The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The psychology of sex differences
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
Motivational processes affecting learning.
Dweck, C. S. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.10.1040 · Cited by 6,971
Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms.
Rutter, M. (1987) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03541.x · Cited by 5,831
Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.
MacLeod, C. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163 · Cited by 5,500
Sex differences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures
Buss, D. M. (1989) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00023992 · Cited by 4,484
Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.
Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.96.4.608 · Cited by 3,426
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308
The gender similarities hypothesis.
Hyde, J. S. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.6.581 · Cited by 3,084
Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings.
Costa, P. T., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322 · Cited by 2,986
Voyer, D., Voyer, S., & Bryden, M. P. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.250 · Cited by 2,868
Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3250981 · Cited by 2,780
Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation.
Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.106.4.676 · Cited by 2,476
Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis.
Feingold, A. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429 · Cited by 2,240
Toward a Theory of Intrinsically Motivating Instruction*
Malone, T. W. (1981) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0504_2 · Cited by 2,197
Gershoff, E. T. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.539 · Cited by 2,165
Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M., & Little, T. D. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x · Cited by 1,917
Sex Differences in Aggression in Real-World Settings: A Meta-Analytic Review
Archer, J. (2004) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.8.4.291 · Cited by 1,916
Bandura, A. (2008) · The International Encyclopedia of Communication · doi:10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecs053 · Cited by 1,902
Bullying at School: Basic Facts and Effects of a School Based Intervention Program
Olweus, D. (1994) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01229.x · Cited by 1,888
Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development.
Harris, J. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.458 · Cited by 1,885
Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02690.x · Cited by 1,886
A better lemon squeezer? maximum-likelihood regression with beta-distributed dependent variables.
Smithson, M., & Verkuilen, J. (2006) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.11.1.54 · Cited by 1,788
Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1990) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.82.1.51 · Cited by 1,825
Early vocabulary growth: relation to language input and gender
Huttenlocher, J., Haight, W., Bryk, A., Seltzer, M., & Lyons, T. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.2.236 · Cited by 1,783
Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., Fennema, E., & Lamon, S. J. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139 · Cited by 1,732
Societal change and change in family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national surveys
Straus, M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1986) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352033 · Cited by 1,592
Multidimensional assessment of coping: a critical evaluation
Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. (1990) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.844 · Cited by 2,237
Why sex matters for neuroscience
Cahill, L. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1909 · Cited by 1,540
Testosterone and dominance in men
Mazur, A., & Booth, A. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001228 · Cited by 1,447
Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis.
Kling, K. C., Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.470 · Cited by 1,438
Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.168 · Cited by 1,391
Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis.
Hyde, J. S., & Linn, M. C. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.53 · Cited by 1,405
Gender Similarities and Differences
Hyde, J. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057 · Cited by 1,262
Gender differences in emotion expression in children: A meta-analytic review.
Chaplin, T. M., & Aldao, A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0030737 · Cited by 1,247
“In their classic narrative review of gender differences in childhood, Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) examined gender differences in two types of emotion expressions: frustration reactions (outbursts of negative emotions such as anger or crying in response to frustrating situations) and fear.”
BackgroundVenkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., & Ackerman, P. L. (2000) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2000.2896 · Cited by 1,237
Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: a meta-analysis
Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.267 · Cited by 1,210
Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis.
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S., Goldsmith, H. H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33 · Cited by 1,169
Throwing like a girl: A phenomenology of feminine body comportment motility and spatiality
Young, I. M. (1980) · Human Studies · doi:10.1007/bf02331805 · Cited by 1,164
Gender differences in sexuality: A meta-analysis.
Oliver, M. B., & Hyde, J. S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.29 · Cited by 1,134
The Intensification of Gender-Related Role Expectations during Early Adolescence
Hill, J. P., & Lynch, M. E. (1983) · Girls at Puberty · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0354-9_10 · Cited by 1,097
Wigfield, A., Eccles, J. S., Mac Iver, D., Reuman, D. A., & Midgley, C. (1991) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.27.4.552 · Cited by 998
The Development of a Measure of Prosocial Behaviors for Late Adolescents
Carlo, G., & Randall, B. A. (2002) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1014033032440 · Cited by 1,004
Women's underrepresentation in science: sociocultural and biological considerations
Ceci, S. J., Williams, W. M., & Barnett, S. M. (2009) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0014412 · Cited by 957
Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation
Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M. (1983) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18 · Cited by 940
Gur, R. C., Turetsky, B. I., Matsui, M., Yan, M., Bilker, W., Hughett, P., & Gur, R. E. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-10-04065.1999 · Cited by 909
Theorizing the father–child relationship: mechanisms and developmental outcomes
Paquette, D. (2004) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000078723 · Cited by 904
Men and Women at Work: Sex Segregation and Statistical Discrimination
Bielby, W. T., & Baron, J. N. (1986) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/228350 · Cited by 907
A new look at the big five factor structure through exploratory structural equation modeling
Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Muthén, B., Asparouhov, T., Morin, A. J. S., Trautwein, U., & Nagengast, B. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0019227 · Cited by 899
Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression
Chang, L., Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., & McBride-Chang, C. (2003) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.17.4.598 · Cited by 898
A common language effect size statistic
McGraw, K. O., & Wong, S. P. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.2.361 · Cited by 934
Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims: Distinct Groups of At-Risk Youth
Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., & Simons-Morton, B. (2001) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431601021001002 · Cited by 897
The development of aggressive behaviour during childhood: What have we learned in the past century?
Tremblay, R. E. (2000) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/016502500383232 · Cited by 842
Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress
Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1 · Cited by 797
Research on self-control: An integrating framework
Logue, A. W. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00053978 · Cited by 792
Entrepreneurship and role models
Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Praag, M. V., & Verheul, I. (2012) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004 · Cited by 784
Non-binary or genderqueer genders
Richards, C., Bouman, W. P., Seal, L., Barker, M. J., Nieder, T. O., & T’Sjoen, G. (2016) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540261.2015.1106446 · Cited by 782
Gender effects in decoding nonverbal cues.
Hall, J. A. (1978) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.85.4.845 · Cited by 766
Developmental and social influences on young girls' early problem behavior.
Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.95 · Cited by 756
Children’s perceptions of the qualities of sibling relationships
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129733 · Cited by 686
Toward a redefinition of sex and gender.
Unger, R. K. (1979) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.34.11.1085 · Cited by 622
Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?
Archer, J. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09990951 · Cited by 607
Gender differences across age in motor performance: A meta-analysis.
Thomas, J. R., & French, K. E. (1985) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.260 · Cited by 614
Carli, L. L. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00238 · Cited by 596
Children's mathematical development: Research and practical applications.
Geary, D. C. (1994) · doi:10.1037/10163-000 · Cited by 565
The role of experience in spatial test performance: A meta-analysis
Baenninger, M., & Newcombe, N. (1989) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287729 · Cited by 545
Infant-mother and infant-father synchrony: The coregulation of positive arousal
Feldman, R. (2003) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.10041 · Cited by 536
Mediators of the Gender Difference in Rumination
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Jackson, B. (2001) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1471-6402.00005 · Cited by 538
Sex differences in route-learning
Galea, L. A. M., & Kimura, D. (1993) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90174-2 · Cited by 487
A new perspective on women's math achievement.
Kimball, M. M. (1989) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.105.2.198 · Cited by 481
Children's Spontaneous Control of Facial Expression
Cole, P. M. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130411 · Cited by 477
The psychobiology of play: Theoretical and methodological perspectives
Panksepp, J., Siviy, S., & Normansell, L. (1984) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8 · Cited by 468
An Observational Study of Children's Attempts to Monitor Their Expressive Behavior
Saarni, C. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130020 · Cited by 453
Sex differences in cognitive trajectories in clinically normal older adults.
McCarrey, A. C., An, Y., Kitner-Triolo, M. H., Ferrucci, L., & Resnick, S. M. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000070 · Cited by 452
Stewart, A. J., & McDermott, C. (2004) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141537 · Cited by 450
Eriksson, M., Marschik, P. B., Tulviste, T., Almgren, M., Pérez Pereira, M., Wehberg, S., Marjanovič‐Umek, L., Gayraud, F., Kovacevic, M., & Gallego, C. (2012) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02042.x · Cited by 438
Using the Past to Enhance the Present: Boosting Happiness Through Positive Reminiscence
Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-005-3889-4 · Cited by 441
Explaining Occupational Sex Segregation and Wages: Findings from a Model with Fixed Effects
England, P., Farkas, G., Kilbourne, B. S., & Dou, T. (1988) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095848 · Cited by 442
Hough, L. M., Oswald, F. L., & Ployhart, R. E. (2001) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/1468-2389.00171 · Cited by 429
Fear of Rape among Urban Women
Warr, M. (1985) · Social Problems · doi:10.2307/800684 · Cited by 388
Goldberg, L. R., Sweeney, D., Merenda, P. F., & Hughes, J. E. (1998) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(97)00110-4 · Cited by 378
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E., Martin, J. M., Peeke, L. G., Seroczynski, A. D., Tram, J. M., Hoffman, K. B., Ruiz, M. D., Jacquez, F., & Maschman, T. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00375 · Cited by 368
Gender and leadership? Leadership and gender? A journey through the landscape of theories
Appelbaum, S. H., Audet, L., & Miller, J. C. (2003) · Leadership & Organization Development Journal · doi:10.1108/01437730310457320 · Cited by 361
Facets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00055-b · Cited by 359
An fMRI Study of Sex Differences in Regional Activation to a Verbal and a Spatial Task
Gur, R. C., Alsop, D., Glahn, D., Petty, R., Swanson, C. L., Maldjian, J. A., Turetsky, B. I., Detre, J. A., Gee, J., & Gur, R. E. (2000) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1006/brln.2000.2325 · Cited by 352
Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.
Balliet, D., Li, N. P., Macfarlan, S. J., & Van Vugt, M. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0025354 · Cited by 349
The role of reflexivity in feminist psychology
Wilkinson, S. (1988) · Women's Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/0277-5395(88)90024-6 · Cited by 322
The gestational foundation of sex differences in development and vulnerability
DiPietro, J. A., & Voegtline, K. M. (2017) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.068 · Cited by 316
Sex Differences in Emotionality: Fact or Stereotype?
Fischer, A. H. (1993) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353593033002 · Cited by 306
Lord, C., Schopler, E., & Revicki, D. (1982) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf01538320 · Cited by 303
Gender and Interpersonal Task Behaviors: Status Expectation Accounts
Wagner, D. G., & Berger, J. (1997) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.2307/1389491 · Cited by 298
Aquino, K., & Bradfield, M. (2000) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.11.5.525.15205 · Cited by 275
Second Language Research on Individual Differences
Oxford, R. L., & Ehrman, M. (1992) · Annual Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s0267190500002464 · Cited by 273
Early androgen exposure and human gender development
Hines, M., Constantinescu, M., & Spencer, D. (2015) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-015-0022-1 · Cited by 263
The Distance Between Mars and Venus: Measuring Global Sex Differences in Personality
Del Giudice, M., Booth, T., & Irwing, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029265 · Cited by 256
Face-ism: Five studies of sex differences in facial prominence.
Archer, D., Iritani, B., Kimes, D. D., & Barrios, M. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.4.725 · Cited by 257
Student Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning in the College Classroom
Pintrich, P. R., & Zusho, A. (2007) · The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: An Evidence-Based Perspective · doi:10.1007/1-4020-5742-3_16 · Cited by 254
Can decline in adult intellectual functioning be reversed?
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1986) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.22.2.223 · Cited by 251
Deconfounding the effects of dominance and social acceptance on self-esteem.
Leary, M. R., Cottrell, C. A., & Phillips, M. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.5.898 · Cited by 251
The development of gender differences in spatial reasoning: A meta-analytic review.
Lauer, J. E., Yhang, E., & Lourenco, S. F. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000191 · Cited by 239
Why does Jane read and write so well? the anomaly of women's achievement
Mickelson, R. A. (1989) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2112823 · Cited by 238
Family Strain, Gender, and Delinquency
Hay, C. (2003) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2003.46.1.107 · Cited by 231
Metadata
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1975-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 590
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2076192758
- Cited by
- 5,488
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 313.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.