CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 652Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removalAdvanced oxidation water treatmentWastewater Treatment and Reuse

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 323 of the 324 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 53 of the 254 sources its claims cite were checked for support.

Recent Advances in the Remediation of Textile-Dye-Containing Wastewater: Prioritizing Human Health and Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

Open access
Periyasamy, Aravin Prince·2024·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su16020495
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Water makes up most of the Earth, although just 0.3% is usable for people and animals. The huge oceans, icecaps, and other non-potable water resources make up the remaining 99.7%. Water quality has declined in recent decades due to pollution from population growth, industry, unplanned urbanization, and poor water management. The textile industry has significant global importance, although it also stands as a major contributor to wastewater generation, leading to water depletion and ecotoxicity. This issue arises from the extensive utilization of harmful chemicals, notably dyes. The main aim of this review article is to combine and assess the impacts of textile wastewater that contains dyes and chemicals, and to examine their potential consequences on human health, aquatic health, and the environment. Moreover, the dedicated section presents an in-depth review of various environmentally sustainable approaches for the management and treatment of wastewater in the textile industry. These approaches encompass bio adsorbents, biological methods, membrane technology, ion exchange, advanced oxidation processes, as well as physicochemical and biochemical processes. Furthermore, this study also evaluates the contemporary progressions in this particular domain, taking into account the corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Finally, this article highlights the significance of recovering and reusing dyes, alkalis, and electrolytes in wastewater treatment. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of performing technoeconomic analyses and life cycle assessments (LCA) on wastewater treatment plants.

Overview

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review consolidates evidence on the health and environmental hazards of dye-containing textile wastewater and surveys sustainable remediation options, from bioadsorbents and biological treatment to membranes, ion exchange, and advanced oxidation. It argues for recovery and reuse of dyes, alkalis, and electrolytes, and for technoeconomic and life cycle assessment of treatment plants.

Key findings

  • The textile industry accounts for roughly 20% of global water pollution and ranks as the second largest polluter after the oil industry; over 8000 chemical species are used, and of ~800,000 tons of dyes produced annually, 10–15% is lost to the environment. Over 10,000 synthetic dye varieties exist, ~70% azo type, and azo dyes account for over 60% of industry usage.
  • Reported removal performances vary widely by method: Fenton oxidation achieved 98% color removal and 85% COD removal at pH 3; sequencing batch reactor decolorization reached up to 97% with COD removal up to 98%; enzymatic treatment can reach up to 90% decolorization; bacterial isolates removed MO at 95%, Reactive Yellow at 84%, and Reactive Black 5 at 100%; algae achieved 96% removal of Acid Red-274 and 92% of Malachite Green; cactus and aloe vera juice flocculants gave >85% color removal with 90% removal of total, suspended, and dissolved solids.
  • Bioadsorbent capacities span orders of magnitude (Table 2), e.g., potato peel-based sorbent for Direct Blue 71 at 1704 mg/g (pH 3), non-cross-linked/cross-linked chitosan fibers for Acid Orange 7 at 4523 mg/g (pH 7), calcium-rich biochar for Malachite Green at 12,502 mg/g, and rice husk ash for Brilliant Green at 66 mg/g.
  • Health and ecological harms documented include disrupted photosynthesis and dissolved oxygen depletion, accumulation in food chains, carcinogenic/mutagenic and immunological/dermal effects, genotoxicity (e.g., Disperse Red 1), and in fish, dose- and duration-dependent erythrocytic and gill micronuclei, reduced feed consumption and growth.

Methods

  • Narrative review (no primary data collection) synthesizing literature on textile wastewater treatment; the stated aim is to combine and assess impacts of dye- and chemical-containing textile wastewater on human, aquatic, and environmental health and to review sustainable treatment approaches with their advantages and disadvantages.
  • Treatment categories reviewed: bioadsorbents (agricultural/food wastes, chitosan, tea waste, etc.), biological methods (bacteria, fungi, algae, enzymes such as laccases, peroxidases, azoreductases), membrane separation (UF, NF, RO, forward osmosis), ion exchange, evaporation, granular activated carbon, advanced oxidation processes (Fenton, H2O2/UV, ozonation, photocatalysis, Z-scheme), sequencing batch reactors, hybrid technologies, sludge management, and zero liquid discharge with recovery of electrolytes, alkali, and dyes.
  • Supporting tables compile comparative data: Table 1 (advantages/disadvantages of common techniques), Table 2 (bioadsorbent capacities and conditions), plus supplementary Tables S1–S3 and Figure S1.

Limitations

  • The paper states no explicit limitations section; it notes that relying on a single treatment procedure may not effectively degrade highly contaminated dyes because intermediates require additional treatment steps and cost, and that sustainable wastewater treatment produces less sludge but "does not comply with norms and standards."
  • Evident from the text: this is a review without new experimental data, so reported removal figures are drawn from heterogeneous cited studies with differing dyes, conditions, and scales and are not directly comparable; the text also notes that the rationality of color removal in biological processes "has not been empirically shown," and that enzyme use is hindered by instability, variable activity, and cost.
  • Evident from the text: several sections are incomplete or truncated (e.g., the bioadsorbent discussion breaks off mid-sentence, and the bacteria section ends mid-list), and the review relies on figures and supplementary tables not reproduced in the main text.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su16020495

Cites

323 of 324 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

53 of 254 cited sources checked · 16 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Biochars produced from coconut coir have enhanced dye adsorption capabilities due to their significantly higher specific surface area.

    “Bio chars produced from coconut coir have enhanced dye adsorption capabilities due to their significantly higher specific surface area [139].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [139] Le, 2021, Preparation and Characterization of Biochar Derived from Agricultural By-Products for Dye Removal, Adsorpt. Sci. Technol. source

      The discussion of Figure 15 says rice-husk biochar (BC2), not coconut-coir biochar (BC1), had superior dye adsorption under the tested conditions. It attributes that difference partly to BC2’s greater pore volume and BET surface area (364.22 versus 329.71 m²/g). No page number is supplied for this passage. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The presence of waste liquids from textile dyes has been found to be associated with adverse health effects in humans, such as allergies, dermatitis, skin irritations, cancers, and mutations.

    “Moreover, the presence of these waste liquids has been found to be associated with adverse health effects in humans, such as allergies, dermatitis, skin irritations, cancers, and mutations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] Soni, 2021, In Vitro Propagation and Analysis of Mixotrophic Potential to Improve Survival Rate of Dolichandra Unguis-Cati under Ex Vitro Conditions, Heliyon source

      The Results and discussion section addresses photosynthesis in Dolichandra unguis-cati plantlets, not human exposure to textile-dye waste. Searches for textile-dye wastewater and for the listed health effects found no passage in our copy addressing the claim; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [87] Li, 2022, Sustainable Production of Bio-Oil and Carbonaceous Materials from Biowaste Co-Pyrolysis, Chem. Eng. J. source
  • Premisecitation

    Prolonged exposure to textile effluents was found to diminish fish feed consumption, thereby leading to a decrease in the growth rate.

    “In addition, prolonged exposure to textile effluents was found to diminish fish feed consumption, thereby leading to a decrease in the growth rate [96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Chen, 2021, Impacts of Heavy Metals and Medicinal Crops on Ecological Systems, Environmental Pollution, Cultivation, and Production Processes in China, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. source

      The Ecological effects section discusses heavy-metal stress and reduced plant growth, while Environmental pollution discusses contaminants affecting cropland. Searches for textile effluents, fish feed consumption, and prolonged exposure found no passage addressing the claimed effect on fish growth; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Textile dye genotoxicity is the biggest possible long-term risk to human health.

    “Textile dye genotoxicity is the biggest possible longterm risk to human health [97,98,100,104,105].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [97] 2023, Treatment of Water from the Textile Industry Contaminated with Indigo Dye: A Hybrid Approach Combining Bioremediation and Nanofiltration for Sustainable Reuse, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. source

      The Introduction identifies genotoxicity as one of several toxic effects observed in textile dyes, including effects relevant to humans. It does not rank genotoxicity as the biggest risk or characterize it specifically as a long-term risk to human health. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [98] Jorge, 2023, Textile Dyes Effluents: A Current Scenario and the Use of Aqueous Biphasic Systems for the Recovery of Dyes, J. Water Process Eng. source
    • cites [100] Tamil Selvan, S. (2023). Eco-Technological Approaches for Textile Dye Effluent Treatment and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing Using Green Microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Mater. Today Proc., in press. source
    • cites [104] Alghamdi, M.A., Ayed, L., Aljarad, M.R., Altayeb, H.N., Abbes, S., and Chaieb, K. (2023). Whole Genome Sequencing Analysis and Box-Behnken Design for the Optimization of the Decolourization of Mixture Textile Dyes by Halotolerant Microbial Consortium. Microbiol. Res., 276. source
    • cites [105] Mu, 2023, Rapid Fiber-to-Fiber Recycling of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) and Its Dye from Waste Textiles without Damaging Their Chemical Structures, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source
  • Premisecitation

    Cactus juice and aloe vera juice were employed as flocculants for the treatment of textile effluent.

    “Cactus juice and aloe vera juice were employed as flocculants for the treatment of textile effluent [144].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [144] Amari, 2020, Cactus Material-Based Adsorbents for the Removal of Heavy Metals and Dyes: A Review, Mater. Res. Express source

      The Dye removal section (page unavailable) reports cactus-derived adsorbents treating textile wastewater, including activated carbon made from cactus pear peels. It does not report cactus juice or aloe vera juice being used as flocculants; the treatment method it describes is adsorption. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • It may state two separate claims as one. 45
  • Probably not a substantial claim. 45

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Dyes are recognized for their ionization properties and notable water solubility, leading to their facile dissemination into both the surroundings and human physiology.

    “Frequently, these compounds are recognized for their ionization properties and notable water solubility, leading to their facile dissemination into both the surroundings and human physiology [21].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Adeyemo, 2017, Adsorption of Dyes Using Different Types of Clay: A Review, Appl. Water Sci. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says dyes’ high water solubility leads to wide dissemination into the environment and can harm human health. It does not say that ionization causes this dissemination or that dyes disseminate into human physiology. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The wastewater generated by the textile industry has significant coloration, a fluctuating pH, and contains various salts, alkalis, and acids, which contribute to elevated levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and suspended solids (SS).

    “The wastewater generated by the textile industry has significant coloration, a fluctuating pH, and contains various salts, alkalis, and acids, which contribute to elevated levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), and suspended solids (SS) [95].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [95] Sela, 2020, Utilization of Prawn to Reduce the Value of BOD and COD of Textile Wastewater, Clean. Eng. Technol. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    These waste liquids can contribute to the degradation of water quality, leading to the development of toxic properties, as evidenced by changes in odor and color.

    “Consequently, these waste liquids can contribute to the degradation of water quality, leading to the development of toxic properties, as evidenced by changes in odor and color [86,87].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [86] Soni, 2021, In Vitro Propagation and Analysis of Mixotrophic Potential to Improve Survival Rate of Dolichandra Unguis-Cati under Ex Vitro Conditions, Heliyon source

      The Results and discussion section addresses photosynthetic performance of in vitro plantlets, not the effects of waste liquids on water quality. Searches for waste liquids, wastewater, toxicity, odor, and color found no passage in our copy addressing the claim; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [87] Li, 2022, Sustainable Production of Bio-Oil and Carbonaceous Materials from Biowaste Co-Pyrolysis, Chem. Eng. J. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    In recent years, there has been a significant focus on the removal of dyes from wastewater owing to their hazardous properties and conspicuousness; wastewater also contains microplastics.

    “In recent years, there has been a significant focus on the removal of dyes from wastewater owing to their hazardous properties and conspicuousness also now this wastewater also contains the microplastics [27,28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] 2015, A Simple Model to Predict Mass Transfer Rates and Kinetics of Biochemical and Biomedical Michaelis-Menten Surface Reactions, Int. J. Heat. Mass. Transf. source
    • cites [28] Periyasamy, 2021, Evaluation of Microfiber Release from Jeans: The Impact of Different Washing Conditions, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. source

      The Materials and methods section says the researchers filtered microfibers from jeans-washing wastewater, supporting the point that this wastewater contains microplastics. The paper does not address a recent focus on removing dyes from wastewater or attribute that focus to dyes’ hazardous properties and conspicuousness. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Adsorption is advantageous over alternative approaches due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, non-toxic nature, presence of reactive surface atoms, and large surface area.

    “Adsorption is advantageous over alternative approaches due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, non-toxic nature, presence of reactive surface atoms, and large surface area [130].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Aljeboree, 2017, Kinetics and Equilibrium Study for the Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, Arab. J. Chem. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Textile dye ingestion or inhalation can irritate the skin and eyes, particularly if it occurs in dusty conditions.

    “Typically, there are two paths, which include textile dye ingestion or inhalation can irritate the skin and eyes [26,70,103], particularly if it occurs in dusty conditions [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [26] Periyasamy, A.P., and Periyasami, S. (2023). Critical Review on Sustainability in Denim: A Step toward Sustainable Production and Consumption of Denim. ACS Omega. source

      The “Sustainability of Denim; Why It Is Important” section says that dyes can contain toxic heavy metals that damage the skin. It does not say that dye ingestion or inhalation irritates the eyes, or that irritation is particularly likely in dusty conditions; searches for those exposure routes and dust found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [70] Periyasamy, A.P. (2023). Microfiber Emissions from Functionalized Textiles: Potential Threat for Human Health and Environmental Risks. Toxics, 11. source

      Section 2.1 (Coloration) discusses textile dyes and some health hazards, while Section 3 identifies ingestion and inhalation as exposure routes for microfibers. Neither section says that ingesting or inhaling textile dyes irritates the skin or eyes, particularly in dusty conditions; searches for eye irritation and dusty conditions found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [103] Periyasamy, A.P. (2023). Environmentally Friendly Approach to the Reduction of Microplastics during Domestic Washing: Prospects for Machine Vision in Microplastics Reduction. Toxics, 11. source

      Section 4.2 discusses how dyes affect microfiber identification, and Section 3.1 discusses their effect on microfiber biodegradability. Neither addresses skin or eye irritation from ingesting or inhaling textile dyes, including in dusty conditions (searched: dye ingestion, inhalation, skin and eye irritation, and dusty conditions). (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The effectiveness of adsorption improved with longer contact time, higher solution pH values, and increasing dose of waste black tea powder.

    “The effectiveness of adsorption was seen to improve with longer contact time, higher solution pH values, and increasing dose of waste black tea powder [141].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Lin, 2020, Adsorption of Dye by Waste Black Tea Powder: Parameters, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies, J. Chem. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Textile dyes are extremely deadly and include aromatic chemicals that have the potential to cause cancer.

    “Textile dyes are extremely deadly and include aromatic chemicals that have the potential to cause cancer [97][98][99].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [97] 2023, Treatment of Water from the Textile Industry Contaminated with Indigo Dye: A Hybrid Approach Combining Bioremediation and Nanofiltration for Sustainable Reuse, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng. source

      The Introduction says several dyes have toxic effects and that their oxidation products are often carcinogenic. The Results and discussion describes indigo carmine as containing benzene rings and as highly toxic and carcinogenic, but the paper does not say textile dyes generally are “extremely deadly.” (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [98] Jorge, 2023, Textile Dyes Effluents: A Current Scenario and the Use of Aqueous Biphasic Systems for the Recovery of Dyes, J. Water Process Eng. source
    • cites [99] Mu, 2023, Complete Recycling of Polymers and Dyes from Polyester/Cotton Blended Textiles via Cost-Effective and Destruction-Minimized Dissolution, Swelling, Precipitation, and Separation, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Azoreductases are typically pH-stable within the range of 5-9, and their activity is at its peak under physiological conditions.

    “Azoreductases are typically pH-stable within the range of 5-9, and their activity is at its peak under physiological conditions [197]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [197] Misal, S.A., and Gawai, K.R. (2018). Azoreductase: A Key Player of Xenobiotic Metabolism. Bioresour. Bioprocess., 5. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The azoreductase process yields aromatic amines, which are subsequently eliminated by microbial enzymes including mono- and di-oxygenases, as well as hydrolases.

    “This process yields aromatic amines, which are subsequently eliminated by microbial enzymes including mono-and di-oxygenases, as well as hydrolases [222].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [222] Sarkar, 2020, Structural-Functional Analyses of Textile Dye Degrading Azoreductase, Laccase and Peroxidase: A Comparative in Silico Study, Electron. J. Biotechnol. source

      The Introduction says azoreductase reduces azo bonds, and the Discussion says this cleavage yields “aromatic azo compounds.” Neither section identifies the products as aromatic amines or describes their subsequent elimination by monooxygenases, dioxygenases, or hydrolases; searches for those terms found no supporting passage. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bacterial organisms have shorter development durations and can breakdown and mineralize dyes.

    “Bacterial organisms have the advantageous characteristic of exhibiting shorter development durations, in addition to their capability to breakdown and mineralize dyes [227].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [227] Moyo, 2022, Use of Bacterial Isolates in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastewater: A Review, Heliyon source

      The section on bacterial strains used in dye degradation reports that Bacillus megaterium degraded an azo dye into small aliphatic compounds and CO2, supporting the dye-degradation and mineralization part of the claim. The passages on bacterial growth and degradation conditions do not establish that bacteria have shorter development durations. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Polyalcohols (lipids linked to form lipoteichoic acids known as Gram positive) are present within the cell divider.

    “Polyalcohols, which are lipids linked to form lipoteichoic acids known as Gram positive, are present within the cell divider [204].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [204] Szentirmai, 2021, Lipoteichoic Acid, a Cell Wall Component of Gram-Positive Bacteria, Induces Sleep and Fever and Suppresses Feeding, Brain Behav. Immun. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says Gram-positive cell walls contain teichoic acids and that membrane teichoic acids anchored to a glycolipid are called lipoteichoic acids. It does not identify these molecules as polyalcohols, so that part of the citing sentence is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Azoreductases are flavoenzymes that facilitate reduction of azo bonds in aromatic dyes by hydrolysis, participating in metabolic breakdown of dyes.

    “Azoreductases are a distinct class of flavoenzymes that have the potential to facilitate the reduction of azo bonds (-N=N-) present in the aromatic dyes by hydrolysis of azo bonds in the presence of oxygen or in the absence of oxygen, hence participating in the metabolic breakdown of dyes (see Figure 7b) [221].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [221] Harish, B.S., Thayumanavan, T., Nambukrishnan, V., and Sakthishobana, K. (2023). Heterogeneous Biocatalytic System for Effective Decolorization of Textile Dye Effluent. 3 Biotech., 13. source

      The “Azoreductases for dye degradation” section describes azoreductases as flavoenzymes that reduce azo bonds and says they break those bonds during dye metabolism under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It describes the mechanism as transfer of reducing equivalents through FMN, not hydrolysis of the azo bonds; hydrolases are mentioned as enzymes involved in later degradation. Page numbers are not supplied for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The use of auxiliary agents in the dye and their impact on dye degradation, as well as the influence of different salts on the process of ozonation, were investigated through the application of the AOP.

    “The use of auxiliary agents in the dye and their impact on dye degradation, as well as the influence of different salts on the process of ozonation, were investigated through the application of the AOP [250].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [250] Gmurek, 2016, Comparison between Industrial and Simulated Textile Wastewater Treatment by AOPs—Biodegradability, Toxicity and Cost Assessment, Chem. Eng. J. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Ion exchange resins can be natural or synthetic and possess advantages including affordability, minimal equipment requirements, straightforward operation, and absence of solvents.

    “The substance in question may be categorized as either natural or synthetic, and it possesses several notable advantages, including affordability, minimal equipment requirements, straightforward operation, and the absence of solvents [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Hassan, 2018, A Critical Review on Recent Advancements of the Removal of Reactive Dyes from Dyehouse Effluent by Ion-Exchange Adsorbents, Chemosphere source

      The paper’s §2.2.3, “Merits and demerits of ion-exchange resins” (page not given), says resins are easy to handle and describes cheap alternatives, but says commercial resins are relatively expensive. It mentions synthetic resins and biomass-based alternatives, but does not establish the claimed natural-or-synthetic classification or the asserted minimal equipment requirements and absence of solvents. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Notable catalysts for Fenton include ferrous salts, Al3+, and Cu2+.

    “Notable catalysts that can be utilized include ferrous salts, Al 3+ , and Cu 2+ [49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Patil, 2014, Treatment of Textile Wastewater by Fenton’s Process as a Advanced Oxidation Process, IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Lignin peroxidase has been utilized for decolorizing Reactive Orange 16.

    “Furthermore, it has been utilized for the purpose of decolorizing Reactive Orange 16 [216][217][218][219].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [216] Jamee, 2019, Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes of Textile Effluent by Microorganisms: An Environmentally and Economically Sustainable Approach, Eur. J. Microbiol. Immunol. source

      The “Degradation of Dyes by Fungi” section identifies lignin peroxidase as part of an enzyme system involved in synthetic-dye degradation. Neither that section nor the retrieved passages on dye decolorization mention Reactive Orange 16, so the specific dye attribution is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [217] Mohamed, 2014, Bioremediation of the Textile Waste Effluent by Chlorella Vulgaris, Egypt. J. Aquat. Res. source

      The Introduction discusses enzymatic decolorization of azo dyes generally, while the Discussion attributes decolorization by Chlorella vulgaris to algal azo dye reductase and other mechanisms. Searches for lignin peroxidase and Reactive Orange 16 found no passage in our copy addressing their use together; the dye list in 'Determination of total dye' does not include Reactive Orange 16. No page numbers were available. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [218] Chin, 2020, Removal of Synthetic Dye by Chlorella Vulgaris Microalgae as Natural Adsorbent, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. source
    • cites [219] Gangola, S., Bhatt, P., Chaudhary, P., Khati, P., Kumar, N., and Sharma, A. (2018). Microbial Biotechnology in Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup, IGI Global.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Ion exchange is a widely employed method for the widespread removal of inorganic salts and organic anionic constituents.

    “Ion exchange is a widely employed method for the widespread removal of inorganic salts and organic anionic constituents, such as antibiotics, amino acids, organic acids, and small compounds [67].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [67] Hassan, 2018, A Critical Review on Recent Advancements of the Removal of Reactive Dyes from Dyehouse Effluent by Ion-Exchange Adsorbents, Chemosphere source

      Section 2, “Types of ion-exchange adsorbents,” says these adsorbents bind oppositely charged pollutants and reviews their use to remove anionic reactive dyes. Section 2.2.3 calls ion-exchange resins popular. The copy does not establish their widespread use to remove inorganic salts or the other organic constituents listed in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Anaerobic digestion of textile waste leads to the generation of biogas.

    “The hypothesis posits that the process of anaerobic digestion of textile waste leads to the generation of biogas, as evidenced by the works [300][301][302].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [300] Wang, 2017, A Roadmap for Achieving Energy-Positive Sewage Treatment Based on Sludge Treatment Using Free Ammonia, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. source
    • cites [301] Sultana, 2015, Bio-Electro Degradation of Azo-Dye in a Combined Anaerobic–Aerobic Process along with Energy Recovery, New J. Chem. source
    • cites [302] Đurđević, D., Blecich, P., and Jurić, Ž. (2019). Energy Recovery from Sewage Sludge: The Case Study of Croatia. Energies, 12. source

      The Introduction states that anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge produces biogas, and Section 3.3 discusses biogas from anaerobic sludge stabilization. The cited paper does not establish that the same result holds for textile waste, the feedstock specified in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bacterial organisms have shorter development durations and the capability to breakdown and mineralize dyes.

    “Bacterial organisms have the advantageous characteristic of exhibiting shorter development durations, in addition to their capability to breakdown and mineralize dyes[227].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [227] Moyo, 2022, Use of Bacterial Isolates in the Treatment of Textile Dye Wastewater: A Review, Heliyon source

      The review’s section on bacterial strains used in dye degradation reports that Bacillus megaterium broke down an azo dye into small aliphatic compounds and CO2, supporting bacterial dye breakdown and mineralization in that example. The passages examined do not establish the claimed shorter development durations for bacteria; dye-degradation times are not bacterial development times. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The ZLD method in the textile industry focuses on eliminating any disposal of liquid waste resulting from various waste-generating processes.

    “The ZLD method in the textile industry focuses on achieving the goal of eliminating any disposal of liquid waste resulting from various waste-generating processes [94,309].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [94] Kopperi, 2023, Sustainable Consideration for Traditional Textile Handloom Cluster/Village in Pollution Abatement—A Case Study, Environ. Pollut. source
    • cites [309] Jahan, N., Tahmid, M., Shoronika, A.Z., Fariha, A., Roy, H., Pervez, M.N., Cai, Y., Naddeo, V., and Islam, M.S. (2022). A Comprehensive Review on the Sustainable Treatment of Textile Wastewater: Zero Liquid Discharge and Resource Recovery Perspectives. Sustainability, 14. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The hybrid process known as PMS utilizes a compact reactor and demonstrates energy efficiency while effectively eliminating complex and toxic pollutants.

    “The hybrid process, known as PMS, utilizes a compact reactor and demonstrates energy efficiency while effectively eliminating complex and toxic pollutants [278,279].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [278] Chakachaka, V., Tshangana, C., Mahlangu, O., Mamba, B., and Muleja, A. (2022). Interdependence of Kinetics and Fluid Dynamics in the Design of Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors. Membranes, 12. source

      The Introduction describes photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) as a hybrid of photocatalysis and membrane separation, and Section 5 reports removal of several pollutants. But the paper discusses PMRs, not a process called PMS; it does not establish that they use compact reactors. The Conclusions and Prospects describe energy efficiency as a goal for an ideal PMR, not a demonstrated property of the process. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [279] Kumar, 2022, TiO2 Based Photocatalysis Membranes: An Efficient Strategy for Pharmaceutical Mineralization, Sci. Total Environ. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The textile industry is responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution and is the second largest polluter after the oil industry.

    “The textile industry is a significant contributor to water pollution [9], and it is also responsible for approximately 20% of global water pollution [10], as the second largest polluter after the oil industry [10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Ahmed, 2012, Equilibrium Isotherms and Kinetics Modeling of Methylene Blue Adsorption on Agricultural Wastes-Based Activated Carbons, Fluid. Phase Equilib. source
    • cites [10] Mohamed, 2017, Hassaan; Ahmed El Nemr Health and Environmental Impacts of Dyes: Mini Review, Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The utilization of synthetic dyes derived from benzene and its derivatives has supplanted conventional natural dyes, leading to the development of over 10,000 dyes with varying chemical structures.

    “The utilization of synthetic dyes, which are derived from benzene and its derivatives, has supplanted the use of conventional natural dyes, leading to the development of over 10,000 dyes with varying chemical structures and characteristics [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Amir, 2019, Effect on Different TiO2 Photocatalyst Supports on Photodecolorization of Synthetic Dyes: A Review, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The textile industry has the highest water and chemical consumption compared to other industrial sectors, using over 8000 species.

    “In comparison to other industrial sectors, the textile industry is known to have the highest water and chemical consumption, with over 8000 species being utilized [11][12][13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] Ahmad, 2007, Adsorption of Direct Dye on Palm Ash: Kinetic and Equilibrium Modeling, J. Hazard. Mater. source
    • cites [12] Bhatia, 2017, Biological Methods for Textile Dye Removal from Wastewater: A Review, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. source
    • cites [13] Afroze, 2018, A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Dye Adsorption from Water by Agricultural Solid Waste Adsorbents, Water Air Soil. Pollut. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Approximately 800,000 tons of dyes are produced annually, with 10-15% of this quantity being lost to the environment.

    “Approximately 800,000 tons of dyes are produced annually, with 10-15% of this quantity being lost to the environment [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Ledakowicz, 2010, Application of Anoxic Fixed Film and Aerobic CSTR Bioreactor in Treatment of Nanofiltration Concentrate of Real Textile Wastewater, Chem. Pap.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Bacteria can be employed for dye decolorization, resulting in a 30% reduction in effluent toxicity.

    “Bacteria can be employed to remove dye decolorization in specific cases, resulting in a 30% reduction in effluent toxicity [200,201].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [200] Jadhav, 2010, Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Bacterial Consortium for the Removal of Color, Reduction of Heavy Metals, and Toxicity from Textile Dye Effluent, Bioresour. Technol. source
    • cites [201] Chan, 2012, Genome Sequence of Citrobacter Sp. Strain A1, a Dye-Degrading Bacterium, J. Bacteriol. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The adsorption process was seen to be endothermic in nature and occurred spontaneously.

    “Furthermore, the adsorption process was seen to be endothermic in nature and occurred spontaneously [130].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Aljeboree, 2017, Kinetics and Equilibrium Study for the Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, Arab. J. Chem. source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Microalgae are vital to aquatic ecosystems because they provide food for organisms from tiny zooplanktons to gigantic whales.

    “As significant primary producers in freshwater and marine environments, microalgae are vital to aquatic ecosystems because they provide food for everyone from tiny zooplanktons to gigantic whales [88,89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [88] Khan, 2022, Recent Progress in Microalgae-Derived Biochar for the Treatment of Textile Industry Wastewater, Chemosphere source
    • cites [89] Mishra, 2023, Integrating Microalgae into Textile Wastewater Treatment Processes: Advancements and Opportunities, J. Water Process Eng. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Currently, a global revolution is underway advocating for the recycling of organic wastes from agriculture, forests, and industries into economically viable products.

    “Currently, a global revolution is underway advocating for the recycling of organic wastes from agriculture, forests, and industries into economically viable products [130].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [130] Aljeboree, 2017, Kinetics and Equilibrium Study for the Adsorption of Textile Dyes on Coconut Shell Activated Carbon, Arab. J. Chem. source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The residual tea waste possesses a significant calorific value, making it suitable for utilization in steam generation within the textile sector following appropriate saturation.

    “The residual tea waste possesses a significant calorific value, making it suitable for utilization in steam generation within the textile sector following appropriate saturation [142].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [142] Jain, 2020, Batch and Continuous Studies for Adsorption of Anionic Dye onto Waste Tea Residue: Kinetic, Equilibrium, Breakthrough and Reusability Studies, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The global citrus processing industry generates a substantial amount of trash, estimated at approximately 120 million tons, creating serious ecological issue.

    “Research indicates that the global citrus processing industry generates a substantial amount of trash, estimated at approximately 120 million tons [120], creating serious ecological issue.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Mahato, N., Sharma, K., Sinha, M., Baral, E.R., Koteswararao, R., Dhyani, A., Hwan Cho, M., and Cho, S. (2020). Bio-Sorbents, Industrially Important Chemicals and Novel Materials from Citrus Processing Waste as a Sustainable and Renewable Bioresource: A Review, Cairo University. source

      Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Certain dyes have the potential to cause mutagenic reactions; one such dye is Disperse Red 1.

    “Certain dyes have the potential to cause mutagenic reactions; one such dye is Disperse Red 1 [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [106] Chequer, 2009, The Azo Dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 Increase the Micronuclei Frequencies in Human Lymphocytes and in HepG2 Cells, Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Banana fiber is an economically accessible and abundantly available material, owing to its substantial cultivation and extensive presence as a crop, with a global count over 25 billion banana or plantain trees.

    “Banana fiber is an economically accessible and abundantly available material, owing to its substantial cultivation and extensive presence as a crop, with a global count over 25 billion banana or plantain trees [132].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Castillo, 2023, Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Banana Waste Utilization into Food Packaging and Liquid Fertilizer, Sustain. Prod. Consum. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of dyes can disrupt seed germination and hinder plant growth, as well as cause chromosomal aberrations and various diseases.

    “Additionally, the presence of dyes can disrupt seed germination and hinder plant growth, as well as cause chromosomal aberrations and various diseases [23,29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] Singh, 2017, Rajani Srivastava an Overview of Textile Dyes and Their Removaltechniques: Indian Perspective, Polution Res. Pap.
    • cites [29] Sachidhanandham, A., and Periyasamy, A.P. (2021). Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Springer International Publishing.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The rate of dye removal in biological processes depends on O2 concentration, the ratio of organic load to microorganism load and dye load, and the temperature range.

    “The rate of removal is contingent upon several factors, including the concentration of O 2 , the ratio of organic load to microorganism load and dye load, and the temperature range [58,194].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [58] Paz, 2017, Biological Treatment of Model Dyes and Textile Wastewaters, Chemosphere source
    • cites [194] Holkar, 2016, A Critical Review on Textile Wastewater Treatments: Possible Approaches, J. Environ. Manag. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The textile business employs many categories of dyes, with azo dyes being the predominant group utilized, accounting for over 60% of the industry's usage.

    “The textile business employs many categories of dyes, with azo dyes being the predominant group utilized, accounting for over 60% of the industry's usage [71].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Periyasamy, A.P., and Militky, J. (2020). Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries, Springer Nature.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Interpretationreasoning

    At present, BMED presents itself as an environmentally conscious and sustainable method for commercial implementation.

    “At present, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) presents itself as an environmentally conscious and sustainable method for commercial implementation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The AOP has gained significant popularity in the field of leachate treatment and water reuse.

    “The AOP has gained significant popularity in the field of leachate treatment and water reuse [251].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [251] Kumar, P.S., and Yaashikaa, P.R. (2018). Sustainable Innovations in Apparel Production, Springer.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Textile effluent is commonly subjected to evaporation through two primary methods, namely solar evaporation and mechanical evaporation.

    “Textile effluent is commonly subjected to evaporation through two primary methods, namely solar evaporation and mechanical evaporation [195,236].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [195] Sarayu, 2012, Current Technologies for Biological Treatment of Textile Wastewater-A Review, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. source
    • cites [236] Ranganathan, 2007, Recycling of Wastewaters of Textile Dyeing Industries Using Advanced Treatment Technology and Cost Analysis—Case Studies, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Azolla rong pong exhibited decolorization rates of 30% for Acid Green-3 and 43% for Acid Blue-15.

    “Similarly, Azolla rong pong exhibited decolorization rates of 30% for Acid Green-3 [213] and 43% for Acid Blue-15 [214].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [213] Padmesh, 2006, Application of Azolla Rongpong on Biosorption of Acid Red 88, Acid Green 3, Acid Orange 7 and Acid Blue 15 from Synthetic Solutions, Chem. Eng. J. source
    • cites [214] Padmesh, 2006, Biosorption of Acid Blue 15 Using Fresh Water Macroalga Azolla Filiculoides: Batch and Column Studies, Dye Pigment source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The Honda-Fujishima effect was investigated by Fujishima et al., who employed solar energy and titanium dioxide as photocatalysts to carry out water breakdown and hydrogen reduction activities.

    “The Honda-Fujishima effect was investigated by Fujishima et al. [269], who employed solar energy and titanium dioxide as photocatalysts to carry out water breakdown and hydrogen reduction activities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [269] Fujishima, 1972, Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode, Nature source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The ozonation membrane biological reactor lowers the need for additional biological treatment, resulting in a simplified operational procedure.

    “This innovative approach also lowers the need for additional biological treatment, resulting in a simplified operational procedure [41,267].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [41] Malik, 2020, Hybrid Ozonation Process for Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Principles and Applications: A Review, J. Water Process Eng. source
    • cites [267] Bai, 2024, MgAl2O4 Incorporated Catalytic Ceramic Membrane for Catalytic Ozonation of Organic Pollutants, Appl. Catal. B. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Ozonation effectively oxidizes color, odor, and bacteria without generating any detrimental substances.

    “This process effectively oxidizes color, odor, and bacteria without generating any detrimental substances [258][259][260].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [258] Somensi, 2010, Use of Ozone in a Pilot-Scale Plant for Textile Wastewater Pre-Treatment: Physico-Chemical Efficiency, Degradation by-Products Identification and Environmental Toxicity of Treated Wastewater, J. Hazard. Mater. source
    • cites [259] Lo, 2011, Degradation of Chelating Agents in Aqueous Solution Using Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP), Chemosphere source
    • cites [260] Sevimli, 2002, Ozone Treatment of Textile Effluents and Dyes: Effect of Applied Ozone Dose, PH and Dye Concentration, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    There exist several forms of AOPs, including ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV, UV/TiO2, UV/hydrogen peroxide, Fenton reactions, Photo-Fenton reactions, ultrasonic irradiation, heat/persulfate, UV/persulfate, Fe(II)/persulfate, and OH-/persulfate.

    “There exist several forms of AOPs, including ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide, ozone/UV, UV/TiO 2 , UV/hydrogen peroxide, Fenton reactions, Photo-Fenton reactions, ultrasonic irradiation, heat/persulfate, UV/persulfate, Fe(II)/persulfate, and OH-/persulfate [252].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [252] Yu, 2024, A Review on Recent Advances of Biochar from Agricultural and Forestry Wastes: Preparation, Modification and Applications in Wastewater Treatment, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Nanofiltration membranes possess a thin outer layer that is typically non-porous, operating at the nanoscale, and exhibiting a high level of permeability.

    “The membranes of NF possess a thin outer layer that is typically non-porous, operating at the nanoscale, and exhibiting a high level of permeability [62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Cinperi, 2019, Treatment of Woolen Textile Wastewater Using Membrane Bioreactor, Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis for Reuse in Production Processes, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The AOP is well recognized as a prominent technique for the treatment of industrial wastewater, owing to the considerable oxidative potential shown by ozone and the resulting generation of hydroxyl radicals.

    “The AOP is well recognized as a prominent technique for the treatment of industrial wastewater, owing to the considerable oxidative potential shown by ozone and the resulting generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) [249].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [249] Dehghanzadeh, 2020, Activated Carbon Catalyzed Ozonation (ACCO) of Reactive Blue 194 Azo Dye in Aqueous Saline Solution: Experimental Parameters, Kinetic and Analysis of Activated Carbon Properties, J. Water Process Eng. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisenone given

    Decolorization by SBR reached a maximum of 97%, while elimination of COD reached up to 98%.

    “According to reports, it was observed that the decolorization reached a maximum of 97%, while the elimination of COD reached up to 98%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    One of the primary benefits of nanofiltration is its reduced energy consumption, which leads to a higher efficiency in the removal of contaminants.

    “One of the primary benefits of NF is its reduced energy consumption, which leads to a higher efficiency in the removal of contaminants [239].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [239] Tang, 2002, Nanofiltration of Textile Wastewater for Water Reuse, Desalination source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The rate at which dyes are removed by SBR is influenced by the volumetric dye loading rate.

    “It was also suggested that the rate at which dyes are removed by SBR is influenced by the volumetric dye loading rate [275].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [275] Nuid, 2023, Pineapple Wastewater as Co-Substrate in Treating Real Alkaline, Non-Biodegradable Textile Wastewater Using Biogranulation Technology, J. Environ. Manage. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The reduction in effluent load and the recovery of NaOH is a very straightforward operation, as it does not include the presence of additional chemicals, such as dyes.

    “The reduction in effluent load and the recovery of NaOH is a very straightforward operation, as it does not include the presence of additional chemicals, such as dyes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Pre-treatment methods to enhance sludge biodegradability include thermal pre-treatment, enzymatic treatment, ozonation, chemical solubilization by acidification or alkaline hydrolysis, mechanical sludge disintegration, and ultrasonic pre-treatment.

    “To enhance the biodegradability of sludge, several pre-treatment methods may be employed.These include thermal pre-treatment, enzymatic treatment, ozonation, chemical solubilization by acidification or alkaline hydrolysis, as well as mechanical sludge disintegration and ultrasonic pre-treatment [298,299].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [298] Zhang, 2016, Effect of Energy Grass on Methane Production and Heavy Metal Fractionation during Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge, Waste Manag. source
    • cites [299] Yang, 2016, Occurrence of Trace Organic Contaminants in Wastewater Sludge and Their Removals by Anaerobic Digestion, Bioresour. Technol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Mercerization is a significant textile finishing technique performed on cotton fabric, including the application of a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (ranging from 20% to 30%).

    “Mercerization is a significant textile finishing technique performed on cotton fabric, including the application of a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (ranging from 20% to 30%) [316,317].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [316] Okano, 1985, Mercerization of Cellulose. II. Alkali–Cellulose Intermediates and a Possible Mercerization Mechanism, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. source
    • cites [317] Nishimura, 1987, Mercerization of Cellulose. III. Changes in Crystallite Sizes, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    Sustainable wastewater treatments have several advantageous attributes, including minimizing chemical use, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating carbon impact.

    “Sustainable wastewater treatments have several advantageous attributes, indicating their preference for minimizing chemical use in wastewater treatment plants, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating the carbon impact, among other benefits.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The effective management and recovery of dyes and other chemical substances can contribute to the attainment of environmental sustainability and foster economic advancement.

    “The effective management and recovery of dyes and other chemical substances can contribute to the attainment of environmental sustainability and foster economic advancement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The discharge of effluent originating from the textile sector is resulting in substantial contamination due to the extensive use of colorants and hazardous chemicals, which are the primary contributors to water pollution and the escalating ecological risks.

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The recovery of sodium hydroxide from the two-stage membrane procedure was found to be above 90%, and recovered NaOH has the potential to be recycled into the process.

    “The recovery of sodium hydroxide from the procedure was found above 90%, recovered NaOH has the potential to be recycled into the process [318].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [318] Jang, Y. (2007). Technical Proceedings of the 2007 Cleantech Conference and Trade Show, CRC Press.

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premiseown data

    Charge separation at the interface of two semiconductors is primarily caused by the difference in Fermi levels between them.

    “This separation is primarily caused by the difference in Fermi levels between the two semiconductors, as seen in Figure 12b.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The prevailing price of wastewater treatment is contingent upon the region's authoritative needs, the availability of feedstock, and the labor force.

    “the prevailing price is contingent upon the region's authoritative needs, the availability of feedstock, and the labor force [291,327].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [291] Shabir, 2022, A Review on Recent Advances in the Treatment of Dye-Polluted Wastewater, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. source
    • cites [327] Andooz, 2023, A Comprehensive Review on Pyrolysis from the Circular Economy Point of View and Its Environmental and Social Effects, J. Clean. Prod. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The utilization of LCA may facilitate the identification of research and development goals and provide guidance for enhancing innovation by mitigating challenges related to waste disposal and the discharge of hazardous chemicals.

    “the utilization of LCA may facilitate the identification of research and development goals and provide guidance for enhancing innovation by mitigating challenges related to waste disposal and the discharge of hazardous chemicals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

    Interpretationnone given

    In certain cases, using multiple methods could improve pollutant removal efficiency.

    “In certain cases, using multiple methods could improve pollutant removal efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Photocatalysis, specifically AOPs, facilitates the acceleration of a photoreaction by the absorption of photons from light.

    “Photocatalysis, specifically AOPs, facilitates the acceleration of a photoreaction by the absorption of photons from light.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The forward osmosis membrane exhibited complete rejection of dyes, with a dye reconcentration ranging from 82% to 98%.

    “The findings of the study revealed that the forward osmosis membrane exhibited complete rejection of dyes, with a dye reconcentration ranging from 82% to 98%.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [326] Yasmeen, 2023, Recovering and Reuse of Textile Dyes from Dyebath Effluent Using Surfactant Driven Forward Osmosis to Achieve Zero Hazardous Chemical Discharge, Water Res. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    Various elements play a significant role in sludge management, including local and national geographical considerations, agronomic issues, economic aspects, and stakeholder perception.

    “Various elements play a significant role in the management of sludge, including local and national geographical considerations, agronomic issues, economic aspects, and stakeholder perception [292,293].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [292] Lacasse, K., and Baumann, W. (2004). Textile Chemicals, Springer. source
    • cites [293] Anjum, 2017, Textile Wastewater Treatment Options: A Critical Review, Enhancing Cleanup of Environmental Pollutants

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    Anaerobic digestion reduces mass, forms methane, and enhances dewatering qualities in fermented sludge.

    “The significant characteristics of anaerobic digestion are the reduction in mass, formation of methane, and enhancement of dewatering qualities in the fermented sludge [292-297].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [292] Lacasse, K., and Baumann, W. (2004). Textile Chemicals, Springer. source
    • cites [293] Anjum, 2017, Textile Wastewater Treatment Options: A Critical Review, Enhancing Cleanup of Environmental Pollutants
    • cites [294] Wang, 2008, Conversion of Sewage Sludge to Biosolids, Biosolids Engineering and Management
    • cites [295] Yadav, 2011, Industrial Wastes and Sludges Management by Vermicomposting, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. source
    • cites [296] Karn, 2015, Hydrolytic Enzyme Protease in Sludge: Recovery and Its Application, Biotechnol. Bioprocess. Eng. source
    • cites [297] He, 2017, Advances in Microbial Fuel Cells for Wastewater Treatment, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. source

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The supplementary treatment necessitated by intermediates incurs additional costs, thereby impacting the overall feasibility of the process.

    “Consequently, this supplementary treatment incurs additional costs, thereby impacting the overall feasibility of the process.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    A semiconductor S1 with a relatively low Fermi energy level accepts electrons from a semiconductor S2 with a higher Fermi energy level.

    “The semiconductor denoted as S1, which possesses a relatively low Fermi energy level, undergoes the acceptance of electrons from the semiconductor denoted as S2, which has a higher Fermi energy level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The implementation of a plan that combines several approaches will be crucial in addressing efficiency.

    “the implementation of a plan that combines several approaches will be crucial in addressing efficiency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

    Interpretationnone given

    The practice of reusing and recycling wastewater has the potential to mitigate the demand for freshwater resources and facilitate the reduction in waste and surplus resources.

    “The practice of reusing and recycling wastewater has the potential to not only mitigate the demand for freshwater resources, but also facilitate the reduction in waste and surplus resources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    When two semiconductors are brought into contact, charge separation takes place at their interfaces.

    “When two semiconductors are brought into contact, there is a phenomenon of charge separation that takes place at the interfaces.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisereasoning

    An internal electric field is established at the interface, directing the flow of electrons from S2 to S1.

    “Consequently, an internal electric field is established at the interface, directing the flow of electrons from S2 to S1, as seen in Figure 12b.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

    Premisecitation

    The application of polyelectrolytes as a conditioning agent for sludge dewatering has gained popularity because it enhances process yields.

    “The application of polyelectrolytes as a conditioning agent for sludge dewatering operations has gained popularity due to its ability to enhance process yields [306-308].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [306] Vigneswaran, C., Ananthasubramanian, M., and Kandhavadivu, P.B.T.-B.T. (2014). Bioprocessing of Textiles, Woodhead Publishing. source
    • cites [307] Faubert, 2016, Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge Management Practices: What Are the Challenges to Assess the Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Emissions?, Resour. Conserv. Recycl. source
    • cites [308] Wilderer, 2011, 4.20—Water in the Textile Industry, Treatise on Water Science

  • It may state two separate claims as one.

    Premisecitation

    The effluent from dyebaths results in the discharge of significant amounts of unabsorbed dyes, leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels and the generation of high COD.

    “The effluent from dyebaths also results in the discharge of significant amounts of unabsorbed dyes, leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels and the generation of high COD [71,[323][324][325].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71,[323][324][325]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

72 of 72

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The primary constituents of plant leaves encompass cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignin, and additionally it contains many functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, and nitro, which can interact with the functional groups of the dyes.

    “The primary constituents of plant leaves encompass cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins, and lignin, and additionally it contains many functional groups, such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, and nitro, which can interact with the functional groups of the dyes Table 2.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Certain microorganisms can degrade auxochromes and chromophores found in dyes, hence facilitating the removal of organic materials from textile waste.

    “Although it is true that certain microorganisms can degrade auxochromes and chromophores found in dyes, hence facilitating the removal of organic materials from textile waste, it is worth noting that some of these microorganisms are also capable of mineralizing colors into carbon dioxide and water (see Figure 6).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some microorganisms are capable of mineralizing colors into carbon dioxide and water.

    “Although it is true that certain microorganisms can degrade auxochromes and chromophores found in dyes, hence facilitating the removal of organic materials from textile waste, it is worth noting that some of these microorganisms are also capable of mineralizing colors into carbon dioxide and water (see Figure 6).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are still obstacles in the pursuit of efficient approaches to address pollution from complex waste effluents containing organic molecules and heavy metal ions, among other substances.

    “Despite the development of several wastewater treatment systems, there are still obstacles in the pursuit of efficient approaches to address pollution from complex waste effluents containing organic molecules and heavy metal ions, among other substances.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Certain locations in developing nations continue to dispose of sludge inappropriately, such as through land disposal or by releasing it into the sea.

    “However, it is worth noting that certain locations within developing nations continue to dispose of sludge in inappropriate and environmentally unfriendly ways, such as through land disposal or by releasing it into the sea.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Reusing and recycling wastewater can mitigate demand for freshwater and facilitate reduction in waste and surplus resources.

    “The practice of reusing and recycling wastewater has the potential to not only mitigate the demand for freshwater resources, but also facilitate the reduction in waste and surplus resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In some cases, the concentration of electrolytes employed in dyeing might reach approximately 90 g/L, leading to substantial increases in the amounts of TDS and chlorides.

    “In some cases, the concentration of electrolytes employed might reach approximately 90 g/L, leading to substantial increases in the amounts of TDS and chlorides.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Thermal evaporation treatment is the sole feasible alternative for treating electrolyte-containing reactive dye effluent.

    “In the given circumstances, empirical evidence has demonstrated that thermal evaporation treatment is the sole feasible alternative.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Thermal evaporation is a very efficient technique for removing salt and dissolved solids from concentrated textile effluent and for extracting water.

    “Thermal evaporation is widely acknowledged as a very efficient technique employed in the wastewater treatment for the textile industry to removing salt and dissolved solids from concentrated effluent, as well as extraction of water.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The recovery of NaOH is crucial when employing a high concentration of alkali.

    “The recovery of NaOH is crucial when employing a high concentration of alkali.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Membrane systems are very suitable for the treatment of effluents and the subsequent recovery of NaOH during the initial phases of fiber removal.

    “Membrane systems are considered very suitable for the treatment of effluents and the subsequent recovery of NaOH during the initial phases of fiber removal.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Polymeric NF membranes allow for the passage of small molecules and ions without the need for mercerization.

    “Polymeric NF membranes allow for the passage of small molecules and ions without the need for mercerization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The discharge of effluent originating from the textile sector is resulting in substantial contamination due to the extensive use of colorants and hazardous chemicals, which are the primary contributors to water pollution and the escalating ecological risks.

    “The discharge of effluent originating from the textile sector is resulting in substantial contamination due to the extensive use of colorants and hazardous chemicals, which are the primary contributors to water pollution and the escalating ecological risks.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The textile industry generates effluents containing significant quantities of hazardous and persistent compounds, including dyes, chemicals, aromatic compounds, formaldehyde, flame retardants, and fluorocarbons.

    “The textile industry is responsible for generating effluents that contain significant quantities of hazardous and persistent compounds, including dyes, chemicals, aromatic compounds, formaldehyde, flame retardants, and fluorocarbons.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    These substances have detrimental impacts on both the environment and human health, as well as on aquatic organisms.

    “These substances have detrimental impacts on both the environment and human health, as well as on aquatic organisms.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Water recovery from textile effluent is easier than recovery of salt or residues.

    “The textile industry uses effluent treatment to separate water and other substances, with water recovery being easier than salt or residues.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Highly polluting effluents, such as dye bath discharge, make up 10% of total effluent discharge, while 90% comes from low-polluting streams like wash water.

    “Highly polluting effluents, such as dye bath discharge, make up 10% of total effluent discharge, while 90% comes from lowpolluting streams like wash water.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sustainable wastewater treatment produces less sludge but does not comply with norms and standards.

    “Sustainable wastewater treatment produces less sludge, but it does not comply with norms and standards.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Prevention is more effective than treatment.

    “In this situation, the idea of prevention being more effective than treatments remains valid.”
19 of 19

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • If untreated, discharges from juice processing wastewater can severely affect aquatic ecosystems by depleting dissolved oxygen and promoting eutrophication.

    “If untreated, such discharges can severely affect aquatic ecosystems by depleting dissolved oxygen and promoting eutrophication.”

    From Performance of maize tassel activated carbon for COD removal from industrial wastewater under optimized conditions (2025) · cites this paper as [1]

    Section 3 says dyes in textile effluent hinder the formation of dissolved oxygen, and Section 3.1 says untreated textile wastewater harms aquatic ecosystems. The paper does not establish this claim for juice-processing wastewater or say that these discharges promote eutrophication; its oxygen statement concerns reduced formation, not explicitly depletion. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Figure 2e is assigned to both the river and agricultural impacts

    Minor

    The text identifies Figure 2e as showing the impact on agriculture, but the figure caption assigns panels c-e to the Noyal River and f-h to agricultural land.

  • Figure 2's cited source predates the photographs

    Minor

    The caption says photographs taken in April 2022 were reprinted from reference [26], but the listed reference was published in 2019. As dated, that reference could not contain those photographs.

2 of 2

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 22

  1. Mohamed, 2017, Hassaan; Ahmed El Nemr Health and Environmental Impacts of Dyes: Mini Review, Am. J. Environ. Sci. Eng., 1, 64
  2. Karunakaran, G., Periyasamy, A.P., and Militký, J. (2023). Fibrous Structures and Their Impact on Textile Design, Springer Nature.
  3. Chisvert, A., Miralles, P., and Salvador, A. (2018). Analysis of Cosmetic Products, Elsevier.
  4. Singh, 2017, Rajani Srivastava an Overview of Textile Dyes and Their Removaltechniques: Indian Perspective, Polution Res. Pap., 36, 790
  5. Sachidhanandham, A., and Periyasamy, A.P. (2021). Handbook of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites for Energy and Environmental Applications, Springer International Publishing.
  6. Samarghandi, 2009, Hadi Wo-Parameter Isotherms of Methyl Orange Sorption by Pinecone Derived Activated Carbon, Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 6, 285
  7. Periyasamy, A.P., and Militky, J. (2020). Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries, Springer Nature.
  8. Periyasamy, A.P., Ramamoorthy, S.K., Rwawiire, S., and Zhao, Y. (2018). Sustainable Innovations in Apparel Production, Springer.
  9. Periyasamy, A.P., and Militky, J. (2017). Sustainability in Denim, Elsevier.
  10. Khaleque, 2016, Removing Reactive Dyes from Textile Effluent Using Banana Fibre, Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 16, 14
  11. Hachoumi, 2017, Adsorption Studies with a New Biosorbent Ensis Siliqua Shell Powder for Removal Two Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solution, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 8, 1448
  12. Auta, 2012, Batch Adsorption of Reactive Red 120 from Waste Waters Using Activated Carbon from Waste Tea, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol., III, 24
  13. Mustafa, G., Zahid, M.T., Ullah, F., Zia, I., Younas, A., Batool, T., and Zahid, I. (2023). Current Developments in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Elsevier.
  14. Kumar, P.S., and Yaashikaa, P.R. (2018). Sustainable Innovations in Apparel Production, Springer.
  15. Bethi, B., Radhika, G.B., and Sonawane, S.H. (2022). Novel Approaches Towards Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery Technologies, Elsevier.
  16. Venkataraman, K. (1974). The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, Academic Press.
  17. Jang, Y. (2007). Technical Proceedings of the 2007 Cleantech Conference and Trade Show, CRC Press.
  18. Muthu, S.S. (2017). Sustainability in Denim, Elsevier.
  19. Periyasamy, A.P., Wiener, J., and Militky, J. (2017). Sustainability in Denim, Elsevier.
  20. Martínez, L.M.T., Kharissova, O.V., and Kharisov, B.I. (2018). Handbook of Ecomaterials, Springer International Publishing. · DOI · Paper page
  21. Periyasamy, 2019, Life Cycle Assessment of Denim: A Review, Colourage, 66, 54
  22. Periyasamy, A.P., and Militky, J. (2020). Sustainability in the Textile and Apparel Industries, Springer.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Metadata

Authors
Periyasamy, A. P.
Affiliations
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (FI)
Corresponding author
Periyasamy, Aravin Prince
ORCID
Periyasamy, Aravin Prince
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-01-05
Volume
16
Issue
2
Pages
495
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su16020495
OpenAlex
W4390617246
Semantic Scholar
05dce24433317aa9363013319932eb6e9a860799
Cited by
652
References
323
Citations by year
2026: 296 · 2025: 271 · 2024: 84
FWCI
73.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Keywords
textile wastewater, dye removal, textile dyes, human health effects, aquatic toxicity, sustainable wastewater treatment, biosorbent, biological treatment, membrane technology, ion exchange, advanced oxidation processes, techno-economic analysis, life cycle assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review