Behavioral, perceptual, and neural alterations in sensory and multisensory function in autism spectrum disorder

In the paper

“showed intact performance for emotional voices (auditory only condition)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Results section (“Behavioral results during fMRI,” Table 2) reports no significant accuracy difference between teens with ASD and controls on the auditory emotion task (p = 0.07). This supports the description of intact performance for emotional voices in the auditory-only condition. (LLM, conf=0.91)

  cites Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“suggesting that some kinds of social stimuli do not evoke the same rewarding response in individuals with ASD as they do in individuals with typical development (Abrams et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Supported

  The Discussion reports reduced connectivity between voice-selective cortex and reward-processing regions in children with ASD compared with typically developing children. It suggests that this may impair their ability to experience speech as pleasurable, supporting the citing sentence’s hedged claim about some social stimuli. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Abrams et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“very simple sensory-based judgments and abilities, such as Vernier acuity (vision), frequency discrimination (auditory) and two-point discrimination (tactile), can be greatly improved using training approaches in which subjects are receiving feedback on the basis of their ongoing judgments (Kaas et al., 2013; Lev et al., 2014; Zaltz et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kaas et al., 2013 source
• Partly supported

  The Methods (Training paradigm; page not provided) describe visual target-detection training with auditory and visual feedback, and the Results report improved visual contrast sensitivity. The paper does not establish training-related improvements in Vernier acuity, auditory frequency discrimination, or tactile two-point discrimination, so those examples are not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Lev et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Not checked yetcites Zaltz et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“how deficits in multisensory integration may also be a core characteristic of ASD”

In the paper

“deficits in multisensory integration are noted between children with ASD and their typically developing (TD) peers even when unisensory performance is unimpaired (Foxe et al., 2013; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Stevenson et al., 2014d, e)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foxe et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014c
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014d, e

In the paper

“structured questionnaires invariably identify the presence of processing challenges in a number of sensory domains (Baranek et al., 2006; Rogers et al., 2003; Watling et al., 2001)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Baranek et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Rogers et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Watling et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“it can be argued that such multisensory function is likely to be more strongly altered in ASD, given that many of the multisensory deficits observed in ASD go beyond what would be predicted by the individual unisensory performance”

In the paper

“evidence for differences in connectivity between distant brain regions in children with ASD (Abrams et al., 2013; Assaf et al., 2010; Maximo et al., 2014; Plitt et al., 2015) would also suggest a propensity towards multisensory deficits”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Abrams et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Assaf et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Maximo et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“sensory abnormalities are one of the most prevalent symptoms of ASD, reported in up to 87% of individuals (Le Couteur et al., 1989; Lord, 1995)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Le Couteur et al., 1989 source
• Not checked yetcites Lord, 1995 source

In the paper

“differences in sensory perception are often significantly correlated with symptom severity in other domains impacted in ASD such as social communication (Foss-Feig et al., 2012; Kern et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foss-Feig et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Kern et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“have indeed shown evidence for weaknesses in the processing of objects in children with ASD (Behrmann et al., 2006; Koldewyn et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Behrmann et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Koldewyn et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“when they are undirected, individuals with ASD tend to focus more on the local relative to the global aspects of a visual image when compared with their TD peers (Plaisted et al., 1999)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Plaisted et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“One area of motion processing that appears to have the strongest evidence for differences is in the perception of biological motion.”

In the paper

“Failure to build an accurate and meaningful perceptual representation of the world around us is likely to cascade into higher order deficits, making it difficult to navigate and interact with our environment (Stevenson et al., 2014b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014b

In the paper

“when explicitly directed to use global focus (i.e., identify the large letters), individuals with ASD perform the same as their TD peers (Deruelle et al., 2006; Mottron et al., 2003; Mottron et al., 2006; Plaisted et al., 1999; Wang et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Deruelle et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Mottron et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Plaisted et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“Studies of auditory processing and perception in ASD show a pattern of results similar to those seen for visual perception, with difficulties appearing to manifest more as the complexity of the auditory information increases.”

In the paper

“supporting the idea that some of these performance differences may be a result of differences in attentional scope as opposed to sensory processing per se”

In the paper

“similar differences were found for visual motion detection, with difficulties only seen for moving stimuli defined on the basis of second-order cues”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bertone et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“it seems plausible that disruptions in sensory function that extend beyond the individual modalities may be important in ASD (Stevenson et al., 2014b)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014b

In the paper

“In processing the simple features of an auditory signal, such as its loudness, children with ASD often show intact performance (Bonnel et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2009)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bonnel et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Jones et al., 2009 source

In the paper

“The behavioral and perceptual benefits of multisensory integration have been shown to be quite impressive and to confer a highly degree of adaptive benefit (Calvert et al., 2004; Fetsch et al., 2010; Murray and Wallace, 2012; Stein and Meredith, 1993; Stevenson et al., 2014a)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Calvert et al., 2004
• Not checked yetcites Fetsch et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Murray and Wallace, 2012

In the paper

“within a group of individuals with ASD, detection thresholds and identification accuracy were not correlated with ASD severity (Dudova and Hrdlicka, 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dudova and Hrdlicka, 2013

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD seem to show a greater reliance on proprioceptive information (Haswell et al., 2009; Masterton and Biederman, 1983)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haswell et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Masterton and Biederman, 1983

In the paper

“individuals with ASD (though showing reduced orienting abilities to all stimulus types) show an exaggerated difficulty in orienting to socially relevant auditory stimuli including, but not limited to, speech (Dawson et al., 1998; Dawson et al., 2004; Kuhl et al., 2005; Paul et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Dawson et al., 1998 source
• Not checked yetcites Dawson et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Kuhl et al., 2005 source

In the paper

“Taste aversions are a frequently reported symptom of individuals with ASD (Cermak et al., 2010; Kral et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cermak et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Kral et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“individuals with ASD rate odors as less pleasant compared with individuals with TD (Hrdlicka et al., 2011)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hrdlicka et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“children with ASD show an enhanced ability to track their own heartbeat over long internals compared with children with TD (Schauder et al., 2015a)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schauder et al., 2015a

In the paper

“Common factors for food refusal that are greater in children with ASD compared with TD include texture/consistency, taste/smell, mixtures, brand, and shape (Hubbard et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hubbard et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“children with ASD show differential susceptibility, requiring a longer exposure to synchronous brushing of the real and rubber limb in order to perceive the illusory percept (Cascio et al., 2012a).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cascio et al., 2012a

In the paper

“Differences in vestibular and proprioceptive processing are a robust observation in the ASD literature (Ornitz, 1974)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ornitz, 1974 source

In the paper

“and less accurate at making audiovisual temporal-order judgments (de Boer-Schellekens et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Boer-Schellekens et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“Most studies have concluded that individuals with ASD are less likely to report this perceptual fusion, with their choices typically reflecting the auditory stimulus (i.e., “ba” (de Gelder et al., 1991; Irwin et al., 2011; Mongillo et al., 2008; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Stevenson et al., 2014d; Williams et al., 2004)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites de Gelder et al., 1991 source
• Not checked yetcites Irwin et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Mongillo et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“Speech, which is an inherently complex multisensory signal, shows a much stronger tendency to be differentially affected in ASD when compared with the processing of non-speech stimuli (Bebko et al., 2006; Mongillo et al., 2008; Stevenson et al., 2014c)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bebko et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Mongillo et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014c

In the paper

“have found a strong correlation between scores from the touch and emotional subsets of the Sensory Profile questionnaire (Guclu et al., 2007)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Guclu et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Other studies report no difference in tactile thresholds in children with ASD compared with TD (O'Riordan and Passetti, 2006)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Riordan and Passetti, 2006

In the paper

“children with ASD do not benefit as much as children with TD from seeing the additional visual information provided by a speaker's face while performing a speech-in-noise task (Foxe et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foxe et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“this illusion uses simple, non-speech stimuli, and appears to be diminished in children with ASD (Stevenson et al., 2014e)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014e

In the paper

“Individuals with ASD are less likely than their TD peers to detect an asynchrony between an auditory and visual stimulus (Kwakye et al., 2011; Stevenson et al., 2014c)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kwakye et al., 2011 source
• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014c

In the paper

“These results, coupled with the social deficits observed in ASD, suggest that individuals with ASD may preferentially attend to internal, as opposed to external, sensory cues.”

In the paper

“These differences in multisensory performance appear to be related to a reduced ability to perceptually bind individual pieces of sensory information into a coherent unified percept.”

In the paper

“The perception of multisensory illusions such as the McGurk effect (Woynaroski et al., 2013) and the sound-induced flash illusion (Foss-Feig et al., 2010) are less influenced by temporal discrepancies between the auditory and visual presentations in ASD children when compared with their TD peers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Foss-Feig et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“The perception of multisensory illusions such as the McGurk effect (Woynaroski et al., 2013) and the sound-induced flash illusion (Foss-Feig et al., 2010) are less influenced by temporal discrepancies between the auditory and visual presentations in ASD children when compared with their TD peers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Woynaroski et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“though this finding has not been universal (Iarocci et al., 2010; Woynaroski et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Iarocci et al., 2010 source
• Not checked yetcites Woynaroski et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“suggesting that taste aversions may be specific to certain kinds of flavors as opposed to overall gustatory function (Damiano et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Damiano et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“abnormalities in tactile responsiveness are one of the most frequently reported sensory-processing challenges reported by parents of children with ASD (Rogers et al., 2003; Tomchek and Dunn, 2007)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Rogers et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Tomchek and Dunn, 2007 source

In the paper

“Collectively this work reveals a mix of findings in regards to tactile function in ASD, which is likely due to wide variations in the type of stimuli used and the site of stimulation on the body.”

In the paper

“but poor postural control (Minshew et al., 2004; Molloy et al., 2003)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Minshew et al., 2004 source
• Not checked yetcites Molloy et al., 2003 source

In the paper

“children with ASD also show reduced illusory reversal of temporal order judgments in the crossed hand illusion (Wada et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wada et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“differences in processing capabilities in multisensory perception also vary according to stimulus type and complexity”

In the paper

“examination of low-level tactile tasks in ASD has revealed some evidence for enhanced performance, including decreased detection thresholds to high frequency (200Hz) vibrations (Blakemore et al., 2006) and low frequency (33Hz) vibrations (Cascio et al., 2008)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blakemore et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Cascio et al., 2008 source

In the paper

“when low-level features that are built on pitch but that are socially and communicatively relevant (such as in prosody) are examined, a striking decrease in perception in individuals with ASD emerges (Golan et al., 2006; Golan et al., 2007; Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008b; Kleinman et al., 2001; Lindner and Rosén, 2006; Mazefsky and Oswald, 2007; Peppé et al., 2007; Philip et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Golan et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites Golan et al., 2007 source
• Not checked yetcites Järvinen-Pasley et al., 2008b

In the paper

“but in which these individuals are impaired in the holistic level processing (Witkin et al., 1971).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Witkin et al., 1971

In the paper

“One area that has been strongly implicated in ToM abilities is the temporoparietal junction (TPJ).”

In the paper

“Neuroimaging studies that have examined the neuronal correlates of ToM tasks frequently reveal active regions of the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS, associated with biological motion perception; Blake et al., 2003), as well as inferior frontal regions (including the putative ‘mirror neuron’ system), and the anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex (Frith and Frith, 1999;”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Blake et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Frith and Frith, 1999
• Not checked yetcites van Veluw and Chance, 2014

In the paper

“The theory of WCC is built on observations that individuals with ASD often focus on local details rather than the global picture (for a review see Happé, 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Happé, 1999 source

In the paper

“Indeed, differences in eye movement patterns between individuals with ASD and TD present an important potential confound in interpreting sensory studies in ASD (Papagiannopoulou et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Papagiannopoulou et al., 2014

In the paper

“evidence for this theory comes from performance on tasks like the Embedded Figures Test (EFT), in which those with ASD often outperformed neurotypical subjects when focused on counting the number of figures that make up the larger image”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Witkin et al., 1971

In the paper

“Thus, the integration of information across the different senses serves as a bridge between sensory processing and the resultant sensory representations and the higher-order social and cognitive abilities and representations.”

In the paper

“Similar to the results from unisensory studies and studies of more general multisensory function, multisensory temporal acuity differences in ASD also appear to be shaped by the nature of the stimuli that are being combined.”

In the paper

“and higher levels of receptive language functioning (Patten et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Patten et al., 2014

In the paper

“the evoked neural response in the medial prefrontal cortex and right TPJ to ToM cartoons is reduced in children ASD”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Nions et al., 2014

In the paper

“In this study, children with ASD showed a reduced face-identity aftereffect, indicating that they were less affected by previous sensory experience.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pellicano et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“Failure to register and appropriately integrate incoming sensory inputs, particularly inputs conveying social content, would make inferring the feelings and thoughts of others very difficult.”

In the paper

“As for ToM, the WCC model can also be seen as partly reflective of changes in sensory function, most notably in the context of multisensory integration.”

In the paper

“additional research has shown that this finding holds even when accounting for such individual differences (Happé, 1994).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Happé, 1994 source

In the paper

“A theory of ASD that is rapidly gaining credibility is the notion that individuals with ASD do not have a robust historical representation of the world. This lack of a probabilistic “map” of the world makes it difficult for those with ASD to predict upcoming events, and this lack of predictive coding thus limits interactions with the external environment (Pellicano and Burr, 2012; Sinha et al., 2”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pellicano and Burr, 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Sinha et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites van Boxtel and Lu, 2013 source

In the paper

“A consistent finding in neuroimaging work in ASD research is indeed changes in connectivity, with many studies showing reduced long range connectivity in individuals with ASD (Glazebrook and Wallace, 2015; Kikuchi et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Glazebrook and Wallace, 2015
• Not checked yetcites Kikuchi et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“suggesting a strong link between low-level sensory processing and higher-level symptomology in ASD.”

In the paper

“Among the inactive regions in children with ASD was the left dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex, as well as the bilateral ventral temporal cortex”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2007b

In the paper

“Thus, if the integrity of the early sensory processing streams, or the later integration across these different streams is altered in ASD, then such alterations could weaken ToM processes.”

In the paper

“and these differences in activation patterns also correlate with ASD symptom severity (O'Nions et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites O'Nions et al., 2014

In the paper

“existing behavioral studies can be readily interpreted with this model in a way that provides a unifying mechanism across domains.”

In the paper

“individuals with ASD who show better multisensory temporal acuity show more typical patterns of speech perception (Stevenson et al., 2014c)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Stevenson et al., 2014c

In the paper

“in TD adults Gallagher and colleagues found significant activation of TPJ bilaterally when participants were viewing stories and cartoons that required ToM abilities compared to control cartoons and stories that did not require ToM abilities (Gallagher et al., 2000).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gallagher et al., 2000 source

In the paper

“Using eye tracking, researchers have shown that individuals with ASD do not show the typical gaze preference for synchronous over asynchronous audiovisual presentations (Bebko et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bebko et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“When framed in the context of sensory function, compromised ToM abilities could be a result, at least in part, of changes in sensory and multisensory function.”

In the paper

“All studies save one (Grossman et al., 2009) agree that multisensory temporal processing differences are seen with speech stimuli (Bebko et al., 2006; de Boer-Schellekens et al., 2013; Grossman et al., 2015; Stevenson et al., 2014c; Woynaroski et al., 2013).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Bebko et al., 2006 source
• Not checked yetcites de Boer-Schellekens et al., 2013 source
• Not checked yetcites Grossman et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“The ability to infer the actions of others is a result of the collective processing and integration of sensory information from a number of sensory modalities.”

In the paper

“In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, Lee and colleagues found that children with ASD performing the EFT showed activation in only a subset of the cortical network observed in children with TD (Lee et al., 2007b).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lee et al., 2007b

In the paper

“the posterior STS (pSTS) is also an integral node in the face-processing network, and in ASD has been shown to have atypical functional responses to faces (Pierce et al., 2001), including faces conveying social information (Zilbovicius et al., 2006).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pierce et al., 2001 source
• Not checked yetcites Zilbovicius et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“While children with ASD are less accurate in detecting sincerity or irony”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“Using simple sensory (auditory and visual) stimuli, Green et al. (2013) found increased activation in individuals with ASD in both primary sensory cortices as well as in the amygdala, hippocampus, and orbital-frontal cortex”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Green et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“In terms of basic organization of visual space (ratio of central vs. peripheral representation) in the visual cortex, individuals with ASD appear very similar to individuals with TD (Hadjikhani et al., 2004).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hadjikhani et al., 2004 source

In the paper

“more recent work has also investigated the possibility that differences in ASD may not be necessarily found in only differences in activation, but also may be associated with differences in the reliability of behavioral performance (Geurts et al., 2008) or evoked neural responses (Coskun et al., 2009; Dinstein et al., 2012; Haigh et al., 2014; Milne, 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Geurts et al., 2008 source
• Not checked yetcites Coskun et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Dinstein et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“Consistent with the concept of a shift in the excitation/inhibition balance toward greater excitability, there is a high degree of comorbidity between ASD and epilepsy.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gillberg and Billstedt, 2000
• Not checked yetcites Lewine et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“they exhibit greater activation of the right IFG, and many temporal regions bilaterally”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“One hypothesized mechanism for this information transfer across broad regions is the phase reset and synchronization of ongoing oscillatory activity (Diederich et al., 2012; Fries, 2005; Lakatos et al., 2007; Mercier et al., 2013; Varela et al., 2001), which may be impacted in ASD (Buard et al., 2013; Khan et al., 2013; Milne et al., 2009).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Diederich et al., 2012 source
• Not checked yetcites Fries, 2005 source
• Not checked yetcites Lakatos et al., 2007 source

In the paper

“in response to socially-awkward situations, reduced activation of the right TPJ and pSTS , areas implicated in ToM processes (see above), has been observed in individuals with ASD (Pantelis et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Pantelis et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“analysis of the active information storage (AIS), defined as mutual information in successive time points in a signal, found reduced AIS in the hippocampus in individuals with ASD compared with TD (Gomez et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gomez et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“However, receptive fields in extrastriate cortex (V2, V3, and V4) appear to be larger in individuals with ASD (Schwarzkopf et al., 2014).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Schwarzkopf et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“These MRS studies in children with ASD have found reduced GABA (the major inhibitory neurotransmitter) levels in auditory and motor cortex (Gaetz et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gaetz et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“and that 50-70% of children with ASD show abnormal electrical activity during sleep (Lewine et al., 1999).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Lewine et al., 1999 source

In the paper

“with greater symptom severity negatively correlated with right FFA activity (Scherf et al., 2015).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Scherf et al., 2015 source

In the paper

“numerous imaging studies have shown reduced activation in the fusiform face area (FFA) in individuals with ASD (Corbett et al., 2009; Hubl et al., 2003; Pierce et al., 2001)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Corbett et al., 2009 source
• Not checked yetcites Hubl et al., 2003 source
• Not checked yetcites Pierce et al., 2001 source

In the paper

“Together, these sensory studies suggest that different types of stimuli may utilize neural networks differently, prompting the need to explore multiple stimulus types to fully understand and characterize sensory processing in ASD.”

In the paper

“Because glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling are involved in a wide array of cortical functioning (including sensory, social, and emotional systems), these global changes in excitation and inhibition could help explain the wide array of deficits observed in ASD.”

In the paper

“studies have shown that approximately 30% of individuals with ASD reporting seizures (Gillberg and Billstedt, 2000)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Gillberg and Billstedt, 2000

In the paper

“A robust finding in these studies is a reduction in the amount of repetition suppression seen in response to the repeated presentation of faces, again suggestive of altered activation in visual cortical regions involved in face processing (Ewbank et al., 2014; Fiorentini et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Ewbank et al., 2014 source
• Not checked yetcites Fiorentini et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“In a meta-analysis of ASD visual processing fMRI studies, Samson and colleagues found overall greater activity across a number of occipital, temporal, and parietal regions in individuals with ASD in face, object, and word perception studies (Samson et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Samson et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“In another study, evoked responses to complex (i.e., frequency modulated) non-social sounds were diminished in non-primary auditory cortical regions (anterolateral and posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG)) in individuals with ASD (Samson et al., 2011).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Samson et al., 2011 source

In the paper

“and frontal cortex (Kubas et al., 2012).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Kubas et al., 2012 source

In the paper

“In terms of simple visual processing like motion coherence, Robertson and colleagues found reduced activation in two areas of the dorsal visual stream, primary visual cortex as well as the middle temporal area, in individuals with ASD despite similar performance to individuals with TD (Robertson et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Robertson et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“indicating that neural information was less predictable in individuals with ASD.”

In the paper

“In individuals with ASD, functional connectivity between regions in the DMN network show reduced connectivity (Cherkassky et al., 2006)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Cherkassky et al., 2006 source

In the paper

“and face/voice pairs (audiovisual condition; Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013 source

In the paper

“individuals with ASD exhibit increased inter-trial variability in visual evoked potentials (Haigh et al., 2014)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Haigh et al., 2014 source

In the paper

“suggesting that not only the amplitude but also the reliability of the evoked neural response to sensory stimuli may contribute to sensory issues”

In the paper

“individuals with ASD fail to fully deactivate the DMN, a sign of weak neural coherence between disparate brain regions, during speech processing (Hesling et al., 2010)”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Hesling et al., 2010 source

In the paper

“individuals with ASD seemed to activate a different network than the individuals with TD”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites Doyle-Thomas et al., 2013 source