value, despite negative emotions.
“In Gratz and Roemer’s (5) definition of adaptive emotion regulation, awareness and acceptance of emotions, and the ability to modulate emotional responses are emphasized, together with controlling impulsive behaviors to act according to a long-term goal or value, despite the presence of negative emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
The conceptualization of emotion regulation in the current intervention is in line with the definition of emotion regulation by Gratz and Roemer, which emphasizes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions.
“The conceptualization of emotion regulation in the current intervention is in line with the definition of emotion regulation by Gratz and Roemer (5), which emphasizes awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions.”
From An emotion regulation skills training for adolescents and parents: perceptions and acceptability of methodological aspects (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
The DERS is a well-validated and widely used self-report measure with excellent psychometric properties (internal consistency α = 0.93).
“This scale is a well-validated and widely used self-report measure with excellent psychometric properties (internal consistency α = 0.93).”
From Embodied Cognition in Meditation, Yoga, and Ethics—An Experimental Single-Case Study on the Differential Effects of Four Mind–Body Treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
The DERS has good psychometric properties in the general population, with internal consistency 0.93, adequate test-retest reliability, and convergent and incremental validity.
“DERS has good psychometric properties in the general population. Internal consistency is 0.93, test-retest reliability is adequate, and convergent and incremental validity are shown.”
From Efficacy of an internet-based psychological intervention for problem gambling and gambling disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) has high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.
“The authors found high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Brief psychological intervention for distress tolerance in an adult secondary care community mental health service: an evaluation (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
Impaired awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions or few appropriate emotion regulation strategies are related to interpersonal problems.
“An impaired awareness, understanding and acceptance of emotions or few appropriate emotion regulation strategies [19] are related to interpersonal problems [20, 21].”
The multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004) has been widely adopted in the clinical literature in relation to its association with numerous psychological disorders.
“the multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation proposed by Gratz and Roemer (2004) has been widely adopted in the clinical literature in relation to its association with numerous psychological disorders.”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion.
“The eight domains are informed by Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model and target important processes or strategies to help young people regulate their emotions and control impulsive behaviors linked to negative emotion (i.e., urgency (Cyders and Smith, 2008; Weiss et al., 2013a).”
From An Emotion Regulation and Impulse Control (ERIC) Intervention for Vulnerable Young People: A Multi-Sectoral Pilot Study (2021) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
DERS was developed based on Gratz and Roemer's (2004) model for measurement of difficulties in emotion regulation.
“Based on Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) model of emotion regulation, the Difficulties in Emotions Regulation Scale (DERS) was developed accordingly for the measurement of the difficulties in emotion regulation.”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
DERS is more comprehensive to cover a wider range of emotion regulation strategies including clarity of emotions, acceptance of emotional experience, impulsion control, goal-directed behavior and flexibility in strategies.
“DERS was more comprehensive to cover a wider range of emotion regulation strategies including the clarity of emotions, acceptance of emotional experience, impulsion control, goal-directed behavior and flexibility in strategies”
From Adolescents' mindfulness and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotion regulation (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
Alexithymia is not entirely equivalent to emotional dysregulation but encapsulates it in combination with difficulty identifying and understanding one's emotions.
“This construct is not entirely equivalent to emotional dysregulation (operationalised by Maddox et al. with the Emotion Regulation Scale [75]), but encapsulates the latter in combination with difficulty identifying and understanding one’s emotions [76, 77].”
From A 'choice', an 'addiction', a way 'out of the lost': Exploring self-injury in autistic people without intellectual disability (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
The Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) has high internal consistency (α = 0.93), good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct validity.
“The DERS has been shown to have high internal consistency (α = 0.93), good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct validity (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The DERS has preliminary data indicating high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.
“Preliminary data indicate high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and adequate construct and predictive validity.”
From Dbt-enhanced cognitive-behavioral treatment for trichotillomania: A randomized controlled trial (2012) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
The DERS has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability.
“The questionnaire also has adequate construct and predictive validity and good test-retest reliability.”
The DERS internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the subscales appeared to be adequate (varying between a Cronbach's alpha of 0.80 and 0.93).
“The internal consistency for the total scale as well as for the subscales appeared to be adequate (varying between a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.80 and 0.93).”
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), test-retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct and predictive validity among a college sample.
“The DERS has adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), test–retest reliability (r = 0.88), and construct and predictive validity among a college sample (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
McVey et al. (2021) provided preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in autistic adolescents and adults, supporting a 6-factor structure similar to that found in the general population.
“McVey et al. (2021) provided preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in autistic adolescents and adults. Their results supported a 6-factor structure, similar to that found in the general population (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
The DERS is a reliable and valid measure of emotion dysregulation.
“Research supports its reliability and validity. 30,31”
From Dialectical behaviour therapy skills training: A feasibility study with active duty military. (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Diagnoses were derived by the CIDI and validated by expert clinicians.
“Diagnoses were derived by the CIDI and validated by expert clinicians [33][34][35][36][37][38] .”
From Treating Treatment-Resistant Patients with Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Psychotherapy: A Randomized Controlled Switching Trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [33]
Some habitual affective and cognitive styles can be measured with self-report instruments.
“Some of these habitual affective/cognitive styles can be measured with self-report instruments (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Hayes et al., 2004; Hofmann & Kashdan, 2010; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; Treynor, Gonzalez, & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2003).”
From Toward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Gratz & Roemer, 2004
Health and self-regulation outcomes were measured with validated instruments, including PROMIS, PSS, DERS, MAIA, FFMQ, SCS-SF, SECD-6, and PCQ, with reported internal consistencies.
“Anxiety and depression were assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety Short Form 8a (Cronbach's α = 0.92) 74,75 and PROMIS Depression Short Form 8a (α = 0.97).”
From Mindfulness training enhances self-regulation and facilitates health behavior change for primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [81]
The study used the Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale, adapted from the DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).
“The second questionnaire was the Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) adapted from DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale was adapted and translated for children from the DERS, and only 22 items were retained after exploring validity and reliability.
“The Filipino version of the Emotion Regulation Scale (Gill and Lopez, 2018) was adapted and translated for children from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale or DERS (Gratz and Roemer, 2004). After translation of the original DERS, only 22 items were retained after exploring the validity and reliability of the translated version (Gill and Lopez, 2018).”
From Safe schools for teens: Preventing sexual abuse of urban poor teens, proof-of-concept study-improving teachers'and students'knowledge, skills and attitudes (2020) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74−.78 for women).
“The DERS has high internal consistency (α =.93) and good test-retest reliability (r=.74 −.78 for women).(54)”
The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Questionnaire had validity of 0.93 and reliability of 0.80 using Cronbach's alpha.
“Graz reported the validity of the questionnaire as 0.93 and its reliability was 0.80, using Cronbach’s alpha (9).”
From Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on interpersonal problems and difficulties in emotion regulation among university students (2017) · cites this paper as [9]
Emotion regulation has been indicated as a moderator of anxiety and depressive symptoms.
“emotion regulation has been indicated as a moderator of anxiety and depressive symptoms [46]”
From Uptake and adherence to an online intervention for cancer-related distress: older age is not a barrier to adherence but may be a barrier to uptake (2017) · cites this paper as [46]
The DERS total score has good test-retest reliability (r = 0.88; subscales 0.56 < r < 0.90).
“The test–retest reliability for the total score is good (r = 0.88; subscales 0.56 < r < 0.90).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
The DERS has sufficient construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach's α > 0.80) for all scales.
“The construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.80) is sufficient for all scales (Gratz and Roemer, 2004; Neumann et al., 2010).”
From The Effectiveness of Art Therapy for Anxiety in Adult Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial (2019) · cites this paper as Gratz and Roemer, 2004
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“Posing questions at a single time point about typical behavior does not give us strong purchase on the operation of dynamic concepts in varied contexts (e.g., Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Palmieri, Boden, & Berenbaum, 2009; Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995).”
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Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112739 · Cited by 1,214
“…& Clore 2000, Salovey & Meyer 1990), interoceptive awareness of bodily changes related to emotion and regulation (Füstös et al. 2013), differentiation between emotions (Barrett et al. 2001, Kashdan et al. 2014, Lindquist & Barrett 2008), and acquisition of emotional clarity (Gratz & Roemer 2004).”
BackgroundSolving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model
Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.03.005 · Cited by 1,475
Self-citationBjureberg, J., Ljótsson, B., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Sahlin, H., Lundh, L.-G., Bjärehed, J., DiLillo, D., Messman-Moore, T., Gumpert, C. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9514-x · Cited by 1,081
“Emotion Regulation The original Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz and Roemer 2004) is a 36item self-report measure that assesses individuals’ typical levels of emotion dysregulation across six domains: nonacceptance of negative emotions, inability to engage in goaldirected behaviors when distressed…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationScott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556 · Cited by 1,094
Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002 · Cited by 1,052
“Given that both of these frameworks are purported to measure distinct facets of ER (Bardeen & Fergus, 2014), this review will use both when examining the psychological treatment literature in order to acknowledge the multifaceted nature of ER as a construct (Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotion Regulation Flexibility
Aldao, A., Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9662-4 · Cited by 981
The Future of Emotion Regulation Research: Capturing Context
Aldao, A. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612459518 · Cited by 948
“As Gratz and Roemer (2004) stated, “knowledge of the specific emotion regulation strategies used by an individual, in the absence of information on the context in which they are used, may provide little information about the individual’s ability to regulate her or his emotions effectively” (p. 42).”
BackgroundKaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3 · Cited by 960
“Broadly defined, emotion regulation includes the ability to: identify, understand, and accept emotional experiences, control impulsive behaviors when distressed, and flexibly modulate emotional responses as situationally appropriate (Cole et al. 1994; Gratz and Roemer 2004; Eisenberg and Spinrad 2004; Linehan 1993; Th…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmotion regulation strategies in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review
Schäfer, J. Ö., Naumann, E., Holmes, E. A., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Samson, A. C. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0585-0 · Cited by 941
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder.
Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Rücker, G., Timmer, A., Huband, N., & Lieb, K. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005652.pub2 · Cited by 895
Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002 · Cited by 860
Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study
McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Mennin, D. S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003 · Cited by 850
Emotion regulation and mental health: recent findings, current challenges, and future directions
Berking, M., & Wupperman, P. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e3283503669 · Cited by 836
Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review
Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20400 · Cited by 805
Meiklejohn, J., Phillips, C., Freedman, M. L., Griffin, M. L., Biegel, G., Roach, A., Frank, J., Burke, C., Pinger, L., Soloway, G., et al. (2012) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-012-0094-5 · Cited by 778
Experience sampling methodology in mental health research: new insights and technical developments.
Myin‐Germeys, I., Kasanova, Z., Vaessen, T., Vachon, H., Kirtley, O., Viechtbauer, W., & Reininghaus, U. (2018) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20513 · Cited by 709
Self‐injury: A research review for the practitioner
Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20412 · Cited by 722
The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics
Kashdan, T. B., Gallagher, M. W., Silvia, P. J., Winterstein, B. P., Breen, W. E., Terhar, D., & Steger, M. F. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011 · Cited by 674
“Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS: Gratz & Roemer, 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGender differences in perceived stress and coping among college students
Graves, B. S., Hall, M. E., Dias-Karch, C., Haischer, M. H., & Apter, C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255634 · Cited by 803
“However, this type of individual has been shown to primarily use intellectual and behavioral action responses, when dealing with stressful emotional experiences to progress towards personal goals [26].”
BackgroundEhring, T., & Quack, D. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004 · Cited by 668
Gullone, E., & Taffe, J. R. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0025777 · Cited by 768
Aldao, A., Gee, D. G., De Los Reyes, A., & Seager, I. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000638 · Cited by 636
“Moreover, they could assess whether a given regulation ability (e.g., “When I am upset, it takes me a long time to feel better” from the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale; Gratz & Roemer, 2004) is more likely to manifest in response to certain types of stressors.”
BackgroundMethodTull, M. T., Barrett, H. M., McMillan, E. S., & Roemer, L. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.10.001 · Cited by 694
Self-citationBridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038662 · Cited by 726
Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2005.03.002 · Cited by 618
Self-citationEmotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1 · Cited by 607
Nonsuicidal self-injury as a gateway to suicide in young adults
Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J., Eckenrode, J., Purington, A., Baral Abrams, G., Barreira, P., & Kress, V. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.010 · Cited by 618
“optimism) [28], acceptance of emotion [29], sense of meaning in life [30], and perceived peer social isolation [31].”
BackgroundBiochemical Oscillations and Cellular Rhythms
Goldbeter, A., & Berridge, M. J. (1996) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511608193 · Cited by 611
The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000093 · Cited by 588
Ehring, T., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schnülle, J., Fischer, S., & Gross, J. J. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0019010 · Cited by 587
Mindfulness and its relationship to emotional regulation
Hill, C. L. M., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026355 · Cited by 580
Emotion regulation and aggression
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.006 · Cited by 679
Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury
Fox, K. R., Franklin, J. C., Ribeiro, J. D., Kleiman, E. M., Bentley, K. H., & Nock, M. K. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.09.002 · Cited by 548
Emotion-regulation skills as a treatment target in psychotherapy
Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005 · Cited by 532
Delineating components of emotion and its dysregulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology
Mennin, D. S., Holaway, R. M., Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.09.001 · Cited by 527
An examination of the food addiction construct in obese patients with binge eating disorder
Gearhardt, A. N., White, M. A., Masheb, R. M., MORGAN, P. T., Crosby, R. D., & Grilo, C. M. (2011) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20957 · Cited by 535
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00660.x · Cited by 530
Neumann, A., van Lier, P. A. C., Gratz, K. L., & Koot, H. M. (2010) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191109349579 · Cited by 521
Self-citationAn experimental investigation of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder
Gratz, K. L., Rosenthal, M. Z., Tull, M. T., Lejuez, C. W., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.115.4.850 · Cited by 518
Self-citationLavender, J. M., Wonderlich, S. A., Engel, S. G., Gordon, K. H., Kaye, W. H., & Mitchell, J. E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.010 · Cited by 512
“Dimensions of the Gratz and Roemer (2004) Multidimensional Model Dimension 1: To what extent is one able to flexibly use adaptive and situationally appropriate strategies to modulate emotional duration/intensity?”
BackgroundResultEmotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Wolff, J. C., Thompson, E., Thomas, S. A., Nesi, J., Bettis, A. H., Ransford, B., Scopelliti, K., Frazier, E. A., & Liu, R. T. (2019) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004 · Cited by 512
“The DERS is a 36-item measure with 6 scales [11]: nonacceptance of emotional responses (i.e., “ When I ’ m upset, I become angry with myself for feeling that way ” ), dif fi culty engaging in goal-directed behavior (i.e., “ When I ’ m upset, I have dif fi culty getting work done ” ), impulse control…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRolffs, J. L., Rogge, R. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116645905 · Cited by 504
“Somatic Concerns × Emotion Regulation × Negative Evaluation × Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Gratz and Roemer (2004) 36 Lack of Emotional Awareness × × Nonacceptance of Emotional Responses × ×”
BackgroundFeeding Your Feelings: Emotion Regulation Strategies and Emotional Eating
Evers, C., Stok, F. M., & de Ridder, D. T. D. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210371383 · Cited by 503
Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits
Sharp, C., Pane, H., Ha, C., Venta, A., Patel, A. B., Sturek, J., & Fonagy, P. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.017 · Cited by 492
Inwood, E., & Ferrari, M. (2018) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12127 · Cited by 483
“Gratz and Roemer’s (2004) multidimensional model of emotion dysregulation, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), is a widely used measure.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPositive and Negative Emotion Regulation in Adolescence: Links to Anxiety and Depression
Young, K., Sandman, C., & Craske, M. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9040076 · Cited by 485
“Other questionnaires assess different combinations of emotion regulation strategies, such as the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [71]), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; [72]) and the Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugenlichen (FEEL-KJ [73]).”
MethodHarrison, A., Sullivan, S. A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291710000036 · Cited by 535
Measurement of emotion dysregulation in adolescents
Weinberg, A., & Klonsky, E. D. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016669 · Cited by 477
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9 · Cited by 470
“One of the strengths of the original DERS is its high internal consistency reliability for the subscales and total score (Gratz and Roemer 2004).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHolzman, J. B., & Bridgett, D. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032 · Cited by 449
Hallion, L. S., Steinman, S. A., Tolin, D. F., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539 · Cited by 464
Haga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E.-K. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9080-3 · Cited by 530
Psychological therapies for people with borderline personality disorder
Storebø, O. J., Stoffers-Winterling, J. M., Völlm, B. A., Kongerslev, M. T., Mattivi, J. T., Jørgensen, M. S., Faltinsen, E., Todorovac, A., Sales, C. P., Callesen, H. E., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012955.pub2 · Cited by 450
Gruhn, M. A., & Compas, B. (2020) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104446 · Cited by 399
Components of Emotion Dysregulation in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review
Carpenter, R. W., & Trull, T. J. (2012) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2 · Cited by 446
Coffey, K. A., Hartman, M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2010) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-010-0033-2 · Cited by 428
Erisman, S. M., & Roemer, L. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0017162 · Cited by 411
Self-citationNeacsiu, A. D., Eberle, J. W., Kramer, R., Wiesmann, T., & Linehan, M. M. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.005 · Cited by 394
Learning to BREATHE: A Pilot Trial of a Mindfulness Curriculum for Adolescents
Broderick, P. C., & Metz, S. (2009) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2009.9715696 · Cited by 409
Why Do People Hurt Themselves? A New Conceptual Model of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury
Hooley, J. M., & Franklin, J. C. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617745641 · Cited by 467
“Emotion reactivity concerns the threshold, intensity, and duration of experienced emotions (Davidson, 1998), whereas emotion regulation concerns the skills and processes used to modulate emotional states (see Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Gross, 1998).”
BackgroundSvaldi, J., Griepenstroh, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Ehring, T. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.009 · Cited by 408
Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Blader, J., Busch, B., Childress, A. C., Connor, D. F., & Newcorn, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12899 · Cited by 400
Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a meta-analysis
Seligowski, A. V., Lee, D. J., Bardeen, J. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.980753 · Cited by 408
“Email: aseligowski@niu.edu”
BackgroundFuture Directions in Emotion Dysregulation and Youth Psychopathology
Beauchaine, T. P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1038827 · Cited by 394
“In adolescent samples, the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (Gratz & Roemer, 2004), which was developed originally for use with adults, is well validated and increasingly popular (Weinberg & Klonsky, 2009).”
MethodMindfulness and emotion regulation
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., & Rollins, L. G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.006 · Cited by 411
Self-citationHormes, J. M., Kearns, B., & Timko, C. A. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12713 · Cited by 398
“awareness of emotional responses; (2) lack of clarity of emotional responses; (3) non-acceptance of emotional responses; (4) limited access to emotion regulation strategies perceived as effective; (5) difficulties controlling impulses when experiencing negative emotions; and (6) difficulties engaging in goal-directed…”
BackgroundWhiteside, U., Chen, E., Neighbors, C., Hunter, D., Lo, T., & Larimer, M. (2007) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2006.04.001 · Cited by 400
Roemer, L., Lee, J. K., Salters-Pedneault, K., Erisman, S. M., Orsillo, S. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2009) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2008.04.001 · Cited by 392
Self-citationDesrosiers, A., Vine, V., Klemanski, D. H., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22124 · Cited by 392
“Nonacceptance of emotional experience, which has been described as a tendency to have negative metareactions to negative emotions[15] and as a tendency to avoid experiencing aversive emotions (i.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilliams, D. P., Cash, C. S. E., Rankin, C., Bernardi, A., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00261 · Cited by 392
“However, this work may not capture other facets of ER, such as emotional clarity and acceptance of emotions, as such facets have been shown to undermine successful ER (Gratz and Roemer, 2004) and thus, may have subsequent effects on health.”
BackgroundInfluentialDifficulties in emotion regulation and impulse control during cocaine abstinence
Fox, H. C., Axelrod, S. R., Paliwal, P., Sleeper, J., & Sinha, R. (2007) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.12.026 · Cited by 383
Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions
Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.086 · Cited by 371
Sakiris, N., & Berle, D. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101751 · Cited by 369
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070701819524 · Cited by 366
Self-citationEmotion regulation in substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Stellern, J., Xiao, K. B., Grennell, E., Sanches, M., Gowin, J. L., & Sloan, M. E. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16001 · Cited by 366
“The DERS The DERS is a 36-item self-report measure that aims to assess emotional dysregulation using six subscales [14]: non-acceptance of negative emotions (Non-Acceptance), difficulties engaging in goal-directed behaviors when distressed (Goals), belief that there is little that one can do to regulate emotions effec…”
BackgroundMethodWilliams, W. C., Morelli, S. A., Ong, D. C., & Zaki, J. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000132 · Cited by 352
Hasking, P. A., Whitlock, J. L., Voon, D., & Rose, A. (2016) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1241219 · Cited by 414
“If the emotion cannot be avoided, limited access to emotion regulation strategies (cf. Gratz & Roemer, 2004) becomes paramount in increasing risk of NSSI.”
BackgroundInfluentialChild Maltreatment, Emotion Regulation, and Posttraumatic Stress: The Impact of Emotional Abuse
Burns, E. E., Jackson, J. L., & Harding, H. G. (2010) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2010.522947 · Cited by 371
Emotion regulation across eating pathology: A meta-analysis
Prefit, A.-B., Cândea, D. M., & Szentagotai-Tătar, A. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.104438 · Cited by 341
Salters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9055-4 · Cited by 356
Self-citationHavighurst, S. S., Wilson, K. R., Harley, A. E., Prior, M. R., & Kehoe, C. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02303.x · Cited by 287
Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach
Rashid, T. (2014) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.920411 · Cited by 416
Sahdra, B. K., Shaver, P. R., & Brown, K. W. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223890903425960 · Cited by 352
Westwood, H., Kerr-Gaffney, J., Stahl, D., & Tchanturia, K. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.06.007 · Cited by 354
“The model [98] outlines four dimensions theorised to contribute to the development or maintenance of psychopathology: use of adaptive and situationally appropriate emotion regulation strategies; impulse inhibition and behavioural control when distressed; emotional awareness, clarity, and acceptance; and emotional appr…”
Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Uljarević, M., Dissanayake, C., & Samson, A. C. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1968 · Cited by 347
Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa
Harrison, A., Sullivan, S. A., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. L. (2009) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.628 · Cited by 343
Robins, C. J., Keng, S., Ekblad, A. G., & Brantley, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20857 · Cited by 332
Emotion Regulation in Current and Remitted Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756 · Cited by 337
“Total scores of questionnaires measuring general emotion regulation abilities (e.g., Gratz and Roemer, 2004) were pooled into one effect size.”
InfluentialNonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder: An Empirical Investigation in Adolescent Psychiatric Patients
Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.794699 · Cited by 386
“…(emotion dysregulation), and interpersonal (loneliness) domains, and because previous research has shown these variables to be elevated in both NSSI (Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Klonsky, 2007; Nock et al., 2006; Whitlock et al., 2006) and BPD (APA, 2001; Glenn & Klonsky, 2009a; Zanarini et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodAyahuasca-Assisted Therapy for Addiction: Results from a Preliminary Observational Study in Canada
Thomas, G., Lucas, P., Capler, N., Tupper, K., & Martin, G. (2013) · Current Drug Abuse Reviews · doi:10.2174/15733998113099990003 · Cited by 330
Emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2 · Cited by 329
Characteristics of emotion regulation in recovered depressed versus never depressed individuals
Ehring, T. W., Fischer, S., Schnülle, J., Bösterling, A., & Tuschen‐Caffier, B. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.01.013 · Cited by 328
Metadata
- Authors
- Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Boston (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gratz, Kim L.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
- Published
- 2004-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 41-54
- ISSN
- 0164-0305 (ISSN-L)
- 0882-2689
- 1573-3505
- OpenAlex
- W2017039362
- Cited by
- 8,942
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 849 · 2025: 928 · 2024: 828 · 2023: 808 · 2022: 723 · 2021: 730 · 2020: 646 · 2019: 591 · 2018: 546 · 2017: 460 · 2016: 394 · 2015: 339 · 2014: 316 · 2013: 213 · 2012: 171
- FWCI
- 13.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- emotion regulation, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, emotional dysregulation, factor structure, psychometric validation, emotional awareness, emotional acceptance, adults, questionnaire development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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