Review on Low-Temperature Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Lithium Metal Batteries

In the paper

“The LT effects on charging and discharging are asymmetric: the charge transfer resistance at LTs in the discharged state is substantially higher, making it much more challenging when charging a discharged LIB at LTs [14,15].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [14] Zhang, S.S., Xu, K., Jow, T.R.: The low temperature performance of Li-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 115, 137–140 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00618-3 source
• Disputed

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 2 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

  cites [15] Fan, J., Tan, S.: Studies on charging lithium-ion cells at low temperatures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 153, A1081 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2190029 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“It was concluded that esters with shorter alkyl chains have the advantage in getting better ionic conductivity for the bulk electrolyte, but the disadvantage in forming more resistive and less protective SEIs as compared to longer chain counterparts.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [39] Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Surampudi, S., et al.: Irreversible capacities of graphite in low-temperature electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 3963–3969 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1392577 source
• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [40] Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Surampudi, S.: Use of organic esters as cosolvents in electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with improved low temperature performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, A361 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1453407 source
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [41] Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Chin, K.B., et al.: Lithium-ion electrolytes containing ester cosolvents for improved low temperature performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 157, A1361 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3501236 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Unfortunately, its reduction product is partially soluble in the electrolyte, hence failing to provide a stable SEI and the improvement of LT performance was not realized [37,38].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) state that Li-formate, methyl formate’s reduction product, is partially soluble and does not fully passivate graphite. But the paper does not conclude that low-temperature performance improvement was not realized: it reports reasonable reversible capacity at −2°C in the tested methyl formate–ethylene carbonate electrolytes, although capacity fell relative to room temperature. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [37] Ein-Eli, Y., Thomas, S.R., Chadha, R., et al.: Li-ion battery electrolyte formulated for low-temperature applications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 823–829 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837495 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [38] Ein-Eli, Y., Aurbach, D.: The correlation between the cycling efficiency, surface chemistry and morphology of Li electrodes in electrolyte solutions based on methyl formate. J. Power Sources 54, 281–288 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(94)02085-H source

In the paper

“It is well established that desolvation is dominant when the SEI is less pronounced (i.e., on Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ) or the interphase is highly conductive [11,13].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion states that no SEI forms on LTO under the studied conditions and that desolvation is rate-limiting at its electrolyte interface. It also treats fast-conducting solid electrolytes as SEI equivalents and says desolvation dominates when their conductivity keeps them from limiting charge transfer. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [11] Jow, T.R., Delp, S.A., Allen, J.L., et al.: Factors limiting Li+ charge transfer kinetics in Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, A361–A367 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1221802jes source
• Partly supported

  The analysis on pp. 10–11 describes LTO as nearly interphase-free and finds that desolvation resistance predominates in symmetric cells at −40 °C. It also finds that migration through the SEI is not the limiting step, but does not establish the claim’s specific condition of a highly conductive interphase. The finding is for low-temperature performance, a qualification absent from the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [13] Li, Q.Y., Lu, D.P., Zheng, J.M., et al.: Li+-desolvation dictating lithium-ion battery’s low-temperature performances. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 42761–42768 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b13887 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Figure 5b shows the rapid capacity decay at -20 °C when using electrolytes with MA and EA esters (2 and 3), although higher initial capacity was delivered.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Prototype Cell Performance section reports that cells with low-molecular-weight ester electrolytes initially performed well at −20 °C but rapidly lost capacity during cycling, unlike all-carbonate cells. The same section identifies MA and EA as the esters tested in prototype cells; the paper also reports that MA- and EA-containing cells sometimes performed better initially than all-carbonate cells. The cited paper does not give page numbers for these passages in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [40] Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Surampudi, S.: Use of organic esters as cosolvents in electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with improved low temperature performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, A361 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1453407 source

In the paper

“As shown in Fig. 5a, the MP-based electrolyte showed the best performance and delivered the highest capacity at LT (-40 °C).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Prototype Cell Performance section reports that ester-containing electrolytes outperformed an all-carbonate electrolyte at −40 °C. But the paper’s studied esters are methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, and ethyl butyrate—not methyl propionate—and it does not establish that a methyl propionate electrolyte delivered the highest capacity. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites [40] Smart, M.C., Ratnakumar, B.V., Surampudi, S.: Use of organic esters as cosolvents in electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries with improved low temperature performance. J. Electrochem. Soc. 149, A361 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1453407 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Their results suggested that MF has the advantages of low viscosity, low melting point (-99 °C) and relatively high oxidation stability.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction (page not available in our copy) states that methyl formate melts at −99 °C and is highly stable upon oxidation. It describes methyl-formate salt solutions as highly conductive, but does not state that methyl formate has low viscosity; a search for “viscosity” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [37] Ein-Eli, Y., Thomas, S.R., Chadha, R., et al.: Li-ion battery electrolyte formulated for low-temperature applications. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, 823–829 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837495 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“It was reported by Ein-Eli et al. [23] that in asymmetric alkyl carbonates a methyl group is required for stable graphite electrode cycling.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Introduction explicitly states that a methyl group is required for high stability of graphite electrodes during cycling in asymmetric alkyl carbonates. The Results and Discussion also report good cycling in the tested methyl alkyl carbonates and poor performance in those without a methoxy group. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [23] Ein-Eli, Y., McDevitt, S.F., Laura, R.: The superiority of asymmetric alkyl methyl carbonates. J. Electrochem. Soc. 145, L1–L3 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1838196 source

In the paper

“It was shown by Ein-Eli et al. [28] that the electrolyte using methyl propyl carbonate (MPC) has even more superior SEI formation capability than EMC as a single solvent with both LiPF 6 and LiAsF 6 salts, but no LT performance improvement was reported.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [28] Ein-Eli, Y., McDevitt, S.F., Aurbach, D., et al.: Methyl propyl carbonate: a promising single solvent for Li-ion battery electrolytes. J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, L180–L184 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837792 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“However, the capacity of LIB drops dramatically at low temperatures (LTs) below 0 °C, thus restricting its applications as a reliable power source for electric vehicles in cold climates and equipment used in the aerospace.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Zhang, S.S., Xu, K., Jow, T.R.: Low temperature performance of graphite electrode in Li-ion cells. Electrochim. Acta 48, 241–246 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-4686(02)00620-5 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (section 3.1, p. 7) report declining delivered energy and power as temperature falls, and the paper states that performance below 0 °C is poor. The Introduction (p. 4) links subambient performance to successful use in space and aerospace applications. The paper measures energy and power rather than directly establishing a drop in capacity, and the cited passages do not address electric vehicles in cold climates. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [4] Nagasubramanian, G.: Electrical characteristics of 18 650 Li-ion cells at low temperatures. J. Appl. Electrochem. 31, 99–104 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004113825283 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Zhu, G.L., Wen, K.C., Lv, W.Q., et al.: Materials insights into low-temperature performances of lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 300, 29–40 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.09.056 source

In the paper

“Combining with FEC additive, MP-based electrolyte formed LiF-rich interphase layer on cathodes and anodes, which prevents the formation of thick CEI/SEI layers as well as metallic Li deposition on graphite anode.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [44] Cho, Y.G., Li, M.Q., Holoubek, J., et al.: Enabling the low-temperature cycling of NMC||graphite pouch cells with an ester-based electrolyte. ACS Energy Lett. 6, 2016–2023 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00484 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Usage of the stronger (compared to semifluorinated short alkanes) Li + coordinating nitriles such as acetonitrile, linear and cyclic ether cosolvents improved salt dissociation and solubility resulting in a substantial increase at LT.”

What the sources say

• ?Could not verify

  The retrieved copy provides a table of contents, including “Physical-Chemical Properties of Liquefied Gas Electrolytes” and “Low-Temperature Performance,” but no substantive passage from either section. Searches for acetonitrile, cosolvents, semifluorinated alkanes, and salt dissociation or solubility yielded no passage that addresses the claimed low-temperature increase. (LLM, conf=0.72)

  cites [75] Yang, Y., Davies, D.M., Yin, Y.J., et al.: High-efficiency lithium-metal anode enabled by liquefied gas electrolytes. Joule 3, 1986–2000 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  Section 2.1 (page unavailable) reports that acetonitrile coordinates more strongly with Li⁺ than fluoromethane, that the salt dissolves in the acetonitrile-containing mixture, and that the electrolyte has high low-temperature conductivity. It does not report using linear or cyclic ether cosolvents or establish improved salt dissociation as the cause of that conductivity. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [76] Yang, Y., Yin, Y.J., Davies, D.M., et al.: Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2209–2219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01446j sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  Section 1.2 (p. 4) reports that increasing the co-solvent-to-salt ratio allowed lithium salts to dissolve in difluoromethane; Section 1.3 (p. 6) finds that the ether co-solvent DME coordinates strongly to Li+. The paper does not establish the claimed effect for acetonitrile or cyclic ethers, nor does it attribute a substantial low-temperature increase to improved salt dissociation and solubility. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  cites [77] Davies, D.M., Yang, Y., Sablina, E.S., et al.: A safer, wide-temperature liquefied gas electrolyte based on difluoromethane. J. Power Sources 493, 229668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229668 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Importantly, during nail penetration test performed on cells with LGEs, the non-toxic solvent rapidly evaporated and immediately escaped after penetration.The cells cooled down and the electrolyte conductivity dropped as a result of the solvent evaporation which shut down the ion transport and thermal runaway reactions [77].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Section 1.1 (p. 3) reports that the solvent rapidly escaped after nail penetration, cooling the cell and eliminating the ionic conductive pathway, so Li-ions could no longer move between electrodes. It reports no sparks or flames and says short-circuiting was prevented, but does not show that thermal-runaway reactions began and were then shut down. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  cites [77] Davies, D.M., Yang, Y., Sablina, E.S., et al.: A safer, wide-temperature liquefied gas electrolyte based on difluoromethane. J. Power Sources 493, 229668 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229668 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Lucht et al. [101] designed a novel electrolyte, 1 M LiDFOB GBL:MB (1:1) [LiDFOB: lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate], with higher ionic conductivity at -10 °C but delivering relatively lower discharge capacity than the LiPF 6 -based electrolyte (Fig. 12c), which can be attributed to the larger SEI resistance resulted from LiDFOB decomposition (Fig. 12d).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Experimental section identifies the 1 M LiDFOB in 1:1 GBL/MB formulation. Results and Discussion reports better conductivity at low temperatures but lower discharge capacity at −10 °C than the standard LiPF6 electrolyte. The Conclusions attribute the low-temperature capacity decrease likely to increased impedance from changes in the SEI, and the surface analysis identifies LiDFOB decomposition products as dominating that SEI. The causal explanation is therefore supported as a qualified interpretation, not a demonstrated sole cause. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites [101] Lazar, M.L., Lucht, B.L.: Carbonate free electrolyte for lithium ion batteries containing γ-butyrolactone and methyl butyrate. J. Electrochem. Soc. 162, A928–A934 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0601506jes source

In the paper

“Hilbig et al. [53] showed similar results, suggesting that AN is helpful for improving lithium-ion transport properties at LT (0 °C) but needs FEC as the additive to enable the reversible cycling for the graphite-anode-based full cells.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Conductivity measurements section reports higher conductivity for AN:FEC electrolytes than for the standard carbonate electrolyte, especially around 0 °C. The Abstract says FEC enables AN compatibility with graphite anodes, and the reported graphite/LFP full-cell measurements show cycling with an AN:FEC electrolyte. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [53] Hilbig, P., Ibing, L., Streipert, B., et al.: Acetonitrile-based electrolytes for lithium-ion battery application. Curr. Top. Electrochem. 20, 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.31300/CTEC.20.2018.1-13 source

In the paper

“Excellent conductivity (> 4 mS cm -1 ) was reported from -78 to 75 °C with an unexpectedly high lithium transference number (t + ) of 0.72 [76].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Abstract reports conductivity above 4 mS cm⁻¹ from −78 to +75 °C and a lithium transference number of 0.72. Section 2.1 gives conductivity values of 4.8 mS cm⁻¹ at −78 °C and 5.7 mS cm⁻¹ at +75 °C, and the discussion reports the experimentally measured transference number. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [76] Yang, Y., Yin, Y.J., Davies, D.M., et al.: Liquefied gas electrolytes for wide-temperature lithium metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 13, 2209–2219 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ee01446j source

In the paper

“The low binding energy of Li + (DEE) 1.8 provided a much favorable desolvation energy barrier to be overcome and resulted in excellent CE (98.4%) of Li/Cu cells at ultra-LTs (-60 °C), as shown in Fig. 8b.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Electrolyte Solvation Structure and Performance Impact section reports a lower binding-energy magnitude for Li⁺(DEE)₁.₈ than for the DME complex and treats the difference as a qualitative indication of their desolvation barriers. The Ultra-Low Temperature Li Metal Performance section reports 98.4% Coulombic efficiency for Li||Cu cells using the DEE electrolyte at −60 °C. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites [57] Holoubek, J., Liu, H.D., Wu, Z.H., et al.: Tailoring electrolyte solvation for Li metal batteries cycled at ultra-low temperature. Nat. Energy (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-021-00783-z source

In the paper

“Although liquified gas solvents have a moderate dielectric constant (10-15), their super low viscosity and superior dielectric-fluidity factor make them highly promising for LT applications [74].”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Physical and chemical properties section gives dielectric constants of 10–15, says the solvents have exceptionally low viscosity, and reports a superior dielectric-fluidity factor. The Rationale links these properties and the solvents’ low melting points to potential improvements in low-temperature operation. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)

  cites [74] Rustomji, C.S., Yang, Y., Kim, T., et al.: Liquefied gas electrolytes for electrochemical energy storage devices. Meet. Abstr. 5, 1089 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1149/ma2016-03/2/1089 source

In the paper

“Although fluorination can lead to higher viscosity (for example, at RT, the viscosity of EMC and fluoroethyl methyl carbonate are 0.68 and 1.4 cP, respectively [63]), the ionic conductivity is not always compromised since some fluorination may lead to higher dielectric constant.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The paper's Introduction states that FEMC has much higher viscosity than EMC, supporting the comparison used to illustrate fluorination's effect. The passages in our copy do not give the cited room-temperature values of 0.68 and 1.4 cP, so those figures cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  cites [63] Takehara, M., Tsukimori, N., Nanbu, N., et al.: Physical and electrolytic properties of fluoroethyl methyl carbonate. Electrochem. 71, 1201–1204 (2003). https://doi.org/10.5796/electrochemistry.71.1201 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“FEC is a widely used and extensively studied additive in LIB and LMA systems, as it can participate in SEI formation due to its higher reduction potential compared to nonfluorinated carbonates, enhancing its capability in forming a LiF-rich SEI to protect graphite and LMA, which in turn improves the cycling stability and capacity retention at RT [123,124].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites [123] Michan, A.L., Parimalam, B.S., Leskes, M., et al.: Fluoroethylene carbonate and vinylene carbonate reduction: understanding lithium-ion battery electrolyte additives and solid electrolyte interphase formation. Chem. Mater. 28, 8149–8159 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02282 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [124] Zhang, X.Q., Cheng, X.B., Chen, X., et al.: Fluoroethylene carbonate additives to render uniform Li deposits in lithium metal batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 27, 1605989 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201605989 source

In the paper

“Typically, surface coating with amorphous silicon nanolayer or doping with nanometal particles can improve initial Coulombic efficiency and Li + diffusion kinetics [168,169].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Introduction and Results (pages not provided) say the amorphous Si nanolayer enables fast Li-ion diffusion, and the composite has high initial Coulombic efficiency. They attribute that efficiency chiefly to activated graphite edge sites and minimized surface area, however, not to the Si coating; they describe the remaining Ni nanoparticles as improving electrical conductivity, not as metal-particle doping that improves both claimed properties. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [168] Kim, N., Chae, S., Ma, J., et al.: Fast-charging high-energy lithium-ion batteries via implantation of amorphous silicon nanolayer in edge-plane activated graphite anodes. Nat. Commun. 8, 1–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-00973-y sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [169] Yan, Y., Ben, L.B., Zhan, Y.J., et al.: Nano-Sn embedded in expanded graphite as anode for lithium ion batteries with improved LT electrochemical performance. Electrochim. Acta 187, 186–192 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.015 source

In the paper

“Strangely, the signature of Li fluoride (LiF) lattice was not detected, even though LiF is considered to be a primary reason for performance enhancement [162].”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Current Status section associates fluorine-rich interphases, including those containing LiF, with beneficial passivation. But it identifies LiF or C–F species together and does not establish LiF as the primary reason for performance enhancement; the Conclusions also stress that how fluorine is distributed matters more than its amount. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [162] Wang, C.S., Meng, Y.S., Xu, K.: Perspective: fluorinating interphases. J. Electrochem. Soc. 166, A5184–A5186 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0281903jes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“The inner layer appears to be an amorphous polymer matrix, whereas the outer layer is determined to be large grains (~ 15 nm) of Li oxide with clear lattice fringes.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The passage describing the FEC-containing electrolyte and Fig. 4H states that its SEI has an inner amorphous polymer matrix and an outer layer of approximately 15 nm Li oxide grains with clear lattice fringes. This directly matches the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.95)

  cites [165] Li, Y.Z., Li, Y.B., Pei, A., et al.: Atomic structure of sensitive battery materials and interfaces revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. Science 358, 506–510 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam6014 source

In the paper

“In addition to 1,3-PS and DTD, DMS and methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) have also been studied, showing capability for low-impedance SEI formation [113-115].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [113] Zuo, X.X., Fan, C.J., Xiao, X., et al.: High-voltage performance of LiCoO2/graphite batteries with methylene methanedisulfonate as electrolyte additive. J. Power Sources 219, 94–99 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.07.026 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [114] Xia, J., Sinha, N.N., Chen, L.P., et al.: A comparative study of a family of sulfate electrolyte additives. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A264–A274 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.015403jes source
• Partly supported

  The Results and Discussion (page unavailable) report that MMDS, alone or in combination, significantly decreased cell impedance after storage and cycling. The paper also describes MMDS as a film-forming additive, but the cited passages do not establish that the measured low impedance specifically belongs to the SEI. The paper studies MMDS, not DMS, so it does not support that part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites [115] Xia, J., Harlow, J.E., Petibon, R., et al.: Comparative study on methylene methyl disulfonate (MMDS) and 1,3-propane sultone (PS) as electrolyte additives for Li-ion batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A547–A553 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1149/2.049404jes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“For the graphite||LiCoO 2 cell using 1 M LiPF 6 /EC:EMC baseline electrolytes with 0.2 M LiFSI additive, the SEI impedance was significantly decreased and Li plating was suppressed compared with the baseline electrolyte.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Experimental Section identifies the cell electrolyte as 1 M LiPF₆/EC:EMC with 0.2 M LiFSI added. The impedance discussion reports a smaller SEI-related semicircle with LiFSI than with the base electrolyte, and the Surface Chemistry section describes the LiFSI cell as free of lithium-metal plating under the tested −20 °C conditions. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites [139] Pham, H.Q., Chung, G.J., Han, J., et al.: Interface stabilization via lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide additive as a key for promoted performance of graphite‖LiCoO2 pouch cell under − 20 °C. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 094709 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5144280 source

In the paper

“By using fluobenzene (FB) as non-solvating cosolvent, the affinity between PC and Li + was lowered efficiently and the desolvation of electrolyte at graphite surface was also facilitated.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Qin, M.S., Liu, M.C., Zeng, Z.Q., et al.: Rejuvenating propylene carbonate-based electrolyte through nonsolvating interactions for wide-temperature Li-ions batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2201801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202201801 source

In the paper

“By coupling with the electrochemically activated SEI on a lithium metal anode (LMA), a Li/LiCoO 2 cell displayed high-rate charge capability and superior long-term cyclability at -15 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [32] Gao, Y., Rojas, T., Wang, K., et al.: Low-temperature and high-rate-charging lithium metal batteries enabled by an electrochemically active monolayer-regulated interface. Nat. Energy 5, 534–542 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-0640-7 source

In the paper

“However, excessively large size could compromise the mobility of anions and the overall transport property of the electrolyte.”

In the paper

“Generally, the more polar the solvent molecules are, the less likely the counterions would tend to recombine”

In the paper

“The binary additive systems showed better performance than single FEC or EC additive only by forming thinner and conductive SEI layers, especially under an LT of -10 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Wotango, A., Su, W.N., Haregewoin, A.M., et al.: Designed synergetic effect of electrolyte additives to improve interfacial chemistry of MCMB electrode in propylene carbonate-based electrolyte for enhanced low and room temperature performance. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 25252–25262 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b02185 source

In the paper

“Carboxylic esters generally have the advantages of low viscosity and low melting point, favoring lithium-ion transport in the electrolyte.”

In the paper

“At subzero temperatures, LIBs experience severe energy and capacity loss, as well as charging related safety hazards.”

In the paper

“To keep anions and cations effectively apart, as well as to facilitate the Li + transport at LT applications, solvents need to have high dielectric constants and donor numbers, low viscosity, and low melting points.”

In the paper

“The EC/linear carbonate mixture electrolyte simultaneously provides sufficient anode protection and rapid ion transportation inside bulk electrolyte at RT.”

In the paper

“This kinetically limited process with an energy barrier of 50-70 kJ mol -1 [10] greatly limits fast charging and LT electrochemical performance.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [10] Xu, K., von Cresce, A., Lee, U.: Differentiating contributions to “ion transfer” barrier from interphasial resistance and Li+ desolvation at electrolyte/graphite interface. Langmuir 26, 11538–11543 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/la1009994 source

In the paper

“Coupling with film-forming additive FEC, the PC-based electrolyte enables reversible Li intercalation/ extraction to/from the graphite anode without destroying its structure and the graphite/NMC532 full cell also exhibited excellent wide-temperature performance.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Liu, X.W., Shen, X.H., Li, H., et al.: Ethylene carbonate-free propylene carbonate-based electrolytes with excellent electrochemical compatibility for Li-ion batteries through engineering electrolyte solvation structure. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2003905 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202003905 source

In the paper

“As a result, the graphite electrode retains 80% of its initial capacity after 500 cycles and the graphite/ NMC811 full cell demonstrated improved electrochemical performance in a wide-temperature range from -40 to 60 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [36] Qin, M.S., Liu, M.C., Zeng, Z.Q., et al.: Rejuvenating propylene carbonate-based electrolyte through nonsolvating interactions for wide-temperature Li-ions batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2201801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202201801 source

In the paper

“When a LIB operates at subzero environments, the decreased temperature severely slows down both the ion transport in the bulk electrolyte and in particular the charge transfer across the interphase.”

In the paper

“In addition, adding the linear carbonate can also increase the stability of PC and the stability also increases with the content of the linear carbonate, which is attributed to the lower content of free PC solvent [34].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Yamada, Y., Koyama, Y., Abe, T., et al.: Correlation between charge-discharge behavior of graphite and solvation structure of the lithium ion in propylene carbonate-containing electrolytes. J. Phys. Chem. C 113, 8948–8953 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9022458 source

In the paper

“The electrolyte solvents are key components in determining the bulk electrolyte ionic conductivity and are major contributors to interphasial chemistry.”

In the paper

“Because it is the Li + rather than the anion that is usually strongly solvated, the resulting Li + solvation shell is much bulkier and moves more slowly than the loosely solvated anions, resulting in a low t Li + (~ 0.4) in most non-aqueous elec- trolytes at typical salt concentrations around 1 M”

In the paper

“For good ion transport properties, linear carbonates with shorter alkyl chains are generally favored as they have lower viscosity than those with longer alkyl chains.”

In the paper

“EMC has a wide liquid temperature range from -53 to 110 °C with a very small dipole moment, which enhances the kinetics and reduces the charge transfer resistance for the desolvation process.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Nan, B., Chen, L., Rodrigo, N.D., et al.: Enhancing Li+ transport in NMC811||graphite lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures by using low-polarity-solvent electrolytes. Angewandte Chemie Int. 61, e202205967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202205967 source

In the paper

“Although using esters as solvent can greatly improve the discharge capacity at LTs due to their desirable melting points and viscosity, a poor SEI formed in such electrolytes was not able to sustain stable long-term cycling under cold conditions.”

In the paper

“Although the low melting point and viscosity of ETFA can reduce Li + migration barriers at LTs, the weak affinity between ETFA-Li + can cause low Li + conductivity of the electrolyte.Therefore, FEC was introduced to enhance the solubility of salt and the stability of SEI [46].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [46] Yang, Y., Fang, Z., Yin, Y., et al.: Synergy of weakly-solvated electrolyte and optimized interphase enables graphite anode charge at low temperature. Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. 61, e202208345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202208345 source

In the paper

“Linear carbonates are generally much less viscous compared with their cyclic counterparts.”

In the paper

“In addition to the protection effectiveness, the desired SEI should also have good ionic transport property as well, which can result in the overall low impedance [17].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [17] Lin, W., Zhu, M.Y., Fan, Y., et al.: Low temperature lithium-ion batteries electrolytes: rational design, advancements, and future perspectives. J. Alloys Compd. 905, 164163 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2022.164163 source

In the paper

“As a result, the graphite-NMC811 pouch cell showed enhanced cyclic stability operating across a wide-temperature range from -40 to 50 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Nan, B., Chen, L., Rodrigo, N.D., et al.: Enhancing Li+ transport in NMC811||graphite lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures by using low-polarity-solvent electrolytes. Angewandte Chemie Int. 61, e202205967 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202205967 source

In the paper

“In addition, some solvents listed in Fig. 3 are not suitable for Li-ion batteries, such as diethyl ether (DEE), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), and 1,4-dioxane (DX).They can be used for low voltage systems, but not in LIBs with high operating voltage.”

In the paper

“PC solvent possesses a wide liquid temperature range (from -49 to 240 °C), high-voltage stability, and good solvation behavior.”

In the paper

“A well-developed stable SEI on graphitic anode, e.g., formed by ethylene carbonate (EC) reduction, can facilitate Li + transportation, insulate electron transfer and prevent further electrolyte reductions at the electrolyte/electrode interface at the low potentials.”

In the paper

“For LT operation of LIBs, high Li + conductivity, stable anode and cathode electrode interphase and lower charge transfer resistance are important factors, among which the reduced charge transfer resistance dominates LT performance which is hard to realize.”

In the paper

“The electrolyte type dictates the interphase chemistry on electrodes that operate beyond the electrochemical stability limits.”

In the paper

“These results suggested that co-intercalation of PC-based electrolyte is not only caused by instable SEI but also greatly associated with strong electrostatic interactions of PC-Li + .”

In the paper

“The electrochemical window of LHCE containing LiBF 4 in FEC/MA/TFME solvents is up to 5.4 V, and its ionic conductivity is measured to be 0.803-3.330mS cm -1 in the temperature range from -50 to 25 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [45] Feng, T.T., Yang, G.Z., Zhang, S., et al.: Low-temperature and high-voltage lithium-ion battery enabled by localized high-concentration carboxylate electrolytes. Chem. Eng. J. 433, 134138 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.134138 source

In the paper

“A novel cosolvent of 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl N-caproate (TFENH) could help to lower the viscosity and improve the ionic conductivity of electrolytes, due to the priority distribution of TFENH in bulk electrolytes, which results in improved cycling stability and capacity retention of LiCoO 2 /graphite cell at -35 °C compared to that with commercial carbonate-based electrolytes [69].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [69] Guo, R., Han, W.: The effects of electrolytes, electrolyte/electrode interphase, and binders on lithium-ion batteries at low temperature. Mater. Today Sustain. 19, 100187 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2022.100187 source

In the paper

“This excellent LT performance was due to not only the exceptionally good ionic conductivity of the liquified gas, but also the excellent interphase formed in the FM electrolyte.”

In the paper

“Both experimental and theoretical results demonstrated that there is a distinct ion-pairing transition when the local concentration exceeds 4 M (3:1 BTFE/DME ratio), which resulted in stable cycling of LMA and NMC811 cathodes even at LTs.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [58] Holoubek, J., Kim, K., Yin, Y.J., et al.: Electrolyte design implications of ion-pairing in low-temperature Li metal batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 15, 1647–1658 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE03422G source

In the paper

“It can be clearly seen that the interphase impedance, especially the charge transfer resistance of the LiBF 4 -based electrolyte, is lower than that of the LiPF 6 -based electrolyte, showing the origin of the capacity difference.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] Zhang, S.S., Xu, K., Jow, T.R.: A new approach toward improved low temperature performance of Li-ion battery. Electrochem. Commun. 4, 928–932 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00490-3 source

In the paper

“Zhang et al. [95] found that although a LiBF 4 -based electrolyte has an overall lower ionic conductivity than the electrolyte using LiPF 6 , it delivered higher capacity at -30 °C than the LiPF 6 -based electrolyte, as shown in Fig. 12a.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [95] Zhang, S.S., Xu, K., Jow, T.R.: A new approach toward improved low temperature performance of Li-ion battery. Electrochem. Commun. 4, 928–932 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2481(02)00490-3 source

In the paper

“Among various electrolytes, the water-based electrolyte using LiCl salt for the LCO cathode cell retained nearly 72% of its RT capacity at -40 °C, which is much higher than that of traditional organic electrolytes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [80] Ramanujapuram, A., Yushin, G.: Understanding the exceptional performance of lithium-ion battery cathodes in aqueous electrolytes at subzero temperatures. Adv. Energy Mater. 8, 1802624 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802624 source

In the paper

“In rationally designed LGEs, solvated FSI -and dimethyl ether (Me 2 O) dominate the solvation structure, which is believed to reduce the free Me 2 O solvent amount leading to the improvement of the oxidative stability and the salt decomposition to form a LiF-rich SEI on the anode.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Yin, Y.J., Yang, Y., Cheng, D.Y., et al.: Fire-extinguishing, recyclable liquefied gas electrolytes for temperature-resilient lithium-metal batteries. Nat. Energy 7, 548–559 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01051-4 source

In the paper

“Such low-impedance interphase is highly desirable for LT electrolytes, since more deliverable capacity of the whole cell can be obtained.”

In the paper

“Fluorination generally leads to a lower melting point [59], higher oxidation stability [60], better safety characteristics [61], and superior SEI formation capability [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Jow, T.R., Xu, K., Borodin, O., et al. (eds.): Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries. Springer, Heidelberg (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0302-3 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [60] Xu, K.: Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chem. Rev. 114, 11503–11618 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500003w source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Fan, X.L., Ji, X., Chen, L., et al.: All-temperature batteries enabled by fluorinated electrolytes with non-polar solvents. Nat. Energy 4, 882–890 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0474-3 source

In the paper

“However, its sensitivity to moisture results in HF formation, which induces transition metal dissolution of NMCs, resulting in cell degradation.”

In the paper

“Suo et al. [79] firstly developed WiSEs to broaden the voltage window of electrolytes to 3 V, where a high concentration (21 M) of LiTFSI salt was dissolved in water and an anion-derived SEI was formed to inhibit the decomposition of water.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [79] Suo, L.M., Borodin, O., Gao, T., et al.: “Water-in-salt” electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries. Science 350, 938–943 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1595 source

In the paper

“Recently, Kasprzyk et al. [73] prepared a new type of non-crystallizing solvent by mixing EC with poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEG250).Because of the special interactions between planar EC and PEG250 chain, this mixture exhibited a super low glass transition temperature in the range from -93 to -95 °C, and an ionic conductivity of 0.014 mS cm -1 at -60 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [73] Kasprzyk, M., Zalewska, A., Niedzicki, L., et al.: Non-crystallizing solvent mixtures and lithium electrolytes for low temperatures. Solid State Ion. 308, 22–26 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2017.05.014 source

In the paper

“At LTs, the remaining liquid phase predominantly consists of the Li + -DOL solvation complex, whose weak binding energy benefits the Li + desolvation process at the electrode, as evidenced by the low activation energy barrier and the high exchange current density for Li + de/intercalation to electrodes.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Ma, Z.K., Chen, J.W., Vatamanu, J., et al.: Expanding the low-temperature and high-voltage limits of aqueous lithium-ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 45, 903–910 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.045 source

In the paper

“Tao's group [81] designed an ultralow freezing point electrolyte using DMSO as additive with 0.3 molar fraction, enabling a capacity retention as high as 60% of its RT capacity at -50 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Nian, Q.S., Wang, J.Y., Liu, S., et al.: Aqueous batteries operated at − 50 °C. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 16994–16999 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908913 source

In the paper

“Xu's group [84] increased the salt concentration of LiTFSI to 15.3 M in AN-WiSE, where the presence of interfacial water at the negatively charged electrode surface has been minimized, resulting in uniform and thin interphase consisting of an organic outer layer based on nitrile and sulfamide species and an inner layer rich in LiF.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Chen, J.W., Vatamanu, J., Xing, L.D., et al.: Improving electrochemical stability and low-temperature performance with water/acetonitrile hybrid electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1902654 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902654 source

In the paper

“However, a narrow electrochemical stability window of 1.23 V and poor LT performance including low power density and severe capacity degradation are also critical issues to be addressed.”

In the paper

“However, the disadvantage of a tightly bound ether solvation cage could be partially overcome by increasing the salt concentration, in which the Li + approaches a solvated electrolyte state, as suggested by Watanabe et al. [55], and the desolvation energy becomes minimized by the closely solvation cages or contact-ionpairs (CIPs).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [55] Ueno, K., Murai, J., Ikeda, K., et al.: Li+ solvation and ionic transport in lithium solvate ionic liquids diluted by molecular solvents. J. Phys. Chem. C 120, 15792–15802 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11642 source

In the paper

“In addressing this problem, fluorination improves the oxidation stability of ethers and shows better compatibility with cathodes while keeping the advantage of low viscosity of ethers.”

In the paper

“Recently, Wang's group used TTE as a cosolvent in an LT electrolyte (i.e., the salt is LiFSI and other cosolvents are FEMC and FEC) and obtained impressive LT electrochemical performance [62].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [62] Fan, X.L., Ji, X., Chen, L., et al.: All-temperature batteries enabled by fluorinated electrolytes with non-polar solvents. Nat. Energy 4, 882–890 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0474-3 source

In the paper

“Therefore, Wang's group [87] developed localized water-in-salt electrolytes (LWiSEs) with low-cost and high safety for aqueous lithium-ion batteries, in which they used inexpensive and eco-friendly LiNO 3 salt to replace the toxic and costly Li salts, and lowered the electrolyte salt concentration by introducing diluents that dissolve the water but not the inorganic salts.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [87] Jaumaux, P., Yang, X., Zhang, B., et al.: Localized water-in-salt electrolyte for aqueous lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 19965–19973 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202107389 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, although MTFP slightly increased the viscosity, after RT charging, the Li||NMC811 cell using MTFP electrolytes delivered comparable capacity retention (~ 80%) as MP electrolytes did at -40 °C, which is much higher than that using EC-DEC as solvent (~10 %) (Fig. 9d).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Holoubek, J., Yu, M.Y., Yu, S.C., et al.: An all-fluorinated ester electrolyte for stable high-voltage Li metal batteries capable of ultra-low-temperature operation. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 1438–1447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00643 source

In the paper

“Ethers have been considered as promising solvents for LT electrolytes due to the low viscosity and low melting points (Fig. 3).”

In the paper

“Cycling Li||NMC811 cell between 2.0 and 4.5 V, the electrolyte using methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropropionate (MTFP)/FEC as the solvent retained 150 mAh g -1 capacity after cycling at RT for over 250 cycles, while the cell using non-fluorinated counterpart only retained 110 mAh g -1 , as shown in Fig. 9c.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Holoubek, J., Yu, M.Y., Yu, S.C., et al.: An all-fluorinated ester electrolyte for stable high-voltage Li metal batteries capable of ultra-low-temperature operation. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 1438–1447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00643 source

In the paper

“Nitrile, especially acetonitrile (AN), has many excellent properties such as low viscosity, a low melting point and a high dielectric constant, making it a very good solvent for enhancing electrolyte ionic conductivity.”

In the paper

“In addition to the formation of better SEIs, fluorination can also lower the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) that often correlates with the increased oxidation stability of the electrolyte.”

In the paper

“It should be noted that caution should be taken in comparing the performance since the results from different chemistry and cell designs are not comparable.”

In the paper

“The water/DOL hybrid electrolyte displays a stable electrochemical window of 4.7 V, which is attributed to the reduced content of the free water molecules at the anode surface, leading to robust LiF-rich SEI formation that substantially suppresses hydrogen evolution.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [85] Ma, Z.K., Chen, J.W., Vatamanu, J., et al.: Expanding the low-temperature and high-voltage limits of aqueous lithium-ion battery. Energy Storage Mater. 45, 903–910 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2021.12.045 source

In the paper

“In addition, the potential toxicity of nitrile and nitrile decomposition products also needs to be considered.”

In the paper

“As a result, the graphite/NCA pouch cell demonstrated extended cycle life at -15 °C with a 0.3 C charge rate and a high capacity retention of 76% of its RT capacity at -50 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Yao, Y.X., Yao, N., Zhou, X.R., et al.: Ethylene-carbonate-free electrolytes for rechargeable Li-ion pouch cells at sub-freezing temperatures. Adv. Mater. 34, 2206448 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206448 source

In the paper

“More importantly, the stable electrochemical window has been expended to 4.5 V, enabling a LiMn 2 O 4 / Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 full cell with excellent cycling stability and rate capability at both ambient and sub-ambient temperatures.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [84] Chen, J.W., Vatamanu, J., Xing, L.D., et al.: Improving electrochemical stability and low-temperature performance with water/acetonitrile hybrid electrolytes. Adv. Energy Mater. 10, 1902654 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902654 source

In the paper

“Despite low dielectric constant, glymes strongly bind to Li + resulting in the solvent co-intercalation into graphite electrodes.”

In the paper

“Introducing additives is a very effective and cost-efficient approach to modifing certain properties of electrolytes.Since only a small amount of additive is used, the negative impact to the electrolyte bulk properties such as viscosity and dielectric constant is minimized.”

In the paper

“As a result, the LMO/LTO full cell demonstrated a high operating voltage of 2.7 V and excellent electrochemical performance with an ultrahigh specific capacity retention ratio up to 98% from 0 to -20 °C.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [86] Liu, J.H., Yang, C., Chi, X.W., et al.: Water/sulfolane hybrid electrolyte achieves ultralow-temperature operation for high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32, 2106811 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202106811 source

In the paper

“The LiDFOB-LiBF 4 dual-salt in EC/dimethyl sulfite (DMS)/EMC solvents also showed an acceptable ionic conductivity of 1 mS cm -1 at -40 °C, especially enhanced capacity retention at LTs.”

In the paper

“At -10 °C and C/10, the FM electrolyte retained 98.3% of its RT capacity, while the EC-DEC electrolyte only delivered 86.2%, as shown in Fig. 11a.”

In the paper

“Although the WiSE effectively brings the freezing point down, the salt will crystallize out when the concentration of salt exceeds a certain threshold.”

In the paper

“A novel LHCE system has been designed by using LiTFSI and LiDFOB as dual-salt, inexpensive and commonly used TMS (sulfolane) and EA as solvents and HFE (hydrofluoroether) as diluent.The synergistic effect of multiple components prevents the freezing of the electrolyte even at -80 °C, thus enabling an NMC532-Li cell having 75% RT capacity at -40 °C, and fast-charge/discharge cyclic stability at a 1”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [108] Lin, S.S., Hua, H.M., Lai, P.B., et al.: A multifunctional dual-salt localized high-concentration electrolyte for fast dynamic high-voltage lithium battery in wide temperature range. Adv. Energy Mater. 11, 2101775 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202101775 source

In the paper

“As a result, the hybrid WiSE with an optimal concentration of 5 M demonstrates improved conductivity, decreased viscosity and a lowered freezing temperature compared to the 21 M WiSE [83].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [83] Dou, Q.Y., Lei, S.L., Wang, D.W., et al.: Safe and high-rate supercapacitors based on an “acetonitrile/water in salt” hybrid electrolyte. Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 3212–3219 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE01040D source

In the paper

“This electrolyte is featured with the ability to form stable and highly conducting SEIs on graphite, thus preventing Li plating during charging and securing long battery lifetime at subzero temperatures.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [47] Yao, Y.X., Yao, N., Zhou, X.R., et al.: Ethylene-carbonate-free electrolytes for rechargeable Li-ion pouch cells at sub-freezing temperatures. Adv. Mater. 34, 2206448 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202206448 source

In the paper

“In addition to the non-aqueous electrolytes, LIBs with aqueous electrolytes have received widespread attention for large-scale energy storage due to their high safety, low cost, environmental amity and higher ionic conductivity compared with commercial LIBs using carbonate electrolytes.”

In the paper

“Oxalate-based anions can form good SEIs themselves; hence, their presence can potentially enable the application of solvents like PC and GBL, which have the advantage of low melting points, but suffer from the problem of poor SEI formation [96][97][98][99][100].”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [96] Zhang, S.S.: An unique lithium salt for the improved electrolyte of Li-ion battery. Electrochem. Commun. 8, 1423–1428 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2006.06.016 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [97] Zhang, S.S.: Electrochemical study of the formation of a solid electrolyte interface on graphite in a LiBC2O4F2-based electrolyte. J. Power Sources 163, 713–718 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.09.040 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Zhou, L., Lucht, B.L.: Performance of lithium tetrafluorooxalatophosphate (LiFOP) electrolyte with propylene carbonate (PC). J. Power Sources 205, 439–448 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.067 source

In the paper

“Chen et al. [68] used a fluorinated carboxylic ester as cosolvent for an LT electrolyte and obtained both low viscosity and high oxidation stability.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [68] Holoubek, J., Yu, M.Y., Yu, S.C., et al.: An all-fluorinated ester electrolyte for stable high-voltage Li metal batteries capable of ultra-low-temperature operation. ACS Energy Lett. 5, 1438–1447 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00643 source

In the paper

“The LGE based on 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and pentafluoroethane delivered high ionic conductivity > 3 mS cm -1 within the temperature range from -78 to 80 °C, with non-flammable and fireextinguishing features.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [78] Yin, Y.J., Yang, Y., Cheng, D.Y., et al.: Fire-extinguishing, recyclable liquefied gas electrolytes for temperature-resilient lithium-metal batteries. Nat. Energy 7, 548–559 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01051-4 source