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Insight into Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A Critical Review

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Xiao, Xin, Chen, Baoliang, Chen, Zaiming, Zhu, Lizhong, Schnoor, Jerald L.·2018·Environmental Science & Technology

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Abstract

Biochar is the carbon-rich product of the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions, and it has received increasing attention due to its multiple functions in the fields of climate change mitigation, sustainable agriculture, environmental control, and novel materials. To design a "smart" biochar for environmentally sustainable applications, one must understand recent advances in biochar molecular structures and explore potential applications to generalize upon structure-application relationships. In this review, multiple and multilevel structures of biochars are interpreted based on their elemental compositions, phase components, surface properties, and molecular structures. Applications such as carbon fixators, fertilizers, sorbents, and carbon-based materials are highlighted based on the biochar multilevel structures as well as their structure-application relationships. Further studies are suggested for more detailed biochar structural analysis and separation and for the combination of macroscopic and microscopic information to develop a higher-level biochar structural design for selective applications.

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Predicting phosphorus bioavailability from high-ash biochars
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Enhanced Lead Sorption by Biochar Derived from Anaerobically Digested Sugarcane Bagasse
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Mechanistic Investigation of Mercury Sorption by Brazilian Pepper Biochars of Different Pyrolytic Temperatures Based on X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Flow Calorimetry
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What is more important for enhancing nutrient bioavailability with biochar application into a sandy soil: Direct or indirect mechanism?
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Biochar and Manure Affect Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrient Concentrations and Uptake
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Generalized Two-Dimensional Perturbation Correlation Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Mechanisms for the Development of Surface Charge and Recalcitrance in Plant-Derived Biochars
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Characterization and influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soil
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A new conceptual model for the structural properties of char produced during vegetation fires
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Iron nanoparticles in situ encapsulated in biochar-based carbon as an effective catalyst for the conversion of biomass-derived syngas to liquid hydrocarbons
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The conversion of sewage sludge into biochar reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and ecotoxicity but increases trace metal content
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Biological degradation of pyrogenic organic matter in temperate forest soils
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Development of Biochar-based Catalyst for Transesterification of Canola Oil
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Are Graphitic Surfaces Hydrophobic?
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Mobile organic compounds in biochar – A potential source of contamination – Phytotoxic effects on cress seed (Lepidium sativum) germination
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Ammonium, Nitrate, and Phosphate Sorption to and Solute Leaching from Biochars Prepared from Corn Stover ( Zea mays L.) and Oak Wood ( Quercus spp.)
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Is biochar a source or sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in agricultural soils?
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Authors: Xiao, X., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Zhu, L., & Schnoor, J. L.
Venue: Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2018-04-10
Volume: 52
Issue: 9
Pages: 5027-5047
ISSN: 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
1520-5851
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06487
OpenAlex: W2797855184
Cited by: 914
References: 254
FWCI: 29.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
Funders: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (2014CB441106, 2015BAC02B01)
Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa
University of Iowa (P42ES013661)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (21425730, 21537005, 21621005)

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Insight into Multiple and Multilevel Structures of Biochars and Their Potential Environmental Applications: A Critical Review

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