Effect of Diet on the Gut Microbiota: Rethinking Intervention Duration

In the paper

“These wide variations contribute to many conflicting outcomes in this area of research with failures to find diet-specific effects [16].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Tebani, A., and Bekri, S. (2019). Paving the Way to Precision Nutrition Through Metabolomics. Front. Nutr., 6. source

In the paper

“In this way, a new state of ecological homeostasis of the gut microbiota may be achieved, mediated by diet with beneficial implications for host health.”

In the paper

“Even after extensive dietary changes, an individual’s microbiota maintains its unique personalised composition [6] suggesting that the forces controlling ecological homeostasis extend beyond diet.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] Wu, 2011, Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes, Science source

In the paper

“Likewise, mouse models have indicated that manipulation of macronutrient intake can consistently shift the composition of the gut microbiota within the span of a day [5,6,18,19].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] David, 2014, Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales, Genome Biol. source
• Not checked yetcites [6] Wu, 2011, Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes, Science source
• Not checked yetcites [18] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source
• Not checked yetcites [19] Walker, 2010, Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota, Isme J. source

In the paper

“Within 24–48 h of a dietary intervention rapid changes are thought to be made to the microbial composition on a species and family level (but not phyla) [17].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [17] Sonnenburg, 2016, Diet-microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism, Nature source

In the paper

“Short-term, dramatic dietary interventions have demonstrated the ability to alter microbiota diversity quickly in humans [5].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] David, 2014, Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales, Genome Biol. source

In the paper

“However, when viewed cross-sectionally across populations, dietary patterns also correspond with microbial composition [6].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [6] Wu, 2011, Linking Long-Term Dietary Patterns with Gut Microbial Enterotypes, Science source

In the paper

“This suggests that long-term dietary patterns and habitual intake play a role in shaping each individual’s stable microbiota profile.”

In the paper

“Permanent rather than transient changes to the core gut microbiota are likely required for long-term impact on health outcomes [16].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [16] Tebani, A., and Bekri, S. (2019). Paving the Way to Precision Nutrition Through Metabolomics. Front. Nutr., 6. source

In the paper

“Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate microbial diversity, composition, and stability.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [3] Zhang, 2010, Interactions between gut microbiota, host genetics and diet relevant to development of metabolic syndromes in mice, ISME J. source
• Not checked yetcites [4] Rothschild, 2018, Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota, Nature source

In the paper

“Durable bacterial implantation and proliferation may require continuous substrate availability.”

In the paper

“Extreme dietary shifts, however, are thought to illicit a more pronounced effect [41].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Albenberg, 2014, Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“In humans, Kaczmarek et al. observed that several bacteria were related to the time of eating [27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Kaczmarek, 2017, Time of day and eating behaviors are associated with the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“One longitudinal study involving daily gut microbiota investigations of two individuals over the course of a year found that changes in fibre intake are positively correlated with a change in abundance of 15% of the microbial community the following day [5].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] David, 2014, Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales, Genome Biol. source

In the paper

“However, the microbiota of the participants returned to baseline within 3-day post-dietary intervention [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] David, 2014, Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome, Nature source

In the paper

“The transient nature of these diet-induced microbial changes disappearing shortly after cessation of a dietary initiative suggest that continual intake of the nutritional substrate may be required.”

In the paper

“Both diets shifted gut microbiota composition [35], with the animal-based diet displaying significantly decreased levels of carbohydrate fermentation faecal metabolites and increased amino acid fermentation faecal metabolites within 24 h, in comparison to baseline and the plant-based diet [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Johnson, 2019, Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host Microbe source

In the paper

“Though, they observed little evidence of carry-over effects of high-Brassica diet after a two-week wash-out periods.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Kellingray, L., Tapp, H.S., Saha, S., Doleman, J.F., Narbad, A., and Mithen, R.F. (2017). Consumption of a diet rich in Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria: A randomised crossover study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. source

In the paper

“In terms of fibre food sources, Johnson et al. found statistically significant impact of fruit and grain fibre on gut microbiota composition [35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Johnson, 2019, Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host Microbe source

In the paper

“This suggests the importance of sustainable changes to the habitual diet for maintenance of this dietary effect on gut microbial composition.”

In the paper

“In a study by Kellingray et al., increased consumption of Brassica was associated with reduced relative abundance of sulphate-producing bacteria and members of Rikenellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Mogibacteriaceae, and Clostridiales [40].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [40] Kellingray, L., Tapp, H.S., Saha, S., Doleman, J.F., Narbad, A., and Mithen, R.F. (2017). Consumption of a diet rich in Brassica vegetables is associated with a reduced abundance of sulphate-reducing bacteria: A randomised crossover study. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. source

In the paper

“Significant microbial changes have been noted amongst only a limited number of bacterial taxa during short periods of dietary interventions [22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis, Cell source

In the paper

“Zmora et al. displayed that colonisation in the gut microbiota by probiotics occurs in highly individualised patterns, with engraftment occurring in some and not in others [49].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Zmora, 2018, Personalized Gut Mucosal Colonization Resistance to Empiric Probiotics Is Associated with Unique Host and Microbiome Features, Cell source

In the paper

“Maldonado-Gómez et al. demonstrated that personalised engraftment of a probiotic was dependent on the availability of an open ecological niche [50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [50] Bottacini, 2016, Stable Engraftment of Bifidobacterium longum AH1206 in the Human Gut Depends on Individualized Features of the Resident Microbiome, Cell Host Microbe source

In the paper

“The magnitude of the effect on the gut microbiota in short-term dietary interventions is thought to be relatively modest in relation to the inter-individual variability of the microbial profile [41].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [41] Albenberg, 2014, Diet and the Intestinal Microbiome: Associations, Functions, and Implications for Health and Disease, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“Fibre content, amount and type appear to be pivotal determinants of microbiota composition [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] Chassaing, 2017, How diet can impact gut microbiota to promote or endanger health, Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. source

In the paper

“While there is limited evidence around many probiotics, some systematic reviews and meta-analyses have supported that specific strains may be effective in certain areas [43,44,45,46].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [43] Kunk, 2019, Probiotics: Elixir or empty promise?, Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. source
• Not checked yetcites [44] Li, 2019, Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis, World J. Gastroenterol. source
• Not checked yetcites [45] Hungin, 2018, Systematic review: Probiotics in the management of lower gastrointestinal symptoms—An updated evidence-based international consensus, Aliment Pharm. source
• Not checked yetcites [46] Derwa, 2017, Systematic review with meta-analysis: The efficacy of probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease, Aliment Pharm. source

In the paper

“Burton et al., also found that there was an absence of the probiotic bacterial strains related to the two-week consumption of probiotic yoghurt after a three week wash-out period (n = 14) [39].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [39] Burton, 2017, Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation and both alter the gut microbiota of healthy, young men, Br. J. Nutr. source

In the paper

“It is possible therefore that manipulation of feeding time, including time and duration of consumption and frequency, may influence the gut microbial composition and function and possibly host health [21,27].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [21] Parkar, G.S., Kalsbeek, A., and Cheeseman, F.J. (2019). Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health. Microorganisms, 7. source
• Not checked yetcites [27] Kaczmarek, 2017, Time of day and eating behaviors are associated with the composition and function of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“Thus, short-term interventions may be of too limited a duration to have a long-standing impact on gut microbiota composition.”

In the paper

“In humans, at least 10% of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) oscillate due to the circadian rhythm [22].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [22] Thaiss, 2014, Transkingdom Control of Microbiota Diurnal Oscillations Promotes Metabolic Homeostasis, Cell source

In the paper

“However, no significant effect of eating early or late was observed on the overall faecal microbial composition in the Collado et al. study [28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [28] Collado, 2018, Timing of food intake impacts daily rhythms of human salivary microbiota: A randomized, crossover study, FASEB J. source

In the paper

“This variability is explained only in part by the diet composition itself, with a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors thought to contribute such as circadian rhythm and feeding behaviours [20,21].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [20] Liang, 2017, Timing the Microbes: The Circadian Rhythm of the Gut Microbiome, J. Biol. Rhythm. source
• Not checked yetcites [21] Parkar, G.S., Kalsbeek, A., and Cheeseman, F.J. (2019). Potential Role for the Gut Microbiota in Modulating Host Circadian Rhythms and Metabolic Health. Microorganisms, 7. source

In the paper

“Free ranging animal models have suggested that seasonality may affect the function and composition of the gut microbiota [87,88] in response to a seasonal change in diet.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Hu, 2018, High-Throughput Analysis Reveals Seasonal Variation of the Gut Microbiota Composition Within Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii), Front. Microbiol. source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Orkin, 2019, Seasonality of the gut microbiota of free-ranging white-faced capuchins in a tropical dry forest, ISME J. source

In the paper

“In contrary, the exclusion of an essential nutrients through dietary choices based on fad dietary advice, appropriate or inappropriate long use of therapeutic dietary strategies such as the low-FODMAP diet [93,94] and a gluten free diet may reduce microbial diversity [94].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [93] Hill, 2017, Controversies and Recent Developments of the Low-FODMAP Diet, Gastroenterol. Hepatol.
• Not checked yetcites [94] Reddel, S., Putignani, L., and Del Chierico, F. (2019). The Impact of Low-FODMAPs, Gluten-Free, and Ketogenic Diets on Gut Microbiota Modulation in Pathological Conditions. Nutrients, 11. source

In the paper

“This state has often been attributed to a high-fat diet, though a mouse study demonstrated that microbial changes leading to this detrimental state were induced by a lack of fermentable fibre rather than dietary fat content [97,98].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [97] Zinöcker, M.K., and Lindseth, I.A. (2018). The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease. Nutrients, 10. source
• Not checked yetcites [98] Gentile, 2018, The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health, Science source

In the paper

“Accumulating evidence has suggested that long-term diet is the primary driver of gut microbiota composition, as depicted in Figure 1.”

• Also stated in: § 4.1. Increasing Emphasis on Habitual Diet Prior to Dietary Interventions and Analyses · hedged

  “with long-term diet thought to be a primary driver [109].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [109] Wilson, 2017, Systematic Review on Effects of Diet on Gut Microbiota in Relation to Metabolic Syndromes, J. Clin. Nutr. Metab.

In the paper

“Food groups that were significantly associated with microbial structure (weighted unifrac distances) included plant protein, total fruit and total grain consumption [100].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [100] Herman, D.R., Rhoades, N., Mercado, J., Argueta, P., Lopez, U., and Flores, G.E. (2019). Dietary Habits of 2- to 9-Year-Old American Children Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Composition. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. source

In the paper

“In cystic fibrosis, bacteria generally considered markers of a healthy gut microbial profile such as Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium, were shown be decreased in a single-centre study on 43 individuals with cystic fibrosis [95].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Burke, D.G., Fouhy, F., Harrison, M.J., Rea, M.C., Cotter, P.D., O’Sullivan, O., Stanton, C., Hill, C., Shanahan, F., and Plant, B.J. (2017). The altered gut microbiota in adults with cystic fibrosis. BMC Microbiol., 17. source

In the paper

“As described in the introduction it is the first three years of life that diet, together with other factors, appears to have the greatest impact on microbial ecology [11].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [11] Tanaka, 2017, Development of the gut microbiota in infancy and its impact on health in later life, Allergol. Int. source

In the paper

“A diverse diet, and in particular, the number of different types of plant foods consumed [35,78], has been associated with greater microbial alpha-diversity thought to provide an increased variety of substrates for numerous taxa proliferation [78,84].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Johnson, 2019, Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host Microbe source
• Not checked yetcites [78] McDonald, D., Hyde, E., Debelius, J.W., Morton, J.T., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Aksenov, A.A., Behsaz, B., Brennan, C., and Chen, Y. (2018). American Gut: An Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research. mSystems, 3. source
• Not checked yetcites [84] Heiman, 2016, A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity, Mol. Metab. source

In the paper

“Species Facealibacterium prausnitzii and genus Oscillospira, typically known to be SCFA fermenters, were increased in individuals who consumed more than 30 plant types a week in comparison to those who consumed less than 10 plant types [78].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] McDonald, D., Hyde, E., Debelius, J.W., Morton, J.T., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Aksenov, A.A., Behsaz, B., Brennan, C., and Chen, Y. (2018). American Gut: An Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research. mSystems, 3. source

In the paper

“The American Gut Project, a large citizen science open platform study, collected self-report dietary data (FFQs) and faecal samples amongst other measures from over 10,000 individuals, predominantly UK, USA, and Australian residents, confirmed these observations.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [78] McDonald, D., Hyde, E., Debelius, J.W., Morton, J.T., Gonzalez, A., Ackermann, G., Aksenov, A.A., Behsaz, B., Brennan, C., and Chen, Y. (2018). American Gut: An Open Platform for Citizen Science Microbiome Research. mSystems, 3. source

In the paper

“In a 2019 observational longitudinal study by Johnson et al., daily 24-h food records and faecal shotgun metagenomes were collected from 34 participants for 17 days, from which they observed a positive relationship between dietary diversity and microbial stability [35].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Johnson, 2019, Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host Microbe source

In the paper

“Even so, dietary indices more closely represent an individual’s long-term habitual food intake in comparison to the observation of singular nutrients with consideration that foods are typically consumed in combination and not in isolation.”

In the paper

“Likewise, the Healthy Food Diversity index (HFD) was shown to be positively correlated with three microbiota diversity indices [81].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [81] Claesson, 2012, Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly, Nature source

In the paper

“Adherence to a Western dietary pattern or a “prudent” pattern (based on high factor loadings of fruits, vegetables, nuts, fish, chicken and turkey without skin) on the gut microbiota of 517 older men were found to be associated with measures of beta-diversity, but not alpha-diversity [80].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [80] Shikany, 2019, Association of dietary patterns with the gut microbiota in older, community-dwelling men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“The microbial biodiversity of six to twelve year olds, for example, has been shown to be greater than those of healthy adults [84,85].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Heiman, 2016, A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity, Mol. Metab. source
• Not checked yetcites [85] Hollister, 2015, Structure and function of the healthy pre-adolescent pediatric gut microbiome, Microbiome source

In the paper

“Dietary fluctuations inform, at least in part, these cyclical variations though how other seasonal variants, including sun exposure, temperature, and relative time outdoors, impact the gut microbiota has yet to be explored [89].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [89] Davenport, E.R., Mizrahi-Man, O., Michelini, K., Barreiro, L.B., Ober, C., and Gilad, Y. (2014). Seasonal Variation in Human Gut Microbiome Composition. PLoS ONE, 9. source

In the paper

“The gut microbiota, however, may undergo a more prolonged development than previously suspected, with other evidence to indicate that it continues to develop past early childhood [82,83].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [82] Ringel-Kulka, T., Cheng, J., Ringel, Y., Salojärvi, J., Carroll, I., Palva, A., de Vos, W.M., and Satokari, R. (2013). Intestinal Microbiota in Healthy U.S. Young Children and Adults—A High Throughput Microarray Analysis. PLoS ONE, 8. source
• Not checked yetcites [83] Agans, 2011, Distal gut microbiota of adolescent children is different from that of adults, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. source

In the paper

“For example, minimal differences have been shown between omnivores and vegetarians [35] although in some intervention studies, animal fat and protein predominant diets have been clearly associated with specific changes in gut microbial composition when compared to plant-based diets [67].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [35] Johnson, 2019, Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host Microbe source

In the paper

“The dietary index Healthy Eating Index (HEI) explained the most variance between diet and the microbiome across the three indices, with the strongest association with gut microbial composition than the other measures [91].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [91] Bowyer, 2018, Use of dietary indices to control for diet in human gut microbiota studies, Microbiome source

In the paper

“A randomised, controlled, parallel designed study by Vanegas et al., however, displayed a modest effect on the microbiota at the family and genera level between the participants consuming whole grain (n = 41) compared to those consuming refined grain (n = 40) [62].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [62] Vanegas, 2017, Substituting whole grains for refined grains in a 6-wk randomized trial has a modest effect on gut microbiota and immune and inflammatory markers of healthy adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

In the paper

“For example, minimal differences have been shown between omnivores and vegetarians [35] although in some intervention studies, animal fat and protein predominant diets have been clearly associated with specific changes in gut microbial composition when compared to plant-based diets [67].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [67] Pellegrini, 2016, High-level adherence to a Mediterranean diet beneficially impacts the gut microbiota and associated metabolome, Gut source

In the paper

“Those with cystic fibrosis are recommended to consume a diet high in protein and fat (and therefore a comparative reduction in carbohydrates) which has been previously associated with an increase in Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes ratio in mice [96], though dietary data was not collected within the cystic fibrosis study [95].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [96] Hildebrandt, 2009, High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity, Gastroenterology source

In the paper

“Habitual diet provides a consistent source of dietary substrates to the microbiota, creating an environment that continuously shapes microbial ecology [34].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [34] Xu, 2015, Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity, Br. J. Nutr. source

In the paper

“While diet has been shown to facilitate shifts in microbial composition in as little as three days, long-term elimination or excessive reduction of nutrients such as fermentable fibre produces microbial losses which are difficult to be reversed [84].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Heiman, 2016, A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity, Mol. Metab. source

In the paper

“While diet has been shown to facilitate shifts in microbial composition in as little as three days, long-term elimination or excessive reduction of nutrients such as fermentable fibre produces microbial losses which are difficult to be reversed [84].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [84] Heiman, 2016, A healthy gastrointestinal microbiome is dependent on dietary diversity, Mol. Metab. source

In the paper

“Between seasons, a considerable shift in gut microbiota composition with cyclical features was displayed, with a number of taxa undetectable one season shown to reappear the next [76].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] Smits, 2017, Seasonal cycling in the gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania, Science source

In the paper

“Inter-individual differences in enterotype composition are increasingly thought to explain the variation in response to a dietary intervention or perturbation [86].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [86] Schmidt, 2018, The Human Gut Microbiome: From Association to Modulation, Cell source

In the paper

“A dietary pattern associated with grains, dairy, legumes, nuts and seeds, however, was shown to be associated with higher relative abundance of Cyanobacteria and Phascolarctobacterium and a lower abundance of Dorea and Eubacterium [99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Berding, 2018, Fecal microbiome composition and stability in 4- to 8-year old children is associated with dietary patterns and nutrient intake, J. Nutr. Biochem. source

In the paper

“Likewise, in a population of 4 to 8-year-old children (n = 22), Berding et al. found distinct differences in microbial composition for two habitual dietary patterns [99].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [99] Berding, 2018, Fecal microbiome composition and stability in 4- to 8-year old children is associated with dietary patterns and nutrient intake, J. Nutr. Biochem. source

In the paper

“Firstly, there is a lack of long-term human studies, or indeed follow-ups of short-term dietary interventions, that seek to establish if a diet-induced modulation of the gut microbiota endures, though the wash-out periods of cross-sectional studies provide some indirect insight.”

In the paper

“Using a mouse model Shepard et al. determined that through establishing a metabolic niche they were able to consistently promote a specific strain of bacteria irrespective of core microbial profile across all three gnotobiotic groups.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Shepherd, 2018, An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota, Nature source

In the paper

“One 2015 study of 800 healthy subjects observed for 46,898 meals found large and at times conflicting inter-personal post-prandial responses to the dietary interventions [63].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [63] Zeevi, 2015, Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses, Cell source

In the paper

“For example, after 2 years, consumption of a Mediterranean dietary pattern and a low-fat dietary pattern has been shown to partially restore loss of keystone taxa in 33 participants with obesity and varying levels of metabolic dysfunction [101].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Haro, C., García-Carpintero, S., Rangel-Zúñiga, O.A., Alcalá-Díaz, J.F., Landa, B.B., Clemente, J.C., Pérez-Martínez, P., López-Miranda, J., Pérez-Jiménez, F., and Camargo, A. (2017). Consumption of Two Healthy Dietary Patterns Restored Microbiota Dysbiosis in Obese Patients with Metabolic Dysfunction. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. source

In the paper

“Those with higher gene richness and a greater abundance of A. muciniphila displayed the healthiest metabolic status, particularly in regard to fasting plasma glucose, plasma triglycerides and distribution of body fat.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Dao, 2016, Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: Relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology, Gut source

In the paper

“An inter-generational decrease in fibre has been shown to lead to a reduction or extinction of these fibre-degrading bacteria in a mouse model [103].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [103] Sonnenburg, 2016, Diet-induced extinctions in the gut microbiota compound over generations, Nature source

In the paper

“Present knowledge of how dietary habits impact the gut microbiota in the long-term is limited by the lack of long-term dietary studies or indeed interventions with multiple faecal sample timepoints and post-intervention follow-ups, though indirectly, the washout periods of cross-over studies can provide some insight.”

In the paper

“Currently, acute dietary interventions in humans have only observed transient microbial shifts in time periods of days to a number of weeks.”

In the paper

“Regardless, contrary to most studies, habitual dietary intake should be taken into account in acute dietary interventions considering the long-lasting role dietary history has on the composition of the gut microbiota unless faced with an extreme dietary shift [102].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Yang, 2019, Assessing the Influence of Dietary History on Gut Microbiota, Curr. Microbiol. source

In the paper

“For example, contrary to expectations a diet high in fermentable carbohydrates can lead to reduced microbial diversity within a faecal sample as a result of decreased transit time and softened stools [106].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [106] Vandeputte, 2017, Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota, Gut source

In the paper

“Secondly, a number of studies have suggested that a host’s microbiota may be responsive or non-responsive to a dietary intervention based on the presence or absence of particular bacteria (e.g., fibre-degrading) within their core microbial population resulting in heterogeneous outcomes.”

In the paper

“A 2018 study of US first and second-generation immigrants were observed to have lost fibre-degrading bacterial enzymes that may have been associated with a reduction in dietary fibre consumption after migration from Southeast Asia [104].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [104] Vangay, 2018, US Immigration Westernizes the Human Gut Microbiome, Cell source

In the paper

“A significant impact on the gut microbiota has previously been displayed through the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, walnuts, and almonds (consumption and processing) amongst others [113,114,115].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [113] Li, 2009, Human gut bacterial communities are altered by addition of cruciferous vegetables to a controlled fruit- and vegetable-free diet, J. Nutr. source
• Not checked yetcites [114] Holscher, 2018, Walnut Consumption Alters the Gastrointestinal Microbiota, Microbially Derived Secondary Bile Acids, and Health Markers in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial, J. Nutr. source
• Not checked yetcites [115] Holscher, H.D., Taylor, A.M., Swanson, K.S., Novotny, J.A., and Baer, D.J. (2018). Almond Consumption and Processing Affects the Composition of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Healthy Adult Men and Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 10. source

In the paper

“Short-term dietary interventions frequently induce reproducible and profound shifts in gut microbial composition.”

In the paper

“Importantly, the establishment of the strain was shown to be reversible once the nutrient substrate was removed from the diet.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [48] Shepherd, 2018, An exclusive metabolic niche enables strain engraftment in the gut microbiota, Nature source

In the paper

“Identification of Akkermansia muciniphila, for example, may predict the likelihood of success of an intervention [74].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [74] Dao, 2016, Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: Relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology, Gut source