The DOI matches its Crossref record; 366 of the 366 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 262 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Behavioral, perceptual, and neural alterations in sensory and multisensory function in autism spectrum disorder
Open accessAbstract
Although sensory processing challenges have been noted since the first clinical descriptions of autism, it has taken until the release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013 for sensory problems to be included as part of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the diagnostic profile. Because sensory information forms the building blocks for higher-order social and cognitive functions, we argue that sensory processing is not only an additional piece of the puzzle, but rather a critical cornerstone for characterizing and understanding ASD. In this review we discuss what is currently known about sensory processing in ASD, how sensory function fits within contemporary models of ASD, and what is understood about the differences in the underlying neural processing of sensory and social communication observed between individuals with and without ASD. In addition to highlighting the sensory features associated with ASD, we also emphasize the importance of multisensory processing in building perceptual and cognitive representations, and how deficits in multisensory integration may also be a core characteristic of ASD.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that sensory and multisensory processing alterations are a core, underappreciated cornerstone of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), not merely an additional symptom. It synthesizes behavioral, perceptual, and neural evidence showing both unisensory differences and multisensory integration deficits that may cascade into social-communicative and cognitive symptoms.
Key findings
- Sensory abnormalities are highly prevalent in ASD, reported in up to 87% of individuals, and were formally included in the DSM-5 diagnostic profile in 2013; the paper cites an ASD incidence of 1 in 68 children, and as high as 1 in 42 for boys.
- ASD shows a simple/complex dissociation: intact or enhanced processing of simple stimuli (e.g., pitch, first-order visual features, some tactile thresholds) but difficulties with complex stimuli (e.g., second-order visual features, speech/prosody, face and object processing). In Järvinen-Pasley studies, individuals with ASD outperformed typically developing peers on pitch perception but underperformed on sentence content.
- Multisensory integration is reduced in ASD beyond what unisensory performance predicts: less benefit from visible speech in noise, diminished McGurk fusion, reduced sound-induced flash illusion, delayed rubber-hand and crossed-hand illusion effects, and altered audiovisual temporal acuity. EEG studies report decreased multisensory integration as early as 100 ms, with 100–130 ms effects correlated with clinical severity, and weaker/delayed auditory-somatosensory integration around 175 ms.
- Neural findings include reduced functional and structural connectivity, atypical face/voice/STS/FFA responses, reduced GABA in auditory/motor and frontal cortex, and excitation/inhibition imbalance; approximately 30% of individuals with ASD report seizures, and 50–70% of children with ASD show abnormal electrical activity during sleep.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of behavioral, perceptual, neuroimaging (fMRI, DTI, resting-state), EEG/ERP, and plasticity/remediation literature on sensory and multisensory function in ASD.
- Data or sample: no primary sample; synthesizes published studies comparing individuals with ASD and typically developing controls, including children and adults.
- Main analysis: qualitative synthesis and theoretical framing within theory of mind, weak central coherence, predictive coding, reduced sensory precision/reliability, excitation/inhibition imbalance, and temporal binding hypotheses.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: ASD sensory research often focuses on a single sense or a small subset of tasks, limiting generalization; no strong consensus exists on a unifying theory of ASD; resting-state fMRI studies are confounded by motion and data-scrubbing artifacts; sensory integration therapy is based on subjective therapist judgments; better empirical characterization and computational modeling are needed.
- Stated in the paper: ASD heterogeneity and difficulty parsing sensory contributions from attention, executive function, and social-cognitive factors complicate interpretation.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not systematically search or quantify the literature, conduct a meta-analysis, or present primary data to test causal claims.
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Claims the paper makes
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“how deficits in multisensory integration may also be a core characteristic of ASD”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“deficits in multisensory integration are noted between children with ASD and their typically developing (TD) peers even when unisensory performance is unimpaired (Foxe et al., 2013; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Stevenson et al., 2014d, e)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Foxe et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014c
- Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014d, e
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“structured questionnaires invariably identify the presence of processing challenges in a number of sensory domains (Baranek et al., 2006; Rogers et al., 2003; Watling et al., 2001)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it can be argued that such multisensory function is likely to be more strongly altered in ASD, given that many of the multisensory deficits observed in ASD go beyond what would be predicted by the individual unisensory performance”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“evidence for differences in connectivity between distant brain regions in children with ASD (Abrams et al., 2013; Assaf et al., 2010; Maximo et al., 2014; Plitt et al., 2015) would also suggest a propensity towards multisensory deficits”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“sensory abnormalities are one of the most prevalent symptoms of ASD, reported in up to 87% of individuals (Le Couteur et al., 1989; Lord, 1995)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“differences in sensory perception are often significantly correlated with symptom severity in other domains impacted in ASD such as social communication (Foss-Feig et al., 2012; Kern et al., 2007)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“have indeed shown evidence for weaknesses in the processing of objects in children with ASD (Behrmann et al., 2006; Koldewyn et al., 2013)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“when they are undirected, individuals with ASD tend to focus more on the local relative to the global aspects of a visual image when compared with their TD peers (Plaisted et al., 1999)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Plaisted et al., 1999 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One area of motion processing that appears to have the strongest evidence for differences is in the perception of biological motion.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
- It may state two separate claims as one. 40
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we argue that sensory processing is not only an additional piece of the puzzle, but rather a critical cornerstone for characterizing and understanding ASD”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because sensory information forms the building blocks for higher-order social and cognitive functions”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“individuals with ASD have been shown to be better in discriminating between visual stimulus orientations that are defined on the basis of changes in luminance (”first-order” features, characterized at each point of an image independently), but to show difficulties in perceiving differences when these orientations are defined on the basis of contrast or textural cues (”second-order” features, which”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bertone et al., 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Estimates suggest that the information gain in this situation is the equivalent of boosting the audible signal by up to 15 dB (Sumby and Pollack, 1954)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sumby and Pollack, 1954 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The integration of information across the different senses is an essential process in the construction of healthy perceptual representations, and can be argued to represent one of the basic building blocks for the construction of cognitive representations and abilities”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“individuals with ASD have either normal or enhanced performance in tasks that rely on the analysis of stimulus detail, but may have difficulties when this detail needs to be integrated in order to form a holistic image”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bertone et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites Happé, 1996
- Not checked yetcites Shah and Frith, 1983
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“those with ASD have been reported to show behavioral improvements when perceiving simple, non-social sensory stimuli, yet to show deficits when perceiving more complex stimuli (Bertone et al., 2003, 2005; Bonnel et al., 2003; Minshew and Hobson, 2008; Mottron et al., 2006; Ristic et al., 2005; Vlamings et al., 2005)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These multisensory regions are found throughout the spinal cord and brainstem and are widely elaborated within the cerebral cortex (Beauchamp et al., 2004; Perrault et al., 2005; Stein et al., 2014; Wallace and Stein, 2007)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchamp et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Perrault et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Stein et al., 2014
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“neurons and neuronal circuits are specialized for the integration of information from the different sensory modalities, and frequently show marked non-linearities in their response profiles that are associated with the active integration process (Beauchamp, 2005; Meredith and Stein, 1983, 1985; Stevenson et al., 2012; Stevenson et al., 2014a; Wallace et al., 1998; Wallace et al., 1996)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beauchamp, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Meredith and Stein, 1983, 1985
- Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In ASD, there is evidence for alterations in both dorsal and ventral stream functions, although there remains little consensus on the exact nature of these deficits.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Children with ASD are often significantly better at counting the number of simple shapes within the larger image, but often show decreased performance in identifying the larger holistic image.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bertone et al., 2005 source
- Not checked yetcites de Jonge et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Happé, 1996
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar results (and perhaps a tendency toward enhanced performance relative to their TD counterparts) have been observed with other low-level auditory features such as frequency (Heaton et al., 1999; Jones et al., 2009; Mottron et al., 2000)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Heaton et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Jones et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Mottron et al., 2000
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The speed of responses to the light-sound (i.e., multisensory) pairing is substantially faster than to either of the unisensory (i.e., visual alone or auditory alone) conditions, and is also faster than would be predicted based on pure probability summation”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Colonius and Diederich, 2004
- Not checked yetcites Gondan et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Miller, 1982
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“where deficits in both patterns of gaze and face recognition have been well established”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Behrmann et al., 2006 source
- Not checked yetcites Simmons et al., 2009
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“it was found that although children with ASD indeed showed deficits in visual motion tasks (with the strongest changes being seen in biological motion processing), that a large portion of this could be accounted for by differences in higher-order cognitive factors (Koldewyn et al., 2010)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koldewyn et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the processing of first-order visual features is believed to be subserved by regions of primary visual cortex, second- and higher-order processing is suggested to be mediated by regions further up the processing hierarchy (Dumoulin et al., 2003)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dumoulin et al., 2003
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Individuals with ASD outperformed their TD peers on pitch perception, but underperformed on the perception of sentence content.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley and Heaton, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008a
- Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008c
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent work in the realm of visual-vestibular integration, however, suggests that individuals with ASD may be able to integrate information in an optimal fashion but have a poor tolerance for noise (Zaidel et al., 2015)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.2 Differences in the integration of information across sensory modalities
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zaidel et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“children with ASD show increased thresholds when asked to localize a static (no change in amplitude over time) stimulus, but no differences in thresholds for the detection of a dynamic (amplitude increasing over time) stimulus (Puts et al., 2014)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.1 Sensory function within the individual modalities in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Puts et al., 2014
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, across both a number of both simple and more complex sensory illusions that rely on integration for the illusory percept, individuals with ASD seem to show multisensory integration to a lesser extent than their TD peers based on their reduced susceptibility to these illusions.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.2 Differences in the integration of information across sensory modalities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two of the presumptive brain regions mediating ToM function, the STS and TPJ (see above), receive convergent input from a variety of sensory domains and have been shown to play important roles in the integration of this information (Beauchamp et al., 2012; Downar et al., 2000, 2001; James et al., 2011; Shulman et al., 2003; Stevenson et al., 2007; Stevenson and James, 2009).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.1 Theory of mind
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although some of these studies have shown little change in unisensory function despite substantial changes in multisensory performance (Foxe et al., 2013; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Stevenson et al., 2014d, e), others have illustrated a complex pattern of differences that are ultimately difficult to interpret (Brandwein et al., 2012; Kwakye et al., 2011; Russo et al., 2010).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.2 Differences in the integration of information across sensory modalities
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Results are in less agreement with non-speech stimuli, where some have found no difference between individuals with and without ASD (Bebko et al., 2006; Stevenson et al., 2014c) while others have found differences (de Boer-Schellekens et al., 2013; Foss-Feig et al., 2010; Kwakye et al., 2011).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.2 Differences in the integration of information across sensory modalities
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no strong consensus yet exists as to a “unifying” theory or view on ASD.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A later fMRI study of the EFT found not only reduced activation of the same visuospatial network, but also reduced connectivity between frontal areas and visuospatial areas (Damarla et al., 2010).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.2 Weak central coherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Damarla et al., 2010
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, on the Müller-Lyer illusion, individuals with ASD report the illusory percept when asked which line looks longer, but are not susceptible when asked which line is longer (Brosnan et al., 2004)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.2 Weak central coherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosnan et al., 2004
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This theory suggests that those with ASD have a diminished ability to imagine motives and feelings outside of their own mind, and thus have profound deficits in social communicative interactions.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.1 Theory of mind
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baron-Cohen, 1989
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this view, sensory-based performance differences may arise not from changes in the fidelity of the incoming sensory information, but rather from weaknesses in the ability to compare the incoming sensory stream with a statistical model of the world.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.3 The predictive-coding hypothesis
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In a Bayesian framework, poor predictive coding can be thought of as having a weak (flat) prior probability distribution (Lawson et al., 2014)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.3 The predictive-coding hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lawson et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, processing deficits within a sensory modality will undoubtedly result in processing changes when indexing multisensory function, and consequently can call into question claims of any degree of multisensory specificity regarding the documented changes.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 2 Atypical sensory processing in ASD > 2.2 Differences in the integration of information across sensory modalities
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“work by Brosnan and colleagues have shown that individuals with ASD may actually be just as susceptible to visual illusions, but that the key in revealing this is in how the question is framed in the task.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.2 Weak central coherence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosnan et al., 2004
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both reduced functional connectivity and reduced white matter integrity has been observed in individuals with ASD in multiple ToM associated areas (Kana et al., 2014)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.1 Theory of mind
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kana et al., 2014 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“individuals with ASD were shown to exhibit reduced responses for pleasant or neutral textures presented to the hand, but displayed a greater response to stimulation with an unpleasant texture in the posterior cingulate and insula (Cascio et al., 2012b).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cascio et al., 2012b
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, in this study the size of the receptive fields were positively correlated with autistic traits (as measured by the Autism Quotient questionnaire), but not with behavioral measures like orientation and direction discrimination.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwarzkopf et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In an auditory detection task using simple tone stimuli, individuals with ASD performed equivalently to their TD peers, and fMRI showed similar activation in temporal cortex but greater activation of right prefrontal and premotor cortex as well as left inferior parietal cortex in individuals with ASD during the detection task (Gomot et al., 2008).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gomot et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“with the prevailing view that excitation may be increased (greater glutamateric signaling) and inhibition may be reduced (less GABAergic signaling; Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.4 Imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the level of activity in these areas was positively correlated with sensory over-responsivity scores and behavioral anxiety ratings.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.4 Imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in a study comparing the perception of language versus songs in children with ASD, reduced activation was observed in the left IFG and STG for speech stimuli, but greater activation was observed during song perception relative to TD controls (Sharda et al., 2014).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sharda et al., 2014
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A related model to the predictive coding concept is grounded in reliability, and suggests that those with ASD may have greater variability (i.e., less reliability) in their behaviors and perceptions, and that these changes in reliability are related to changes in the variability of neural response patterns (Perez Velazquez and Galan, 2013).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.4 Reduced sensory precision and reliability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perez Velazquez and Galan, 2013
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This hypothesis proposes that the processes used to synchronize activity within neural networks, specifically synchronization of high-frequency gamma oscillations, are impacted in ASD.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 3 Theories of altered sensory and cognitive functioning in ASD > 3.5 Temporal binding hypothesis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brock et al., 2002
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“children with ASD showed reduced responses in the STS (an area of robust activation voices in TD individuals) in response to a social auditory stimulus (voice), but similar responses to their TD counterparts with non-vocal (environmental) sounds (Gervais et al., 2004).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gervais et al., 2004 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a visual change detection task, adults with ASD performed at the same level as adults with TD, but showed greater activity in bilateral occipital cortex, but decreased activity in frontal (superior and middle frontal gyri bilaterally) cortex (Clery et al., 2013).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clery et al., 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the imaging methods of choice in ASD has been resting state fMRI (i.e., spontaneous, non task-evoked activity; Biswal et al., 1997), because it does not entail a task and hence is not fraught with some of the practical problems seen with more traditional task-based fMRI studies (most notable task compliance).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Biswal et al., 1997 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Individuals with ASD show stronger responses to high spatial frequency stimuli, but weaker responses to low spatial frequency stimuli (Vlamings et al., 2010).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vlamings et al., 2010 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“interpreted as reflecting the additional effort required for individuals with ASD to intuit mental states (Wang et al., 2006).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although both teens with ASD and their TD peers showed greater activation in the multisensory condition compared to the unisensory condition”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies using EEG have been most heavily applied in the auditory domain (for a review see Marco et al. (2011)).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marco et al. (2011) source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“certain kinds of data scrubbing have been shown to artificially increase short-range connectivity and decrease long range connectivity (Gotts et al., 2013)”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gotts et al., 2013 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EEG studies also have the benefit of high temporal fidelity, allowing an experimenter to assess at which processing stage atypical sensory processing takes place.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: EEG studies also have the benefit of high temporal fidelity, allowing an experimenter to assess at which processing stage atypical sensory processing takes place.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This synchronization of activity through oscillatory activity has been proposed to facilitate the binding of information across a number of perceptual and cognitive processes (Basar et al., 1999; Herrmann et al., 2015; Klimesch, 1999; Pulvermuller et al., 1997).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Basar et al., 1999
- Not checked yetcites Herrmann et al., 2015
- Not checked yetcites Klimesch, 1999 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“one of ideas strongly based in neuroimaging data is that it is a connectivity disorder. That is, the observed deficits in ASD arise from poorly connected neural networks (Hughes, 2007), with nodes unable to effectively transfer and integrate information.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.1 Using functional MRI to probe altered neuronal circuits in ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hughes, 2007
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“EEG studies are relatively practical in this population; unlike fMRI, EEG does not require the same levels of stillness or exposure to loud scanning noises, which can be quite a challenge, particularly in children with ASD.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: EEG studies are relatively practical in this population; unlike fMRI, EEG does not require the same levels of stillness or exposure to loud scanning noises, which can be quite a challenge, particularly in children with ASD.
In the paper
“This Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework, advocated by the National Institutes of Mental Health (Insel et al., 2010), focuses on specific characteristics or phenotypic traits that may be shared across conditions but that may be grounded in a common neurobiological process.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 6 Conclusions and future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Insel et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These perceptual differences were linked to changes in latency as well as in the networks recruited to support the perceptual processing.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 4 Evidence for alterations in neural processing relevant to sensory function in ASD > 4.2 EEG studies of ASD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Russo et al., 2012 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these sensory issues may play an important and underappreciated role in domains of dysfunction such as social communication”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 5 Plasticity and remediation therapies in ASD
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“recent emphases in psychiatric research have advocated a shift away from a slavish adherence to strict diagnostic criteria and have instead suggested a more nuanced dimensional-based perspective toward elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of psychiatric disease.”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 6 Conclusions and future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Insel et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“autism and schizophrenia may represent opposing ends of a continuum of self-representation, and in which the former is characterized by greater weighting of self (versus other) and the latter is characterized by a greater weighting of factors beyond the self (and thus the propensity to hallucinations, etc.).”
§ Behavioral, Perceptual, and Neural Alterations in Sensory and Multisensory Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder > 6 Conclusions and future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eicher and Gruen, 2015
- Not checked yetcites Wible, 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Little fMRI work has examined multisensory networks and integration in ASD.
“Surprisingly little work has been done to examine multisensory networks and multisensory integration using fMRI in individuals with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oscillations at different EEG frequency bands reflect the brain's ability to coordinate communication across separate neuronal populations.
“In general, oscillations at different frequency bands observed in EEG are thought to reflect the ability of the brain to coordinate the communication of information across separate populations of neurons.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sensory integration therapy (SIT) is one of the most commonly employed approaches used in ASD treatment and therapy.
“although sensory integration therapy (SIT) is one of the most commonly employed approaches used in ASD treatment and therapy”
The paper relies on this without support.
SIT is strongly founded in the subjective judgments of the occupational therapists administering the training.
“it is strongly founded in the subjective judgments of the occupational therapists administering the training.”
The paper relies on this without support.
SIT training is based on a different conceptual foundation than the one presented, emphasizing exposure to a wide array of sensory information to improve integration with cognitive representations.
“SIT training is based on a somewhat different conceptual foundation than that presented above, with the major emphasis being exposure to a wide array of sensory information in an effort to improve how this information is integrated with cognitive representations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There is now increased recognition and appreciation for a role for sensory dysfunction in the context of ASD.
“Although there is now increased recognition and appreciation for a role for sensory dysfunction in the context of ASD”
The paper relies on this without support.
Work on sensory dysfunction in ASD is still in its earliest stages.
“this work is still in its earliest stages”
The paper relies on this without support.
A growing number of studies have begun to examine sensory processing in ASD.
“While a growing number of studies have begun to examine sensory processing in ASD”
The paper relies on this without support.
These studies often continue to focus on a single task or small subset of tasks within a specific sensory modality.
“they often continue to focus on a single task or small subset of tasks within a specific sensory modality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little has been done to bridge across genotype-phenotype, imaging, and sensory areas in ASD.
“little has been done to bridge across these three areas”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even less has been done to incorporate sensory features and sensory networks into these analyses.
“even less has been done to incorporate sensory features and sensory networks into these analyses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Autism and schizophrenia each have elements of a disturbed sense of self.
“each disorder has elements of a disturbed sense of self”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many resting state fMRI studies are plagued with interpretational confounds.
“Unfortunately, many resting state fMRI studies are plagued with interpretational confounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Motion can spuriously increase correlations between areas because movement across the head is correlated.
“Motion can spuriously increase correlations between areas because movement across the head is correlated.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Efforts to reduce the effects of motion can actually introduce artifacts into the data.
“these efforts to reduce the effects of motion can actually introduce artifacts into the data.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EEG studies are relatively practical in this population; unlike fMRI, EEG does not require the same levels of stillness or exposure to loud scanning noises, which can be quite a challenge, particularly in children with ASD.
“EEG studies are relatively practical in this population; unlike fMRI, EEG does not require the same levels of stillness or exposure to loud scanning noises, which can be quite a challenge, particularly in children with ASD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EEG studies also have the benefit of high temporal fidelity, allowing an experimenter to assess at which processing stage atypical sensory processing takes place.
“EEG studies also have the benefit of high temporal fidelity, allowing an experimenter to assess at which processing stage atypical sensory processing takes place.”
The paper relies on this without support.
EEG studies of auditory processing in ASD have provided conflicting results.
“these studies have provided conflicting results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies of auditory evoked potentials (AEP) have also produced disparate results.
“Studies of auditory evoked potentials (AEP), reflecting the processing of sound in auditory cortical regions, have also produced disparate results.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little work has been done to examine evoked responses to touch with EEG.
“Very little work has been done to examine evoked responses to touch with EEG.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Although little consensus exists as to the precise neurobiological substrates impacted in ASD (likely a result, at least in part, of the marked heterogeneity of the disorder).
“Although little consensus exists as to the precise neurobiological substrates impacted in ASD (likely a result, at least in part, of the marked heterogeneity of the disorder)”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The correlation between TW and higher BAMBI scores further supports the hypothesis that TW is embedded in a broader phenotype of sensory–behavioral dysregulation [42].”
From The Prevalence and Clinical Significance of Toe Walking in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study in an Italian Pediatric Sample (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citations
Cites
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Self-citationEarly Integration and Bayesian Causal Inference in Multisensory Perception
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Self-citationEarly Integration and Bayesian Causal Inference in Multisensory Perception
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Robertson, C. E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.112 · Cited by 1,157
Autism Spectrum Disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy
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The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder
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“In recent years, however, research focusing on the sensory domain has found that sensory processing abnormalities in ASD (see Baum et al., 2015; or Marco et al., 2011; for reviews) are reported across all ages and levels of symptom severity (Leekam et al., 2007) and adversely affect both daily…”
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Self-citationPatients with autism spectrum disorders display reproducible functional connectivity alterations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Baum, S. H., Stevenson, R. A., & Wallace, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Wallace, Mark T.
- Venue
- Progress in Neurobiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-11
- Volume
- 134
- Pages
- 140-160
- ISSN
- 0301-0082 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4730891
- OpenAlex
- W1921335093
- Semantic Scholar
- bd3f2ce4b8c9916fe7428f0c4fffca27aeefebee
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 365
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Progress in Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wallace Foundation (DC010927, CA183492, HD83211)
- Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sensory processing, multisensory integration, multisensory processing, social communication, perceptual representation
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Animals, Brain, Humans, Perception, Perceptual Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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