Drugs of abuse: anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways
Abstract
Drugs of abuse are very powerful reinforcers, and even in conditions of limited access (where the organism is not dependent) these drugs will motivate high rates of operant responding. This presumed hedonic property and the drugs' neuropharmacological specificity provide a means of studying the neuropharmacology and neuroanatomy of brain reward. Three major brain systems appear to be involved in drug reward--dopamine, opioid and GABA. Evidence suggests a midbrain-forebrain-extrapyramidal circuit with its focus in the nucleus accumbens. Data implicating dopamine and opioid systems in indirect sympathomimetic and opiate reward include critical elements in both the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental areas. Ethanol reward appears to depend on an interaction with the GABAA receptor complex but may also involve common elements such as dopamine and opioid peptides in this midbrain-forebrain-extrapyramidal circuit. These results suggest that brain reward systems have a multidetermined neuropharmacological basis that may involve some common neuroanatomical elements.
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There is extensive experimental evidence in animal contexts supporting a role for the mesolimbic reward pathway in appetitive and motivational behaviors.
“In addition, there is extensive experimental evidence in animal contexts supporting a role for the mesolimbic reward pathway on appetitive and motivational behaviors [306,307].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [307]
The meso-limbic dopamine system that projects from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse.
“The meso-limbic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens has been implicated in the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Koob, 1992
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- Authors
- Koob, G. F.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Koob, George F.
- Venue
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 177-184
- ISSN
- 0165-6147 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2001865657
- Cited by
- 2,070
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 6.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Pharmacological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA-08459)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA04043, DA04398, R01DA004398, R01DA004043)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- drugs of abuse, brain reward system, dopamine, opioid system, GABA, nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, ethanol reward, opioid reward, operant responding
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Reward, Illicit Drugs, Rats
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