The DOI matches its Crossref record; 297 of the 298 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 192 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know
Open accessAbstract
There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research, including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are recruited to clinical trials and male rodents have predominantly been used as an experimental injury model. Despite TBI being a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, sex differences in pathophysiology and recovery are poorly understood, limiting clinical care and successful drug development. Given growing interest in sex as a biological variable affecting injury outcomes and treatment efficacy, there is a clear need to summarize sex differences in TBI. This scoping review presents an overview of current knowledge of sex differences in TBI and a comparison of human and animal studies. We found that overall, human studies report worse outcomes in women than men, whereas animal studies report better outcomes in females than males. However, closer examination shows that multiple factors including injury severity, sample size, and experimental injury model may differentially interact with sex to affect TBI outcomes. Additionally, we explore how sex differences in mitochondrial structure and function might contribute to possible sex differences in TBI outcomes. We propose recommendations for future investigations of sex differences in TBI, which we hope will lead to improved patient management, prognosis, and translation of therapies from bench to bedside.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This scoping review compares human and animal TBI studies by sex and finds that human studies most often report worse outcomes in women, whereas animal studies most often report better outcomes in females. Injury severity, sample size, and experimental model interact with sex, and the authors highlight mitochondrial function and chromosomal/hormonal factors as underexplored mechanisms.
Key findings
- Among 156 human studies, the largest fraction (47%) reported worse outcomes in women than men; 26% reported better outcomes in women, 18% no sex difference, and about 9% mixed results. Among 43 animal studies, 44% reported females fared better than males, 14% females worse, 28% no sex difference, and 14% mixed results.
- Injury severity mattered: in human mild-moderate TBI, 60% of studies found women fared worse and only 9% better; in moderate-severe TBI, 34% found women worse and 46% better. In animal studies, 17% of mild TBI studies showed better outcomes in females, versus 55% of moderate-severe TBI studies.
- Study size mattered in humans: 52% of small studies (0–1000 patients) reported worse outcomes in women, while 67% of large studies (>10,000 patients) reported better outcomes in women.
- Animal model mattered: 55% of controlled cortical impact (CCI) studies reported better outcomes in females and none showed males doing better; in lateral fluid percussion injury, 40% showed females better and 60% females worse.
Methods
- Scoping review of PubMed searched without publication-date or language limits, using sex/gender and TBI terms; search generated 601 results in July 2018, plus 15 items from manual cross-referencing.
- Included original research on human adolescents/adults of reproductive age and animal studies; excluded reviews/meta-analyses, pediatric-only or geriatric-only studies, epidemiology-only human studies, non-TBI injuries, and non-English articles.
- Human and animal studies were classified into four outcome categories: worse in women/females, better in women/females, no difference, or mixed. Human studies were stratified by injury severity (mild-moderate GCS 9–15; moderate-severe GCS <12; nonstratified) and sample size; animal studies were grouped by injury model and severity.
Limitations
- The paper states that 37% of reviewed human studies provided no data on exclusions, and only 15% specifically reported extracranial injury status, limiting interpretation of sex differences. It also notes that some animal injury models had small numbers of studies, so model-specific trends should be viewed as preliminary.
- The paper states that mixed results are common and that outcome-measure selection can affect conclusions; it advocates multiple outcome measures and notes that sex and gender terms are often used interchangeably in the literature.
- Evident from the text: the review is a descriptive scoping synthesis rather than a meta-analysis, relies on PubMed and English-language articles, and excludes pediatric-only and geriatric-only populations, which may limit generalizability across the lifespan.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
164 No basis given · 102 Not checked yet · 39 Own interpretation · 30 Own result · 2 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using the search criteria outlined above, we found 156 published studies that compared outcomes between men and women following TBI.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among medium-sized studies, 39% showed women faring worse than men”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that > 88% of studies of mild-moderate injury used SB outcome measures including selfreported symptoms (Table 2).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies of mildmoderate TBI that were more likely to use SB outcomes also tended to show worse outcomes in women than men.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many studies explicitly exclude patients with history of neurological/psychiatric disorders and/or severe comorbidities, a surprising number (37%) of the studies we reviewed provided no data on exclusions.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional outcomes, defined as mortality or behavioral assessments of cognition or sensorimotor ability, were reported in 24 of the 43 animal studies.”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuropathological mechanisms including edema, cerebral blood flow regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, glial activation, and tissue damage or cell death were identified in 36 studies.”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our search found 43 studies that compared outcomes between male and female animals following TBI.”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, the percentage of studies reporting females doing worse decreased with severity (Fig. 4, lower).”
plaincorrelationaln = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, more animal studies report better outcomes in females than those reporting worse or mixed results.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, limiting the scope of studies to moderate to severe TBI suggests better outcomes in women/females than in men/males (Figs. 2 and 4).”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the small number of studies using lateral FPI, 40% showed females doing better and 60% females doing worse.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One finding of our analysis is the substantial fraction of both human and animal studies yielding mixed results, that is, women/females had better outcomes on some measures and worse outcomes on others.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mitochondrial dynamics following TBI have not been studied in females.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a larger proportion of the studies focusing on more severe injury report better outcomes in women”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these effects are not universal”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Larger clinical studies were more likely than smaller studies to report better outcomes in women.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex differences in mitochondrial function in the context of TBI have only been explored to a limited extent.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comorbidities and extracerebral injuries, which may have different prevalence in women and men, are frequently unreported.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the largest fraction of animal studies report better outcomes in females than males”
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · plain
“the largest fraction of animal studies reported better outcomes in females”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a majority of large studies enrolling more than 10,000 patients reported better outcomes in women.”
plaincorrelationaln = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
In the paper
“Neuroimaging and blood biomarkers that are TBI-specific yet robust across injury type and translatable from pre-clinical to clinical studies have not been applied to the study of sex differences.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [147] 147. Strathmann, F.G., Schulte, S., Goerl, K., and Petron, D.J. (2014). Blood-based biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: evaluation of research approaches, available methods and potential utility from the clinician and clinical laboratory perspectives. Clin. Biochem. 47, 876-888. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal studies showed a similar trend across injury severities as that in TBI patients, with greater injury severity being associated with better outcomes in females than males.”
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · hedged
“Human and animal studies of more severe TBI were more likely than studies of milder injury to report better outcomes in women/ females than men/males.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · hedged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“TBI outcomes also varied based on the size of study.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex differences in TBI outcomes are likely”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“few studies include females as an integral comparison group.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“women have been under-represented in clinical studies.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer studies use other models”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most human studies were small, enrolling fewer than 1000 patients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“half of these smaller studies reported worse outcomes in women”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The largest fraction of human studies report worse outcomes in women than men”
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · plain
“Among studies reviewed, the largest fraction of human studies reported worse outcomes in women”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
- Also stated in: § Sex differences in TBI: Do mitochondria play a role? · plain
In the paper
“For example, a recent review reported that 93-95% of preclinical studies have failed to include biological sex as a variable.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 20. Spani, C.B., Braun, D.J., and Van Eldik, L.J. (2018). Sex-related responses after traumatic brain injury: considerations for preclinical modeling. Front Neuroendocrinol. 50, 52-56. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Third, are there differences in the brain repair and recovery processes of men and women and in the associated recovery of function? The data also support this premise, with studies indicating sex-based differences in neuroplasticity.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] 16. White, E.R., Pinar, C., Bostrom, C.A., Meconi, A., and Christie, B.R. (2017). Mild traumatic brain injury produces long-lasting deficits in synaptic plasticity in the female juvenile hippocampus. J. Neurotrauma 34, 1111-1123. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] 17. Hyer, M.M., Phillips, L.L., and Neigh, G.N. (2018). Sex differences in synaptic plasticity: hormones and beyond. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 11, 266. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This has been attributed in part to inadequate preclinical efforts to recapitulate the complexity of the human injury.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] 18. Loane, D.J., and Faden, A.I. (2010). Neuroprotection for traumatic brain injury: translational challenges and emerging therapeutic strategies. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 31, 596-604. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Stein, D.G. (2015). Embracing failure: what the Phase III progesterone studies can teach about TBI clinical trials. Brain Inj. 29, 12591272. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, closer examination shows that multiple factors including injury severity, sample size, and experimental injury model may differentially interact with sex to affect TBI outcomes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“National Collegiate Athletic Association data indicate that women suffer more concussions than men of a comparable age playing the same sport.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] 3. Covassin, T., Moran, R., and Elbin, R.J. (2016). Sex differences in reported concussion injury rates and time loss from participation: an update of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program from 2004-2005 through 2008-2009. J. Athl. Train. 51, 189-194. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, results are not always analyzed by sex.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Stein, D.G. (2015). Embracing failure: what the Phase III progesterone studies can teach about TBI clinical trials. Brain Inj. 29, 12591272. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] 21. McCarthy, M.M., Pickett, L.A., VanRyzin, J.W., and Kight, K.E. (2015). Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain. Horm. Behav. 76, 3-10. source
- Not checked yetcites [22] 22. Soldin, O.P., and Mattison, D.R. (2009). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin. Pharmacokinet 48, 143-157. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of depression in women 3 months post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater impairment in executive function in women athletes 6 TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our analysis therefore suggests that studies with larger sample sizes, perhaps better representing a less-biased view of the population at large, tended to report better outcomes in women than smaller studies with limited enrollment.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of delayed recovery with symptoms lasting more than 28 days girls; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower scores on high-level motor skills > 1-year post-TBI in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stronger correlation between sleep disturbance headaches, mood changes, and cognitive dysfunction in women.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the limited representation of females in animal studies and women in human trials is problematic for developing successful treatments.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of unemployment 1 year post-TBI in women; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher correlation between TBI and mental and physical health symptoms including depression, anxiety, PTSD, pain, and dizziness in women veterans; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More severe pain in women up to 2 months post-TBI.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of persistent post-concussion symptoms in girls at 28 days”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More impaired sexual function in women 1 year post-TBI;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More women reported posttraumatic migraine symptoms up to 3 months post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less time spent on moderate-vigorous physical activity by women months post-TBI; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of late depression 6 months to 1.5 years post-TBI in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longer recovery times in women athletes.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of persistent pain up to 3 years post-TBI in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better cognitive outcomes in women 1 year post-TBI.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse mental health scores in Chinese women 2 years post-TBI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of post-injury depression in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower incidence of aggression in women 1-3 years post-injury;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher mortality in women victims of falls; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of females in pre-clinical trials means that possible sex differences in pathophysiological mechanisms are not being targeted during drug development.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Longer duration of post-concussion symptoms in women athletes;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better visual and verbal memory scores in girls at 1 year post-injury;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse 1-year GOS-E outcomes in men with APOE4 than those without.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of sexual impairment in women 1 year after TBI;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis suggests that injury severity may interact with biological sex in determining outcomes following TBI.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of long-term ( ‡ 1 year post-TBI) mortality in women; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower mortality, vegetative state, or severe disability in sub-Saharan women at admission and 24 h post-TBI; CI, S”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shorter time to post-TBI symptom resolution in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Genetic factors may interact with sex and injury severity to affect TBI outcomes.”
hedgedconditionaln = 651- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, women carrying the APOE4 allele had worse Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) scores than men carriers in a study of 651 patients with mild to severe TBI. 28”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] 28. Ponsford, J., McLaren, A., Schonberger, M., Burke, R., Rudzki, D., Olver, J., and Ponsford, M. (2011). The association between apolipoprotein E and traumatic brain injury severity and functional outcome in a rehabilitation sample. J. Neurotrauma 28, 1683-1692. source
plaincorrelationaln = 651- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another study reported that greater preservation of white matter integrity was associated with shorter duration of post-TBI symptoms in women compared with men. 26”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 26. Fakhran, S., Yaeger, K., Collins, M., and Alhilali, L. (2014). Sex differences in white matter abnormalities after mild traumatic brain injury: localization and correlation with outcome. Radiology 272, 815-823. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More girls than boys had SBP < 90mm Hg”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of post-TBI epilepsy in women; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more extradural hematomas in boys”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“lower post-concussive vomiting sadness in women up to 10 days post-injury; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“no association between DAT genotype and dopamine levels in men.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas needed more emotional intensity to recognize the same emotions 1 year post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because comorbidities and extracranial injuries might have different prevalence in men versus women, 33,35 the absence of widespread reporting of these factors is an important limitation in interpreting findings of sex differences.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] 33. Watanabe, T., Kawai, Y., Iwamura, A., Maegawa, N., Fukushima, H., and Okuchi, K. (2018). Outcomes after traumatic brain injury with concomitant severe exanial injuries. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 58, 393-399. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] 35. Chan, V., Mollayeva, T., Ottenbacher, K.J., and Colantonio, A. (2017). Clinical profile and comorbidity of traumatic brain injury among younger and older men and women: a brief research notes. BMC Res. Notes 10, 371. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“more noise sensitivity and disturbances in men 8-24 years post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower incidence of disability in women 6 months post-TBI; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because detailed data on race were not collected, inferences regarding race and sex differences can only be inferred for a predominantly Asian versus a predominantly non-Asian population.”
plainn = 3,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less impaired recognition of negative emotions in women”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of mortality in women than age-matched men with similar injury severity.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More subdural hematomas in girls;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, higher connectivity between various brain regions was associated with less physical aggression in women veterans than men post-TBI. 27”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] 27. McGlade, E., Rogowska, J., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2015). Sex differences in orbitofrontal connectivity in male and female veterans with TBI. Brain Imaging Behav. 9, 535-549. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower in-hospital mortality in pubescent girls vs. age-matched boys;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, given the number of women typically enrolled and low minor allele frequency of such polymorphisms, very large sample sizes would be required to detect any meaningful race and sex-specific interactions in TBI.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in rehabilitation outcomes within 1 year of TBI; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Comorbidities and extracerebral injuries can affect the clinical course and outcomes of TBI. 33,34”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] 33. Watanabe, T., Kawai, Y., Iwamura, A., Maegawa, N., Fukushima, H., and Okuchi, K. (2018). Outcomes after traumatic brain injury with concomitant severe exanial injuries. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 58, 393-399. source
- Not checked yetcites [34] 34. Leong, B.K., Mazlan, M., Abd Rahim, R.B., and Ganesan, D. (2013). Concomitant injuries and its influence on functional outcome after traumatic brain injury. Disabil. Rehabil. 35, 1546-1551. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of re-hospitalization in women 3 years post-TBI;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sex-dependent changes in messenger ribonuleic acid (mRNA) expression of growth factors and inflammatory markers were different between the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. 44”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] 44. Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Candy, S., Ma, I., and Esser, M.J. (2016). The direction of the acceleration and rotational forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury in rodents effect behavioural and molecular outcomes. J. Neurosci. Methods 257, 168-178. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Most human studies of mild TBI report that women experience a greater number, severity, and/or duration of post-concussive symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, irritability, aggressiveness, anxiousness, depression, work or relationship troubles, or short-term memory impairment. 52”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] 52. Bazarian, J.J., Wong, T., Harris, M., Leahey, N., Mookerjee, S., and Dombovy, M. (1999). Epidemiology and predictors of postconcussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population. Brain Inj. 13, 173-189. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Differences in gene expression following mild TBI in male and female rats were not associated with deficits in motor function. 44”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] 44. Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Candy, S., Ma, I., and Esser, M.J. (2016). The direction of the acceleration and rotational forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury in rodents effect behavioural and molecular outcomes. J. Neurosci. Methods 257, 168-178. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Impact acceleration injury also resulted in an earlier peak of neurodegeneration in male mice (3 days) versus a 14-day peak in females. 42”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] 42. Kupina, N.C., Detloff, M.R., Bobrowski, W.F., Snyder, B.J., and Hall, E.D. (2003). Cytoskeletal protein degradation and neurodegeneration evolves differently in males and females following experimental head injury. Exp. Neurol. 180, 55-73. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estrous stage at injury did not influence contusion volumes or behavioral outcomes in female rats. 38,61”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] 38. Wagner, A.K., Willard, L.A., Kline, A.E., Wenger, M.K., Bolinger, B.D., Ren, D., Zafonte, R.D., and Dixon, C.E. (2004). Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 998, 113-121. source
- Not checked yetcites [61] 61. Bramlett, H.M., and Dietrich, W.D. (2001). Neuropathological protection after traumatic brain injury in intact female rats versus males or ovariectomized females. J. Neurotrauma 18, 891-900. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This prediction is supported by a study of over 20,000 patients showing that postpubescent teenage girls had lower mortality than age-matched boys after moderate to severe TBI. 67”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] 67. Ley, E.J., Short, S.S., Liou, D.Z., Singer, M.B., Mirocha, J., Melo, N., Bukur, M., and Salim, A. (2013). Gender impacts mortality after traumatic brain injury in teenagers. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 75, 682-686. source
plaincorrelationaln = 20,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neuropathological measures varied based on the type of injury and brain region sampled.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, sex-related differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity, heart rate variability, edema, and intracranial hypertension were reported even in the absence of differences in cognition, post-concussive symptoms, duration of recovery, and GOS. 13,55,56”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Farin, A., Deutsch, R., Biegon, A., and Marshall, L.F. (2003). Sexrelated differences in patients with severe head injury: greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger. J. Neurosurg. 98, 32-36. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] 55. Hsu, H.L., Chen, D.Y., Tseng, Y.C., Kuo, Y.S., Huang, Y.L., Chiu, W.T., Yan, F.X., Wang, W.S., and Chen, C.J. (2015). Sex differences in working memory after mild traumatic brain injury: a functional mr imaging study. Radiology 276, 828-835. source
- Not checked yetcites [56] 56. Hutchison, M.G., Mainwaring, L., Senthinathan, A., Churchill, N., Thomas, S., and Richards, D. (2017). Psychological and physiological markers of stress in concussed athletes across recovery milestones. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 32, E38-E48. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across the body of literature exploring sex effects in TBI, studies incorporating both mechanistic and functional outcome measures remain relatively sparse.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Moreover, newborn female piglets had better cerebral perfusion pressure regulation after injury than males, despite their reproductively immature state. 69”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [69] 69. Armstead, W.M., Riley, J., and Vavilala, M.S. (2012). TBI sex dependently upregulates ET-1 to impair autoregulation, which is aggravated by phenylephrine in males but is abrogated in females. J. Neurotrauma 29, 1483-1490. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Further, a study with approximately 1800 patients showed higher mortality following severe TBI in post-menopausal women compared with age-matched men. 68”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [68] 68. Ottochian, M., Salim, A., Berry, C., Chan, L.S., Wilson, M.T., and Margulies, D.R. (2009). Severe traumatic brain injury: is there a gender difference in mortality? Am. J. Surg. 197, 155-158. source
plaincorrelationaln = 1,800- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Outcome measures in animal studies of mild TBI may be less susceptible to this type of bias.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Gene expression in males and females also varied based on the direction of acceleration and rotational forces and number of head impacts. 44,45”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [44] 44. Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Candy, S., Ma, I., and Esser, M.J. (2016). The direction of the acceleration and rotational forces associated with mild traumatic brain injury in rodents effect behavioural and molecular outcomes. J. Neurosci. Methods 257, 168-178. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] 45. Wright, D.K., O'Brien, T.J., Shultz, S.R., and Mychasiuk, R. (2017). Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 4, 640-654. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sex may also influence the response to exogenous hormone treatments as seen in a rat model of pediatric TBI, where progesterone improved mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and glutathione levels in males but reduced lesion volumes in females. 65”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] 65. Robertson, C.L., and Saraswati, M. (2015). Progesterone protects mitochondrial function in a rat model of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 47, 43-51. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One explanation for these divergent findings may be different sensitivities of the physiological versus functional outcome measures used.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, results when comparing males and females appear to depend upon the specific measures recorded, when they are recorded after injury, and in what brain region they are sampled.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pre-clinical studies suggest that phase of menstrual cycle at injury may not by itself have a large influence on TBI outcomes.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Conversely, mortality and GOS-E were found to be different between sexes despite similar cerebral perfusion pressure and intracranial pressure. 57”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] 57. Kirkness, C.J., Burr, R.L., Mitchell, P.H., and Newell, D.W. (2004). Is there a sex difference in the course following traumatic brain injury? Biol. Res. Nurs. 5, 299-310. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Occasionally, both sexes may converge to the same functional outcome despite having divergent underlying neuropathology. 48”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] 48. McCarthy, M.M., Arnold, A.P., Ball, G.F., Blaustein, J.D., and De Vries, G.J. (2012). Sex differences in the brain: the not so inconvenient truth. J. Neurosci. 32, 2241-2247. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, both of these studies excluded patients with extracranial injury, removing the potential confound of non-brain causes of mortality.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive use did not affect post-concussion cognition or postural stability in a study of college-aged women. 70”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] 70. Mihalik, J.P., Ondrak, K.S., Guskiewicz, K.M., and McMurray, R.G. (2009). The effects of menstrual cycle phase on clinical measures of concussion in healthy college-aged females. J. Sci. Med. Sport 12, 383-387. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Acute and chronic hypogonadism due to HPA axis dysfunction has been reported in approximately 20-30% of TBI patients. 75-78”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [75] 75. Tolli, A., Borg, J., Bellander, B.M., Johansson, F., and Hoybye, C. (2017). Pituitary function within the first year after traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 40, 193205. source
- Not checked yetcites [76] 76. Bavisetty, S., Bavisetty, S., McArthur, D.L., Dusick, J.R., Wang, C., Cohan, P., Boscardin, W.J., Swerdloff, R., Levin, H., Chang, D.J., Muizelaar, J.P., and Kelly, D.F. (2008). Chronic hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: risk assessment and relationship to outcome. Neurosurgery 62, 1080-1093; discussion 1093-1084. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] 77. Krahulik, D., Zapletalova, J., Frysak, Z., and Vaverka, M. (2010). Dysfunction of hypothalamic-hypophysial axis after traumatic brain injury in adults. J. Neurosurg. 113, 581-584. source
- Not checked yetcites [78] 78. Wagner, A.K., McCullough, E.H., Niyonkuru, C., Ozawa, H., Loucks, T.L., Dobos, J.A., Brett, C.A., Santarsieri, M., Dixon, C.E., Berga, S.L., and Fabio, A. (2011). Acute serum hormone levels: characterization and prognosis after severe traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 28, 871-888. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Finally, the disappointing results of progesterone in Phase III clinical trials has called into question the importance of sex hormones in determining TBI outcome. 73,74”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] 73. Skolnick, B.E., Maas, A.I., Narayan, R.K., van der Hoop, R.G., MacAllister, T., Ward, J.D., Nelson, N.R., and Stocchetti, N. (2014). A clinical trial of progesterone for severe traumatic brain injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 2467-2476. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] 74. Wright, D.W., Yeatts, S.D., Silbergleit, R., Palesch, Y.Y., Hertzberg, V.S., Frankel, M., Goldstein, F.C., Caveney, A.F., Howlett-Smith, H., Bengelink, E.M., Manley, G.T., Merck, L.H., Janis, L.S., and Barsan, W.G. (2014). Very early administration of progesterone for acute traumatic brain injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 371, 2457-2466. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Similarly, rodents show sex differences in baseline performance on spatial learning tasks such as the Morris water maze and radial arm maze. 108”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] 108. Koss, W.A., and Frick, K.M. (2017). Sex differences in hippocampal function. J. Neurosci. Res. 95, 539-562. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In utero , one of the X chromosomes in female embryos undergoes inactivation to balance gene expression between sexes. 87”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] 87. Lyon, M.F. (1961). Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.). Nature 190, 372-373. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One factor that might contribute to mixed results is that men and women perform differently on some cognitive and behavioral tasks at baseline.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limited data available suggest that testosterone too may exert neuroprotection.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, some genes escape X-inactivation, remaining transcriptionally active in both the active and inactive X chromosome, resulting in higher expression of these genes in females. 88,89”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] 88. Berletch, J.B., Yang, F., Xu, J., Carrel, L., and Disteche, C.M. (2011). Genes that escape from X inactivation. Hum. Genet. 130, 237-245. source
- Not checked yetcites [89] 89. Prothero, K.E., Stahl, J.M., and Carrel, L. (2009). Dosage compensation and gene expression on the mammalian X chromosome: one plus one does not always equal two. Chromosome Res. 17, 637-648. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the X chromosome is enriched in genes often expressed in neural tissues, ''escape genes'' that affect brain function may contribute to sex differences in susceptibility to, and recovery from, neurological disorders and injuries.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Patients with hypogonadism had low GCS, indicating that more severe TBI may be associated with greater suppression of the HPA axis. 79”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [79] 79. Schneider, H.J., Schneider, M., Saller, B., Petersenn, S., Uhr, M., Husemann, B., von Rosen, F., and Stalla, G.K. (2006). Prevalence of anterior pituitary insufficiency 3 and 12 months after traumatic brain injury. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 154, 259-265. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Also, following a stretch-induced injury in vitro , axons from females exhibited greater swelling and loss of calcium signaling compared with those from males. 102”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] 102. Dolle, J.P., Jaye, A., Anderson, S.A., Ahmadzadeh, H., Shenoy, V.B., and Smith, D.H. (2018). Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes from in vitro traumatic axonal injury. Exp. Neurol. 300, 121-134. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The Four Core Genotypes mouse model uncouples chromosomal effects (X and Y) from gonadal influences (ovaries and testes), allowing each to be studied separately by generating four genotypes: XX mice with ovaries, XX mice with testes, XY mice with ovaries, and XY mice with testes. 91”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] 91. De Vries, G.J., Rissman, E.F., Simerly, R.B., Yang, L.Y., Scordalakes, E.M., Auger, C.J., Swain, A., Lovell-Badge, R., Burgoyne, P.S., and Arnold, A.P. (2002). A model system for study of sex - chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. J. Neurosci. 22, 9005-9014. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Another large, multi-center study found lower mortality in women than men above 50 years of age. 72”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [72] 72. Davis, D.P., Douglas, D.J., Smith, W., Sise, M.J., Vilke, G.M., Holbrook, T.L., Kennedy, F., Eastman, A.B., Velky, T., and Hoyt, D.B. (2006). Traumatic brain injury outcomes in pre- and post- menopausal females versus age-matched males. J. Neurotrauma 23, 140-148. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The influence of estrogen and progesterone on injury pathways and outcomes has been far more extensively characterized than that of male androgens.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these findings support the notion that factors beyond sex hormones are likely to be important contributors to sex differences after TBI.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The same study showed that spatial learning and memory was solely under hormonal control, independent of sex chromosomes. 92”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] 92. Corre, C., Friedel, M., Vousden, D.A., Metcalf, A., Spring, S., Qiu, L.R., Lerch, J.P., and Palmert, M.R. (2016). Separate effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on brain structure and function revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and spatial navigation assessment of the Four Core Genotype mouse model. Brain Struct. Funct. 221, 997-1016. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sex differences may, however, arise from chromosomal sources wherein XX or XY complement genes drive brain development. 86”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [86] 86. Carruth, L.L., Reisert, I., and Arnold, A.P. (2002). Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 933-934. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, because fewer genes escape inactivation in mice (3%) compared with humans (15%), 94,95 the chromosomal basis of sex differences may be understated in rodent studies compared with humans.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] 94. Carrel, L., and Willard, H.F. (2005). X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females. Nature 434, 400-404. source
- Not checked yetcites [95] 95. Yang, F., Babak, T., Shendure, J., and Disteche, C.M. (2010). Global survey of escape from X inactivation by RNA-sequencing in mouse. Genome Res. 20, 614-622. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, baseline testing on the Immediate PostConcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test showed that women outperformed men on verbal memory and reaction times. 106,107”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [106] 106. Cottle, J.E., Hall, E.E., Patel, K., Barnes, K.P., and Ketcham, C.J. (2017). Concussion baseline testing: preexisting factors, symptoms, and neurocognitive performance. J. Athl. Train. 52, 77-81. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] 107. Covassin, T., Swanik, C.B., Sachs, M., Kendrick, Z., Schatz, P., Zillmer, E., and Kaminaris, C. (2006). Sex differences in baseline neuropsychological function and concussion symptoms of collegiate athletes. Br. J. Sports Med. 40, 923-927; discussion 927. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Peri- and post-menopausal, but not younger (reproductive age) women had better outcomes including lower mortality than age-matched men in more than 72,000 survivors of moderate to severe TBI. 71”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] 71. Berry, C., Ley, E.J., Tillou, A., Cryer, G., Margulies, D.R., and Salim, A. (2009). The effect of gender on patients with moderate to severe head injuries. J. Trauma 67, 950-953. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lower testosterone levels at admission were associated with longer duration of hospital stay and worse functional independence measures in men with moderatesevere TBI. 80,81”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] 80. Carlson, N.E., Brenner, L.A., Wierman, M.E., Harrison-Felix, C., Morey, C., Gallagher, S., and Ripley, D. (2009). Hypogonadism on admission to acute rehabilitation is correlated with lower functional status at admission and discharge. Brain Inj. 23, 336-344. source
- Not checked yetcites [81] 81. Cantu, R.C., Guskiewicz, K., and Register-Mihalik, J.K. (2010). A retrospective clinical analysis of moderate to severe athletic concussions. PM R 2, 1088-1093. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, how sex chromosomes may affect these phenomena has not been well studied.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, most escape genes identified in mice play a role in neuronal differentiation, cell survival, dendritic outgrowth, and regulation of synaptic density. 88,90”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [88] 88. Berletch, J.B., Yang, F., Xu, J., Carrel, L., and Disteche, C.M. (2011). Genes that escape from X inactivation. Hum. Genet. 130, 237-245. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] 90. Xu, J., and Disteche, C.M. (2006). Sex differences in brain expression of X- and Y-linked genes. Brain Res. 1126, 50-55. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Sex hormones affect mitochondrial biogenesis and gene expression via estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors expressed on the mitochondrial membrane.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [137] 137. Velarde, M.C. (2014). Mitochondrial and sex steroid hormone crosstalk during aging. Longev. Healthspan 3, 2. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prevented loss of the antioxidant glutathione in juvenile male rats, but not in females.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] 65. Robertson, C.L., and Saraswati, M. (2015). Progesterone protects mitochondrial function in a rat model of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 47, 43-51. source
- Not checked yetcites [143] 143. Robertson, C.L., Puskar, A., Hoffman, G.E., Murphy, A.Z., Saraswati, M., and Fiskum, G. (2006). Physiologic progesterone reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and hippocampal cell loss after traumatic brain injury in female rats. Exp. Neurol. 197, 235-243. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“but decreased the transcription of these genes in males.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] 142. Arnold, S., de Araujo, G.W., and Beyer, C. (2008). Gender-specific regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission gene transcription and viability of cortical astrocytes by steroid hormones. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 41, 289-300. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mitochondria extracted from brain, liver, and cerebral arteries of female rodents displayed more efficient oxidative phosphorylation than in males”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [118] 118. Guevara, R., Gianotti, M., Oliver, J., and Roca, P. (2011). Age and sex-related changes in rat brain mitochondrial oxidative status. Exp. Gerontol. 46, 923-928. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] 119. Gaignard, P., Savouroux, S., Liere, P., Pianos, A., Therond, P., Schumacher, M., Slama, A., and Guennoun, R. (2015). Effect of sex differences on brain mitochondrial function and its suppression by ovariectomy and in aged mice. Endocrinology 156, 2893-2904. source
- Not checked yetcites [120] 120. Colvin, A.C., Mullen, J., Lovell, M.R., West, R.V., Collins, M.W., and Groh, M. (2009). The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. Am. J. Sports Med. 37, 1699-1704. source
- Not checked yetcites [121] 121. Comerford, V.E., Geffen, G.M., May, C., Medland, S.E., and Geffen, L.B. (2002). A rapid screen of the severity of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 409-419. source
- Not checked yetcites [122] 122. Rutkai, I., Dutta, S., Katakam, P.V., and Busija, D.W. (2015). Dynamics of enhanced mitochondrial respiration in female compared with male rat cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 309, H1490-H1500. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“mitochondria from male rodents have increased propensity to undergo fission following TBI”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134] 134. Fischer, T.D., Hylin, M.J., Zhao, J., Moore, A.N., Waxham, M.N., and Dash, P.K. (2016). Altered mitochondrial dynamics and TBI pathophysiology. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 10, 29. source
- Not checked yetcites [135] 135. Wu, Q., Xia, S.X., Li, Q.Q., Gao, Y., Shen, X., Ma, L., Zhang, M.Y., Wang, T., Li, Y.S., Wang, Z.F., Luo, C.L., and Tao, L.Y. (2016). Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1) offers neuroprotection through diminishing cell death and improving functional outcome in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 1630, 134-143. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“They upregulated transcription of fission and fusion genes in astrocytes of uninjured female mice”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [142] 142. Arnold, S., de Araujo, G.W., and Beyer, C. (2008). Gender-specific regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission gene transcription and viability of cortical astrocytes by steroid hormones. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 41, 289-300. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Protein carbonylation, a marker of oxidative damage, was also lower in the brains of female rats compared with males post-TBI.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [130] 130. Lazarus, R.C., Buonora, J.E., Jacobowitz, D.M., and Mueller, G.P. (2015). Protein carbonylation after traumatic brain injury: cell specificity, regional susceptibility, and gender differences. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 78, 89-100. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In healthy human subjects, women had higher levels of N -acetylaspartate, a marker of neuronal bioenergetics, in gray and white matter.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] 117. Collins, C.L., Fletcher, E.N., Fields, S.K., Kluchurosky, L., Rohrkemper, M.K., Comstock, R.D., and Cantu, R.C. (2014). Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. J. Prim. Prev. 35, 309-319. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Under physiological conditions, sex-specific differences in mitochondrial respiration, bioenergetics, and reactive oxygen species production have been reported in both human and animal studies.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [117] 117. Collins, C.L., Fletcher, E.N., Fields, S.K., Kluchurosky, L., Rohrkemper, M.K., Comstock, R.D., and Cantu, R.C. (2014). Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. J. Prim. Prev. 35, 309-319. source
- Not checked yetcites [118] 118. Guevara, R., Gianotti, M., Oliver, J., and Roca, P. (2011). Age and sex-related changes in rat brain mitochondrial oxidative status. Exp. Gerontol. 46, 923-928. source
- Not checked yetcites [119] 119. Gaignard, P., Savouroux, S., Liere, P., Pianos, A., Therond, P., Schumacher, M., Slama, A., and Guennoun, R. (2015). Effect of sex differences on brain mitochondrial function and its suppression by ovariectomy and in aged mice. Endocrinology 156, 2893-2904. source
- Not checked yetcites [120] 120. Colvin, A.C., Mullen, J., Lovell, M.R., West, R.V., Collins, M.W., and Groh, M. (2009). The role of concussion history and gender in recovery from soccer-related concussion. Am. J. Sports Med. 37, 1699-1704. source
- Not checked yetcites [121] 121. Comerford, V.E., Geffen, G.M., May, C., Medland, S.E., and Geffen, L.B. (2002). A rapid screen of the severity of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 409-419. source
- Not checked yetcites [122] 122. Rutkai, I., Dutta, S., Katakam, P.V., and Busija, D.W. (2015). Dynamics of enhanced mitochondrial respiration in female compared with male rat cerebral arteries. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 309, H1490-H1500. source
- Not checked yetcites [123] 123. Jaber, S.M., Bordt, E.A., Bhatt, N.M., Lewis, D.M., Gerecht, S., Fiskum, G., and Polster, B.M. (2018). Sex differences in the mitochondrial bioenergetics of astrocytes but not microglia at a physiologically relevant brain oxygen tension. Neurochem. Int. 117, 82-90. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“female mice showed greater deficits in bioenergetic markers such as phosphocreatine and N -acetylaspartate following mild TBI, compared with male mice.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [129] 129. Lyons, D.N., Vekaria, H., Macheda, T., Bakshi, V., Powell, D.K., Gold, B.T., Lin, A.L., Sullivan, P.G., and Bachstetter, A.D. (2018). A mild traumatic brain injury in mice produces lasting deficits in brain metabolism. J. Neurotrauma 35, 2435-2447. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“multiple aspects of mitochondrial function appear to be different between males and females under physiological conditions”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] 126. Widdowson, E.M. (1976). The response of the sexes to nutritional stress. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35, 175-180. source
- Not checked yetcites [127] 127. Lamont, L.S. (2005). Gender differences in amino acid use during endurance exercise. Nutr. Rev. 63, 419-422. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] 128. Du, L., Hickey, R.W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S.C., Tyurin, V.A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P.M., Jenkins, L.W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., Chu, C.T., Kagan, V.E., and Clark, R.S. (2009). Starving neurons show sex difference in autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2383-2396. source
- Not checked yetcites [136] 136. Sharma, J., Johnston, M.V., and Hossain, M.A. (2014). Sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis determine neuronal death and survival in response to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. BMC Neurosci. 15, 9. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondria might perform these processes differently in males than females, both under physiological conditions and under conditions of cellular stress such as TBI.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] 116. Manole, M.D., Tehranian-DePasquale, R., Du, L., Bayir, H., Kochanek, P.M., and Clark, R.S. (2011). Unmasking sex-based disparity in neuronal metabolism. Curr. Pharm. Des. 17, 3854-3860. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“higher maximal respiration was reported in cortical astrocytes derived from male rats than females.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] 123. Jaber, S.M., Bordt, E.A., Bhatt, N.M., Lewis, D.M., Gerecht, S., Fiskum, G., and Polster, B.M. (2018). Sex differences in the mitochondrial bioenergetics of astrocytes but not microglia at a physiologically relevant brain oxygen tension. Neurochem. Int. 117, 82-90. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Clinical databases such as TRACK-TBI, FITBIR, and IMPACT that serve as integrated repositories for multi-dimensional outcome assessments, genomic/proteomic data, neuroimaging and blood biomarkers for civilian, sports, and military TBI are becoming important tools in evaluating the impact of sex on TBI outcomes and experimental treatments. 112-114”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [112] 112. Nelson, L.D., Ranson, J., Ferguson, A.R., Giacino, J., Okonkwo, D.O., Valadka, A., Manley, G., and McCrea, M. (2017). Validating multidimensional outcome assessment using the TBI Common Data - Elements: an analysis of the TRACK-TBI pilot sample. J. Neurotrauma. doi: 10.1089/neu.2017.5139 [Epub ahead of print]. source
- Not checked yetcites [113] 113. Thompson, H.J., Vavilala, M.S., and Rivara, F.P. (2015). Chapter 1 common data elements and Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System for TBI Research. Annu. Rev. Nurs. Res. 33, 1-11. source
- Not checked yetcites [114] 114. Marmarou, A., Lu, J., Butcher, I., McHugh, G.S., Mushkudiani, N.A., Murray, G.D., Steyerberg, E.W., and Maas, A.I. (2007). IMPACT database of traumatic brain injury: design and description. J. Neurotrauma 24, 239-250. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These physiological differences in mitochondrial respiration, energy production, and oxidative stress may be exacerbated under pathological conditions.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“sex differences in the regulation of genes controlling mitochondrial dynamics have been reported in mice following ischemic injury, a condition that shares pathophysiological features with TBI.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [136] 136. Sharma, J., Johnston, M.V., and Hossain, M.A. (2014). Sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis determine neuronal death and survival in response to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. BMC Neurosci. 15, 9. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Estrogen and progesterone contributed to sex differences in cellular respiration and anti-oxidative functions of brain mitochondria in uninjured female rodents.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] 119. Gaignard, P., Savouroux, S., Liere, P., Pianos, A., Therond, P., Schumacher, M., Slama, A., and Guennoun, R. (2015). Effect of sex differences on brain mitochondrial function and its suppression by ovariectomy and in aged mice. Endocrinology 156, 2893-2904. source
- Not checked yetcites [124] 124. Borras, C., Sastre, J., Garcia-Sala, D., Lloret, A., Pallardo, F.V., and Vina, J. (2003). Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 546-552. source
- Not checked yetcites [139] 139. Kemper, M.F., Zhao, Y., Duckles, S.P., and Krause, D.N. (2013). Endogenous ovarian hormones affect mitochondrial efficiency in cerebral endothelium via distinct regulation of PGC-1 isoforms. J. Cereb. Blood Flow and Metab. 33, 122-128. source
- Not checked yetcites [140] 140. Kemper, M.F., Stirone, C., Krause, D.N., Duckles, S.P., and Procaccio, V. (2014). Genomic and non-genomic regulation of PGC1 isoforms by estrogen to increase cerebral vascular mitochondrial biogenesis and reactive oxygen species protection. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 723, 322-329. source
- Not checked yetcites [141] 141. Irwin, R.W., Yao, J., Hamilton, R.T., Cadenas, E., Brinton, R.D., and Nilsen, J. (2008). Progesterone and estrogen regulate oxidative metabolism in brain mitochondria. Endocrinology 149, 3167-3175. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Brain mitochondrial dysfunction and the resulting bioenergetic disruption are fundamental to the injury cascade of TBI.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] 115. Mattson, M.P., Gleichmann, M., and Cheng, A. (2008). Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. Neuron 60, 748-766. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mitochondrial fusion allows for greater adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production during conditions of high metabolic activity”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] 132. Bereiter-Hahn, J., and Voth, M. (1994). Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: shape changes, dislocations, fusion, and fission of mitochondria. Microsc. Res. Tech. 27, 198-219. source
- Not checked yetcites [133] 133. Chan, D.C. (2006). Mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 79-99. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“differences may be exacerbated by stress or injury.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [126] 126. Widdowson, E.M. (1976). The response of the sexes to nutritional stress. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35, 175-180. source
- Not checked yetcites [127] 127. Lamont, L.S. (2005). Gender differences in amino acid use during endurance exercise. Nutr. Rev. 63, 419-422. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] 128. Du, L., Hickey, R.W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S.C., Tyurin, V.A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P.M., Jenkins, L.W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., Chu, C.T., Kagan, V.E., and Clark, R.S. (2009). Starving neurons show sex difference in autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2383-2396. source
- Not checked yetcites [136] 136. Sharma, J., Johnston, M.V., and Hossain, M.A. (2014). Sex differences in mitochondrial biogenesis determine neuronal death and survival in response to oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. BMC Neurosci. 15, 9. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex differences in TBI may be considered as a ''mosaic'' where women/females fare better on some measures and men/males on others.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the selection of outcome measures can affect conclusions.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these large studies might be more reliable predictors of sex differences in TBI outcomes.”
hedgedconditionaln = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex differences may also depend on the specific TBI model used.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In clinical studies, injury severity might affect TBI outcomes in a sex-dependent manner.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 114
- Probably not a substantial claim. 90
- The quote only partly states this claim. 22
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that overall, human studies report worse outcomes in women than men, whereas animal studies report better outcomes in females than males.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, 76% of studies of > 10,000 patients used either S or CI as outcomes, whereas smaller studies relied on SB measures (66%, Table 2).”
plaincorrelationaln = 10,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, among studies of moderate-severe TBI, 34% found that women fared worse than men and a greater proportion (46%) showed that women fared better (Fig. 2, lower right).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies of moderate-severe injury 52% used CI and/or S as outcomes, whereas only 30% included SB measures (Table 2).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A majority of the smaller studies (52%) reported worse outcomes in women compared with men, with fewer (23%) reporting better outcomes in women (Fig. 3, left).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Across all human studies, the largest fraction (47%) reported worse outcomes in women than men. 26% found better outcomes, in women, 18% found no sex difference, and only about 9% reported mixed results with women performing better on certain outcome measures and men on others (Fig, 2, upper panel).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“among large studies only 13% reported women faring worse. Moreover, most large studies reported that women did better than men (67%; Fig. 3, right).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Non-stratified studies that did not segregate patients by injury severity were split between those that showed women faring better (33%) and those that showed women faring worse than men (40%), with 19% reporting no sex differences in TBI outcomes or pathology (Fig. 2, lower left).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a majority of studies of mild-moderate TBI found that women fared worse than men (60%), whereas only 9% of these reported better outcomes in women (Fig. 2, lower middle).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, among studies of mild TBI, only 17% showed better outcomes in females than males, whereas in moderate-severe TBI a larger proportion (55%) showed better outcomes in females.”
plaincorrelationaln = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, only 15% of studies specifically reported extracranial injury status, with similar numbers including versus excluding these patients.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although functional outcomes were reported in 149 of the 156 human studies, physiological/neuropathological measures were only reported in 24.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, studies of severe TBI were more likely to use CI and S as outcome measures and to show better outcomes in women.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among all animal studies, 44% reported that females fared better than males, 14% reported that females fared worse, with the remaining studies showing no sex differences (28%) or mixed results (14%; Fig. 4, top).”
plainn = 43- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, mild TBI is associated with worse outcomes in women in clinical studies but mixed results in animal studies (Figs. 2 and 4).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the CCI studies (55%) reported better outcomes in females than males, with none showing males doing better (Fig. 5).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As Figure 6 summarizes, among all human studies, women tend to do worse following TBI, whereas in animal studies, females tend to do better.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In studies using CHI, 31% found females doing better and 23% showed females doing worse.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figures 2 and 4 indicate that 9% of human studies and 28% of animal studies yielded mixed results per our definition.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Restricting analysis to studies reporting more than one outcome indicates that 19% of human and 37% of animal studies reported mixed results.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Historically, preclinical studies in neurotrauma have been performed exclusively in males”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An array of outcome measures has been used to study sex differences in TBI in both humans and animals.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few studies have investigated potential effects of androgens or chromosomal contributions to sex differences in TBI outcomes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most studies using the CCI model indicate that females do better and none show males with better outcomes.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Fewer women than men are enrolled in clinical trials of TBI, in part because the incidence of TBI in men is far greater than in women.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] 19. Stein, D.G. (2015). Embracing failure: what the Phase III progesterone studies can teach about TBI clinical trials. Brain Inj. 29, 12591272.
- Not checked yetcites [21] 21. McCarthy, M.M., Pickett, L.A., VanRyzin, J.W., and Kight, K.E. (2015). Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain. Horm. Behav. 76, 3-10.
- Not checked yetcites [22] 22. Soldin, O.P., and Mattison, D.R. (2009). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin. Pharmacokinet 48, 143-157.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiological data suggest that men are approximately 40% more likely to suffer a TBI compared with women in the general adult population, although the sex difference disappears above 75 years of age.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] 1. Faul, M., and Coronado, V. (2015). Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Handb. Clin. Neurol. 127, 3-13.
- Not checked yetcites [2] 2. Coronado, V.G., McGuire, L.C., Sarmiento, K., Bell, J., Lionbarger, M.R., Jones, C.D., Geller, A.I., Khoury, N., and Xu, L. (2012). Trends in traumatic brain injury in the U.S. and the public health response: 1995-2009. J. Safety Res. 43, 299-307.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, are there differences in how men and women acquire their injuries? The answer appears to be yes, with women more likely to receive injuries from assault or violence in interpersonal relationships and men more likely to receive work-related injuries from falls and motor vehicle collisions.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] 6. Chang, V.C., Ruseckaite, R., Collie, A., and Colantonio, A. (2014). Examining the epidemiology of work-related traumatic brain injury through a sex/gender lens: analysis of workers' compensation claims in Victoria, Australia. Occup. Environ. Med. 71, 695-703.
- Not checked yetcites [7] 7. Colantonio, A. (2016). Sex, gender, and traumatic brain injury: A commentary. Arch. Physical Med. Rehabil. 97, S1-S4.
- Not checked yetcites [8] 8. Iverson, K.M., Hendricks, A.M., Kimerling, R., Krengel, M., Meterko, M., Stolzmann, K.L., Baker, E., Pogoda, T.K., Vasterling, J.J., and Lew, H.L. (2011). Psychiatric diagnoses and neurobehavioral symptom severity among OEF/OIF VA patients with deploymentrelated traumatic brain injury: a gender comparison. Women Health Iss. 21, S210-S217.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, are there differences in how the brains of men and women respond to an injury at the cellular and molecular level? Again, the answer appears to be yes, with genetics and sex hormones likely to influence inflammation, edema, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and mitochondrial function.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 9. Demarest, T.G., and McCarthy, M.M. (2015). Sex differences in mitochondrial (dys)function: implications for neuroprotection. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 47, 173-188.
- Not checked yetcites [10] 10. Gunther, M., Plantman, S., Davidsson, J., Angeria, M., Mathiesen, T., and Risling, M. (2015). COX-2 regulation and TUNEL-positive cell death differ between genders in the secondary inflammatory response following experimental penetrating focal brain injury in rats. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 157, 649-659.
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. Roof, R.L., Duvdevani, R., and Stein, D.G. (1993). Gender influences outcome of brain injury: progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Res. 607, 333-336.
- Not checked yetcites [12] 12. Villapol, S., Loane, D.J., and Burns, M.P. (2017). Sexual dimorphism in the inflammatory response to traumatic brain injury. Glia 65, 1423-1438.
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Farin, A., Deutsch, R., Biegon, A., and Marshall, L.F. (2003). Sexrelated differences in patients with severe head injury: greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger. J. Neurosurg. 98, 32-36.
- Not checked yetcites [14] 14. Wagner, A.K., Bayir, H., Ren, D., Puccio, A., Zafonte, R.D., and Kochanek, P.M. (2004). Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid markers of excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative damage after severe TBI: the impact of gender, age, and hypothermia. J. Neurotrauma 21, 125-136.
- Not checked yetcites [15] 15. Wagner, A.K., Fabio, A., Puccio, A.M., Hirschberg, R., Li, W., Zafonte, R.D., and Marion, D.W. (2005). Gender associations with cerebrospinal fluid glutamate and lactate/pyruvate levels after severe traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 33, 407-413.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although women have a lower prevalence of deployment-related TBI than men, as a growing number of women choose to serve in active military duty, their relative risk of sustaining combat-related injuries is likely to increase compared with their civilian counterparts.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] 4. Amoroso, T., and Iverson, K.M. (2017). Acknowledging the risk for traumatic brain injury in women veterans. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 205, 318-323.
- Not checked yetcites [5] 5. Amara, J.H., Stolzmann, K.L., Iverson, K.M., and Pogoda, T.K. (2018). Predictors of employment status in male and female Post-9/ 11 veterans evaluated for traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 34, 11-20.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each and all of these factors might influence outcome in studies of sex differences in TBI.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Decreased cadence on a dual gait-cognition task in adolescent girls indicating impaired executive function up to 2 weeks post-TBI.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences GOS or mortality; CI, SB, S”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in symptom severity; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower excitotoxic oxidative damage in women”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussion symptoms and worse GOS-E in women at 3 months post-injury; SB; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More nausea, light sensitivity, change in taste/smell and appetite, and poor sleep-related symptoms in women vs. age-matched men;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher rates of injury and longer recovery times in women soccer basketball players; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in cognitive tests between men and women; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better executive function in women; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shorter duration of post-traumatic amnesia in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More verbal memory deficits in women but no differences on tasks, neurobehavioral symptoms, or chronic stress; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater symptom severity and longer time to return to baseline performance in women athletes; CI, SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better quality of life 8-24 years after TBI in women; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may be because patients surviving severe TBI are less likely to complete detailed cognitive testing, whereas a study of survival in patients with mild TBI might suffer from ceiling effects because few patients will die.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“difference in sleep disturbance after multiple concussions; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussive symptoms in women at 3 months post-TBI, mainly child-bearing age; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Faster processing speed and reaction time in women athletes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increased sleep disturbance after single concussion in women, especially those above age 15.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When comparing these trends with sex difference findings across study size (Fig. 3), it seems that SB outcome measures used in smaller studies correspond to worse outcomes in women. In contrast, larger studies that use CI and S were more likely to report women faring better than men.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher mortality in the ICU and 6 months post-TBI in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in GOS 5 days post-TBI; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression exacerbated over time in women, but resolved over time men; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such a system of classification is unbiased because it avoids judgments on the relative importance of each outcome/symptom.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower risk of mortality in women compared with men; S”
- Also stated in: § Table 1. Human Studies of TBI Comparing Outcomes by Sex · plain
“Lower mortality in women; S”
- Also stated in: § Table 1. Human Studies of TBI Comparing Outcomes by Sex · plain
“Lower risk of post-injury mortality in women; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Table 1. Human Studies of TBI Comparing Outcomes by Sex · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussion symptoms in women, but no differences rate, loss of consciousness, amnesia, or confusion; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More women experienced post-concussion symptoms and disability, but differences in life satisfaction 3 years post-injury; SB; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower mortality in women after blunt force injury; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sustained hypoactivation in fMRI activity during memory tasks”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher risk of mortality in women in China; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better scores on verbal memory in girls at 1 year post-injury;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More depressive symptoms in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences eye coordination or balance; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less withdrawal and better social skills in girls 1 year post-TBI;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More vestibulo-oculomotor impairment and longer time to symptom resolution in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussive symptoms in adult women (ages 18-59) but not minor girls (ages 4-17), at 3 months post-TBI compared with men: SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussive symptoms and worse performance on tasks in women athletes up to 2 weeks post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better visual memory in women.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More women with minor TBI were depressed and had incomplete return work 6-12 months post-TBI than men with similar injury severity; SB; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences incidence of neuropathic pain following TBI; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better work capacity outcomes in women; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-traumatic headaches and longer recovery time 1-3 weeks post- TBI in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prolonged post-concussive symptoms 3 months post-TBI in women;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussive symptoms due to increased anxiety sensitivity”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subsequently, the paucity of women in clinical trials means that promising treatments are not being tested against the real biological substrate and may hamper translational success.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“level of oxidative damage correlated with GOS in women but not men”
plaincorrelationaln = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better survival rates in post-menopausal women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is likely because smaller studies can collect data prospectively from individual patients, whereas very large studies tend to extract data retrospectively from existing databases including medical records.”
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher severity and more concussion symptoms in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Worse neurocognitive performance and more post-concussion symptoms girls; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because brain anatomy, cellular pathways, and drug pharmacokinetics can be affected by biological sex, 21,22”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] 21. McCarthy, M.M., Pickett, L.A., VanRyzin, J.W., and Kight, K.E. (2015). Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain. Horm. Behav. 76, 3-10.
- Not checked yetcites [22] 22. Soldin, O.P., and Mattison, D.R. (2009). Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin. Pharmacokinet 48, 143-157.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The workshop acknowledged that findings to date have been mixed, and concluded that numerous knowledge gaps still exist regarding the effects of sex in TBI.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More post-concussion symptoms and greater in vestibular reflexes in girls up to 3 weeks post-TBI.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shorter length of hospital stay and better outcomes on 3-month women; CI”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More impaired empathy in women post-TBI; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More severe post-concussion symptoms and anxiety in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shorter comprehension times in men;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better emotion recognition in women.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in symptom recovery or cognitive recovery; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More headaches and dizziness in women;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in neurocognitive abilities; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in sleep architecture; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“better memory and immediate recall women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Lower cerebral perfusion pressure, higher intracranial pressure, and greater frequency of cerebral edema may contribute to higher mortality and unfavorable GOS 1 month postTBI in women. 13,24,25”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] 13. Farin, A., Deutsch, R., Biegon, A., and Marshall, L.F. (2003). Sexrelated differences in patients with severe head injury: greater susceptibility to brain swelling in female patients 50 years of age and younger. J. Neurosurg. 98, 32-36.
- Not checked yetcites [24] 24. Balestreri, M., Steiner, L.A., and Czosnyka, M. (2003). Sex-related differences and traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosurg. 99, 616; author reply 616-617.
- Not checked yetcites [25] 25. Czosnyka, M., Radolovich, D., Balestreri, M., Lavinio, A., Hutchinson, P., Timofeev, I., Smielewski, P., and Pickard, J.D. (2008). Gender-related differences in intracranial hypertension and outcome after traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 102, 25-28.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in 6-month GOS; S”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher levels of dopamine metabolites in CSF of women”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systolic blood pressure was in pubescent and pre- pubescent girls than in boys;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in frequency or severity of chronic pain; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No incidence hyponatremia post-TBI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer cerebral micro-bleeds post- concussion in women hockey players”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Additionally, race may interact with sex to influence TBI outcomes, with a study of nearly 3000 patients with mild to severe TBI finding higher incidence of brain edema in women sampled in Hong Kong but not those in Australia. 30”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] 30. Yeung, J.H., Mikocka-Walus, A.A., Cameron, P.A., Poon, W.S., Ho, H.F., Chang, A., Graham, C.A., and Rainer, T.H. (2011). Protection from traumatic brain injury in hormonally active women vs. men of a similar age: a retrospective international study. Arch. Surg. 146, 436-442.
hedgedconditionaln = 3,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in insomnia prevalence or severity 3 months post-TBI;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in serum of oxidative stress trauma”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in mortality or GOS at discharge.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in unemployment rate between men and women veterans;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No sex difference in diffuse axonal injury, brain edema, hypoxia, ICP, contusional bleeding;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in duration of symptoms, or SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“sex differences in lesions on CT scans”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in mortality, injury severity, or incidence of acute complications post-TBI; SB, S”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These differences could be attributed to race-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes affecting inflammation and predisposition to genetic diseases. 31,32”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] 31. Huang, T., Shu, Y., and Cai, Y.D. (2015). Genetic differences among ethnic groups. BMC Genomics 16, 1093.
- Not checked yetcites [32] 32. Van Dyke, A.L., Cote, M.L., Wenzlaff, A.S., Land, S., and Schwartz, A.G. (2009). Cytokine SNPs: comparison of allele frequencies by race and implications for future studies. Cytokine 46, 236-244.
hedgedconditionaln = 3,000- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in number of post-concussive symptoms, neurocognitive scores or depression up to 2 weeks post-injury; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in concussion symptom reporting or cognition in hockey players 6 months post-injury; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower rates fogginess, memory impairment, and concentration problems”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lower mortalityin girls; S”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in mild depression 1-year post-injury; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Shorter hospital stay and better attention, working memory, and language skills 1 year post-TBI in women;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No motor outcomes or perceived life satisfaction; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better executive function in women due to greater self-awareness related deficits; SB”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in visuo-spatial abilities; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in postural control and balance post-TBI; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in cognition or symptoms in soccer players 6 months post- TBI; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Higher fractional anisotropy (indicative of white matter integrity) in women”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in symptom reporting in women.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in neuropsychological performance 2 post-TBI;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in neurocognitive ability or number of symptoms in high school soccer players; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Less physical aggression in women veterans”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but no differences depression; SB”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better visual memory in men athletes;”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in injury severity, GOS, or length of stay in rehabilitation;”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Better post-concussion performance in women; SB”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No difference in balance and postural stability; CI”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No differences in length of hospital stay, GOS-E, or functional independence 3.5 years post-TBI; CI, S”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, severe CCI did not show significant difference in time-course of neurodegeneration or in overall tissue damage between males and females. 43”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] 43. Hall, E.D., Gibson, T.R., and Pavel, K.M. (2005). Lack of a gender difference in post-traumatic neurodegeneration in the mouse controlled cortical impact injury model. J. Neurotrauma 22, 669-679.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Animal studies offer the ability to control many experimental variables, to study cellular and molecular mechanisms, and to directly test the link between mechanisms and functional outcomes.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, cell death following brain injury is triggered by caspase activation in females but by caspase-independent mechanisms in males. 9”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 9. Demarest, T.G., and McCarthy, M.M. (2015). Sex differences in mitochondrial (dys)function: implications for neuroprotection. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 47, 173-188.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Normally cycling females had significantly better survival rates, blood-brain barrier integrity, improved cortical blood flow, fewer sensorimotor deficits, less brain edema, and smaller contusion volumes than age-matched males after TBI. 11,60-62”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. Roof, R.L., Duvdevani, R., and Stein, D.G. (1993). Gender influences outcome of brain injury: progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Res. 607, 333-336.
- Not checked yetcites [60] 60. Roof, R.L., and Hall, E.D. (2000). Estrogen-related gender difference in survival rate and cortical blood flow after impact-acceleration head injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 17, 1155-1169.
- Not checked yetcites [61] 61. Bramlett, H.M., and Dietrich, W.D. (2001). Neuropathological protection after traumatic brain injury in intact female rats versus males or ovariectomized females. J. Neurotrauma 18, 891-900.
- Not checked yetcites [62] 62. Clevenger, A.C., Kim, H., Salcedo, E., Yonchek, J.C., Rodgers, K.M., Orfila, J.E., Dietz, R.M., Quillinan, N., Traystman, R.J., and Herson, P.S. (2018). Endogenous sex steroids dampen neuroinflammation and improve outcome of traumatic brain injury in mice. J. Mol. Neurosci. 64, 410-420.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, female rats in the proestrous phase of their cycles had less brain edema and lower intracranial pressure after TBI compared with non-proestrous females presumably due to elevated serum levels of estrogen and progesterone. 64”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] 64. Maghool, F., Khaksari, M., and Siahposht Khachki, A. (2013). Differences in brain edema and intracranial pressure following traumatic brain injury across the estrous cycle: involvement of female sex steroid hormones. Brain Res. 1497, 61-72.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the current body of research on sex differences in TBI, the overall picture is not a straightforward one that points to better outcomes in one sex versus the other. Rather, the findings we have reviewed from human and animal studies are complicated and often contradictory.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted above, human studies more commonly report functional outcomes after TBI, whereas animal studies more frequently report measures related to cellular or molecular mechanism.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such symptoms are usually self-reported and may be influenced by societal gender stereotypes resulting in men reporting symptoms differently from women. 53,54”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] 53. Maclean, A., Sweeting, H., and Hunt, K. (2010). 'Rules' for boys, 'guidelines' for girls: gender differences in symptom reporting during childhood and adolescence. Soc. Sci. Med. 70, 597-604.
- Not checked yetcites [54] 54. Wallace, J., Covassin, T., and Beidler, E. (2017). Sex differences in high school athletes' knowledge of sport-related concussion symptoms and reporting behaviors. J. Athl. Train. 52, 682-688.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Females performed better than males on sensorimotor tasks but not on cognitive tasks following moderate to severe CCI. 37-40”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] 37. Free, K.E., Greene, A.M., Bondi, C.O., Lajud, N., de la Tremblaye, P.B., and Kline, A.E. (2017). Comparable impediment of cognitive function in female and male rats subsequent to daily administration of haloperidol after traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. 296, 62-68.
- Not checked yetcites [38] 38. Wagner, A.K., Willard, L.A., Kline, A.E., Wenger, M.K., Bolinger, B.D., Ren, D., Zafonte, R.D., and Dixon, C.E. (2004). Evaluation of estrous cycle stage and gender on behavioral outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 998, 113-121.
- Not checked yetcites [39] 39. Xu, X., Cao, S., Chao, H., Liu, Y., and Ji, J. (2016). Sex-related differences in striatal dopaminergic system after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. Bull. 124, 214-221.
- Not checked yetcites [40] 40. Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Lu, D., Qu, C., Goussev, A., Schallert, T., and Chopp, M. (2007). Role of gender in outcome after traumatic brain injury and therapeutic effect of erythropoietin in mice. Brain Res. 1185, 301-312.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In adolescent male mice with TBI, progesterone improved motor performance but exacerbated deficits in female mice. 66”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [66] 66. Mannix, R., Berglass, J., Berkner, J., Moleus, P., Qiu, J., Jantzie, L.L., Meehan, W.P., 3rd, Stanley, R.M., and Robinson, S. (2014). Sex differences in the effect of progesterone after controlled cortical impact in adolescent mice: a preliminary study. J. Neurosurg. 121, 1337-1341.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One study suggests that the better post-injury outcome in pseudopregnant females compared with both males and intact females might be due to their 50-100 times higher levels of progesterone and its metabolites at the time of injury. 63”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] 63. Meffre, D., Pianos, A., Liere, P., Eychenne, B., Cambourg, A., Schumacher, M., Stein, D.G., and Guennoun, R. (2007). Steroid profiling in brain and plasma of male and pseudopregnant female rats after traumatic brain injury: analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Endocrinology 148, 2505-2517.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Regarding timecourse, females showed less edema than males at 5 h, 3 days, and 5 days after impact acceleration injury, but more edema at 24 h post-injury. 41”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 41. O'Connor, C.A., Cernak, I., and Vink, R. (2006). The temporal profile of edema formation differs between male and female rats following diffuse traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurochir. Suppl. 96, 121-124.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In mice, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis following blast TBI is caused by dysregulation of pre-autonomic neurons in females, but by disruption of limbic pathways in males. 58”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] 58. Russell, A.L., Richardson, M.R., Bauman, B.M., Hernandez, I.M., Saperstein, S., Handa, R.J., and Wu, T.J. (2018). Differential responses of the HPA axis to mild blast traumatic brain injury in male and female mice. Endocrinology 159, 2363-2375.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Animal models of TBI can inform the pathophysiology of human TBI.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mixed results within an animal study may also result from pre-set group sizes that are powered to detect sex differences in some assessments but might be inadequate for others.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, female mice had better ambulation and displayed less anxiety post-TBI although sex differences in brain lesion volumes were not detected. 49,51”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] 49. Tucker, L.B., Fu, A.H., and McCabe, J.T. (2016). Performance of male and female C57BL/6J mice on motor and cognitive tasks commonly used in pre-clinical traumatic brain injury research. J. Neurotrauma 33, 880-894.
- Not checked yetcites [51] 51. Tucker, L.B., Burke, J.F., Fu, A.H., and McCabe, J.T. (2017). Neuropsychiatric symptom modeling in male and female C57BL/6J mice after experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 34, 890-905.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In pseudo-pregnant rats, post-TBI cerebral edema was even lower than in normally cycling females, suggesting that female sex hormones may exert a dose-dependent neuroprotective response. 11”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. Roof, R.L., Duvdevani, R., and Stein, D.G. (1993). Gender influences outcome of brain injury: progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Res. 607, 333-336.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, sex-dependent neuroprotective effects were extinguished in ovariectomized females with low levels of circulating estrogen and progesterone, but rescued by exogenous treatment with these hormones. 11,60,61”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] 11. Roof, R.L., Duvdevani, R., and Stein, D.G. (1993). Gender influences outcome of brain injury: progesterone plays a protective role. Brain Res. 607, 333-336.
- Not checked yetcites [60] 60. Roof, R.L., and Hall, E.D. (2000). Estrogen-related gender difference in survival rate and cortical blood flow after impact-acceleration head injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 17, 1155-1169.
- Not checked yetcites [61] 61. Bramlett, H.M., and Dietrich, W.D. (2001). Neuropathological protection after traumatic brain injury in intact female rats versus males or ovariectomized females. J. Neurotrauma 18, 891-900.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At the ultrastructural level, axons of cultured neurons isolated from females were consistently smaller and contained fewer microtubules than those from males.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [102] 102. Dolle, J.P., Jaye, A., Anderson, S.A., Ahmadzadeh, H., Shenoy, V.B., and Smith, D.H. (2018). Newfound sex differences in axonal structure underlie differential outcomes from in vitro traumatic axonal injury. Exp. Neurol. 300, 121-134.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, chronically treating mice with an androgenic-anabolic steroid cocktail containing testosterone prior to induction of repeated, mild TBI exacerbated TBI-mediated axonal injury and white matter microgliosis but not behavioral deficits. 85”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] 85. Namjoshi, D.R., Cheng, W.H., Carr, M., Martens, K.M., Zareyan, S., Wilkinson, A., McInnes, K.A., Cripton, P.A., and Wellington, C.L. (2016). Chronic exposure to androgenic-anabolic steroids exacerbates axonal injury and microgliosis in the CHIMERA mouse model of repetitive concussion. PLoS One 11, e0146540.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Further, age interacted with sex leading to better verbal abilities in women than men in their twenties but slower processing speed in women than men in their forties. 110”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [110] 110. Eramudugolla, R., Bielak, A.A., Bunce, D., Easteal, S., Cherbuin, N., and Anstey, K.J. (2014). Long-term cognitive correlates of traumatic brain injury across adulthood and interactions with APOE genotype, sex, and age cohorts. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 20, 444-454.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies, which show within a given population sample that males fare better on some outcome measures and females better on others, encourage us to think about sex effects in TBI beyond a single dimension.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the selection of outcome measures clearly matters and can affect conclusions.”
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, because testosterone is converted to estradiol by aromatase, there is a possibility that the observed effects are at least partly conferred by its estrogenic metabolite.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although many studies have focused on the hormonal basis of sex differences in TBI, chromosomal differences remain underexplored.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, although women veterans were less likely to be diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder following TBI, they were more likely to suffer from depression or anxiety. 8”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] 8. Iverson, K.M., Hendricks, A.M., Kimerling, R., Krengel, M., Meterko, M., Stolzmann, K.L., Baker, E., Pogoda, T.K., Vasterling, J.J., and Lew, H.L. (2011). Psychiatric diagnoses and neurobehavioral symptom severity among OEF/OIF VA patients with deploymentrelated traumatic brain injury: a gender comparison. Women Health Iss. 21, S210-S217.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Post-TBI symptoms differed between sexes with women reporting more headaches, dizziness, and drowsiness and men reporting more amnesia and confusion. 100,109”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] 100. Frommer, L.J., Gurka, K.K., Cross, K.M., Ingersoll, C.D., Comstock, R.D., and Saliba, S.A. (2011). Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J. Athl. Train. 46, 76-84.
- Not checked yetcites [109] 109. Colantonio, A., Harris, J.E., Ratcliff, G., Chase, S., and Ellis, K. (2010). Gender differences in self reported long term outcomes following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol. 10, 102.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Behavioral studies in the same rats also found increased depression-like behaviors in females and working memory deficits in males. 45”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] 45. Wright, D.K., O'Brien, T.J., Shultz, S.R., and Mychasiuk, R. (2017). Sex matters: repetitive mild traumatic brain injury in adolescent rats. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 4, 640-654.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“High-resolution MRI in these mice found that sex differences in the volumes of certain brain regions were influenced exclusively by gonadal hormones, whereas differences in others were exclusively under chromosomal control.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] 92. Corre, C., Friedel, M., Vousden, D.A., Metcalf, A., Spring, S., Qiu, L.R., Lerch, J.P., and Palmert, M.R. (2016). Separate effects of sex hormones and sex chromosomes on brain structure and function revealed by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and spatial navigation assessment of the Four Core Genotype mouse model. Brain Struct. Funct. 221, 997-1016.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, female mice had fewer deficits in social recognition, but increased sociosexual avoidance compared with males following CCI, 51 and also showed greater ambulation but more severely depleted striatal dopamine compared with males. 39”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] 51. Tucker, L.B., Burke, J.F., Fu, A.H., and McCabe, J.T. (2017). Neuropsychiatric symptom modeling in male and female C57BL/6J mice after experimental traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 34, 890-905.
- Not checked yetcites [39] 39. Xu, X., Cao, S., Chao, H., Liu, Y., and Ji, J. (2016). Sex-related differences in striatal dopaminergic system after traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. Bull. 124, 214-221.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Testosterone promotes neurogenesis in uninjured male rats 82 and neuronal survival in male and female rats following axonal injury. 83,84”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] 82. Spritzer, M.D., and Galea, L.A. (2007). Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, but not estradiol, enhance survival of new hippocampal neurons in adult male rats. Dev. Neurobiol. 67, 13211333.
- Not checked yetcites [83] 83. Yu, W.H. (1989). Administration of testosterone attenuates neuronal loss following axotomy in the brain-stem motor nuclei of female rats. J. Neurosci. 9, 3908-3914.
- Not checked yetcites [84] 84. Tehranipour, M., and Moghimi, A. (2010). Neuroprotective effects of testosterone on regenerating spinal cord motoneurons in rats. J. Mot. Behav. 42, 151-155.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The effect of sex hormones on neurogenesis and spine density has also been studied, 103-105 and could modulate synaptic plasticity during recovery from TBI.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] 103. Galea, L.A., Spritzer, M.D., Barker, J.M., and Pawluski, J.L. (2006). Gonadal hormone modulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult. Hippocampus 16, 225-232.
- Not checked yetcites [104] 104. Keil, K.P., Sethi, S., Wilson, M.D., Chen, H., and Lein, P.J. (2017). In vivo and in vitro sex differences in the dendritic morphology of developing murine hippocampal and cortical neurons. Sci. Rep. 7, 8486.
- Not checked yetcites [105] 105. Shors, T.J., Chua, C., and Falduto, J. (2001). Sex differences and opposite effects of stress on dendritic spine density in the male versus female hippocampus. J. Neurosci. 21, 6292-6297. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Given the importance of the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex for stress responses and mood, 97-99 it is possible that anatomical differences in these regions may contribute to post-TBI symptoms, as women report greater anxiety and depression and men report more amnesia and confusion. 8,100,101”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [97] 97. Bangasser, D.A., and Valentino, R.J. (2014). Sex differences in stress-related psychiatric disorders: neurobiological perspectives. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 35, 303-319. source
- Not checked yetcites [98] 98. Gobinath, A.R., Mahmoud, R., and Galea, L.A. (2014). Influence of sex and stress exposure across the lifespan on endophenotypes of depression: focus on behavior, glucocorticoids, and hippocampus. Front. Neurosci. 8, 420.
- Not checked yetcites [99] 99. McEwen, B.S. (2010). Stress, sex, and neural adaptation to a changing environment: mechanisms of neuronal remodeling. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 1204 Suppl., E38-E59.
- Not checked yetcites [8] 8. Iverson, K.M., Hendricks, A.M., Kimerling, R., Krengel, M., Meterko, M., Stolzmann, K.L., Baker, E., Pogoda, T.K., Vasterling, J.J., and Lew, H.L. (2011). Psychiatric diagnoses and neurobehavioral symptom severity among OEF/OIF VA patients with deploymentrelated traumatic brain injury: a gender comparison. Women Health Iss. 21, S210-S217.
- Not checked yetcites [100] 100. Frommer, L.J., Gurka, K.K., Cross, K.M., Ingersoll, C.D., Comstock, R.D., and Saliba, S.A. (2011). Sex differences in concussion symptoms of high school athletes. J. Athl. Train. 46, 76-84.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Accordingly, sex differences in cerebellar and pre-central gray matter volumes were associated with X-chromosome load, whereas sex differences in the amygdala, parahippocampus, and occipital cortex were linked to testosterone levels. 96”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] 96. Lentini, E., Kasahara, M., Arver, S., and Savic, I. (2013). Sex differences in the human brain and the impact of sex chromosomes and sex hormones. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2322-2336.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“neuroprotective effects of testosterone including inhibition of apoptosis, reduction in oxidative stress, improved mitochondrial respiration, and maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential have also been reported.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] 144. Chisu, V., Manca, P., Lepore, G., Gadau, S., Zedda, M., and Farina, V. (2006). Testosterone induces neuroprotection from oxidative stress. Effects on catalase activity and 3-nitro-L-tyrosine incorporation into alpha-tubulin in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line. Arch. Ital. Biol. 144, 63-73.
- Not checked yetcites [145] 145. Fanaei, H., Karimian, S.M., Sadeghipour, H.R., Hassanzade, G., Kasaeian, A., Attari, F., Khayat, S., Ramezani, V., and Javadimehr, M. (2014). Testosterone enhances functional recovery after stroke through promotion of antioxidant defenses, BDNF levels and neurogenesis in male rats. Brain Res. 1558, 74-83.
- Not checked yetcites [146] 146. Toro-Urrego, N., Garcia-Segura, L.M., Echeverria, V., and Barreto, G.E. (2016). Testosterone protects mitochondrial function and regulates neuroglobin expression in astrocytic cells exposed to glucose deprivation. Front. Aging Neurosci. 8, 152.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“during high-stress conditions males preferentially rely on carbohydrates and amino acids as a fuel source for energy production, whereas females use fats.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [116] 116. Manole, M.D., Tehranian-DePasquale, R., Du, L., Bayir, H., Kochanek, P.M., and Clark, R.S. (2011). Unmasking sex-based disparity in neuronal metabolism. Curr. Pharm. Des. 17, 3854-3860.
- Not checked yetcites [126] 126. Widdowson, E.M. (1976). The response of the sexes to nutritional stress. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35, 175-180.
- Not checked yetcites [127] 127. Lamont, L.S. (2005). Gender differences in amino acid use during endurance exercise. Nutr. Rev. 63, 419-422.
- Not checked yetcites [128] 128. Du, L., Hickey, R.W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S.C., Tyurin, V.A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P.M., Jenkins, L.W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., Chu, C.T., Kagan, V.E., and Clark, R.S. (2009). Starving neurons show sex difference in autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2383-2396.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Mitochondria are crucial to energy production, as well as calcium homeostasis, free radical production, neurotransmitter synthesis, and apoptosis in neurons and glia.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [115] 115. Mattson, M.P., Gleichmann, M., and Cheng, A. (2008). Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders. Neuron 60, 748-766. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A useful framework for understanding sex differences in TBI may be a ''mosaic'' model in which distinct anatomical/functional domains may each respond differently to injury in males versus females.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Cellular stressors such as nutrient deprivation may elicit a differential response in mitochondria from males and females resulting in decreased mitochondrial respiration, increased autophagy, and enhanced neuronal death in male rats.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [128] 128. Du, L., Hickey, R.W., Bayir, H., Watkins, S.C., Tyurin, V.A., Guo, F., Kochanek, P.M., Jenkins, L.W., Ren, J., Gibson, G., Chu, C.T., Kagan, V.E., and Clark, R.S. (2009). Starving neurons show sex difference in autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 2383-2396.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“brain mitochondria of female rodents had lower oxidative stress than those from males associated with greater expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [119] 119. Gaignard, P., Savouroux, S., Liere, P., Pianos, A., Therond, P., Schumacher, M., Slama, A., and Guennoun, R. (2015). Effect of sex differences on brain mitochondrial function and its suppression by ovariectomy and in aged mice. Endocrinology 156, 2893-2904.
- Not checked yetcites [124] 124. Borras, C., Sastre, J., Garcia-Sala, D., Lloret, A., Pallardo, F.V., and Vina, J. (2003). Mitochondria from females exhibit higher antioxidant gene expression and lower oxidative damage than males. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 546-552. source
- Not checked yetcites [125] 125. Pinto, R.E., and Bartley, W. (1969). The effect of age and sex on glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activities and on aerobic glutathione oxidation in rat liver homogenates. Biochem. J112, 109-115.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although studies relying on a single outcome measure might be useful for gross outcomes such as mortality and are easier to interpret, they do not fully represent the anatomical and physiological complexity of sex effects in TBI.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“fission facilitates transport of mitochondria to regions of high energy demand and removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [132] 132. Bereiter-Hahn, J., and Voth, M. (1994). Dynamics of mitochondria in living cells: shape changes, dislocations, fusion, and fission of mitochondria. Microsc. Res. Tech. 27, 198-219.
- Not checked yetcites [133] 133. Chan, D.C. (2006). Mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 22, 79-99. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such a model can account for mixed results, and highlights the benefits of study design that includes multiple outcome measurements. 48,111”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] 48. McCarthy, M.M., Arnold, A.P., Ball, G.F., Blaustein, J.D., and De Vries, G.J. (2012). Sex differences in the brain: the not so inconvenient truth. J. Neurosci. 32, 2241-2247. source
- Not checked yetcites [111] 111. Joel, D., and Fausto-Sterling, A. (2016). Beyond sex differences: new approaches for thinking about variation in brain structure and function. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 371, 20150451.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Progesterone treatment reversed TBI-mediated impairment in mitochondrial respiration and neuron loss in ovariectomized adult females”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] 65. Robertson, C.L., and Saraswati, M. (2015). Progesterone protects mitochondrial function in a rat model of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 47, 43-51.
- Not checked yetcites [143] 143. Robertson, C.L., Puskar, A., Hoffman, G.E., Murphy, A.Z., Saraswati, M., and Fiskum, G. (2006). Physiologic progesterone reduces mitochondrial dysfunction and hippocampal cell loss after traumatic brain injury in female rats. Exp. Neurol. 197, 235-243.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may have different prevalence in women and men”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Injury severity, genetic factors, and age may interact with biological sex to determine TBI outcomes.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex differences in mitochondrial function and dynamics may be important sources of sex differences in TBI.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because larger sample size affords greater statistical power and might better represent the general population”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such under-representation likely has a negative impact on clinical care and limits successful drug development.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Disease etiology, underlying neuropathology, and cellular mechanisms of recovery differ between sexes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Across the scientific literature, the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably.
“However, across the scientific literature the terms sex and gender are often used interchangeably.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Animal models of TBI can inform the pathophysiology of human TBI.
“Because therapeutic interventions are targeted toward underlying mechanisms, elucidating the role of sex in TBI pathophysiology is crucial.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The studies included in the review are representative of the literature on sex differences in TBI.
“All animal studies identified by our search criteria were classified based on post-TBI outcomes (upper panel).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Disease etiology, underlying neuropathology, and cellular mechanisms of recovery differ between sexes.
“Because disease etiology, underlying neuropathology, and cellular mechanisms of recovery differ between sexes”
The paper relies on this without support.
The reviewed human and animal studies are sufficiently representative to support conclusions about sex differences in TBI outcomes.
“This review of the literature in humans and animal models suggests that sex differences in TBI outcomes are likely”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Following mTBI, women tend to experience more symptoms and take significantly longer to recover compared to men for reasons currently unknown [28, 51, 67, 114].”
From DNA repair deficiency and senescence in concussed professional athletes involved in contact sports (2019) · cites this paper as [51]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Sex effects on TBI outcomes in animal studies
“with the remaining studies showing no sex differences (28%) or mixed results (14%; Fig. 4, top).”
§ Interpreting mixed results
“Figures 2 and 4 indicate that 9% of human studies and 28% of animal studies yielded mixed results per our definition.”
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Toro-Urrego, N., García‐Segura, L. M., Echeverrı́a, V., & Barreto, G. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00152 · Cited by 65
RetractedGene Action in the X-chromosome of the Mouse (Mus musculus L.)
LYON, M. F. (1961) · Nature · doi:10.1038/190372a0 · Cited by 3,978
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
Carrel, L., & Willard, H. F. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03479 · Cited by 2,097
Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies
Clayton, J. A., & Collins, F. S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/509282a · Cited by 1,816
Animal models of traumatic brain injury
Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., & Chopp, M. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3407 · Cited by 1,456
Sex Differences in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Soldin, O. P., & Mattison, D. R. (2009) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200948030-00001 · Cited by 1,163
Mitochondria in neuroplasticity and neurological disorders
Mattson, M. P., Gleichmann, M., & Cheng, A. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.010 · Cited by 1,081
Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission in Mammals
Chan, D. C. (2006) · Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.22.010305.104638 · Cited by 972
Bereiter‐Hahn, J., & Vöth, M. (1994) · Microscopy Research and Technique · doi:10.1002/jemt.1070270303 · Cited by 900
Zemek, R., Barrowman, N., Freedman, S. B., Gravel, J., Gagnon, I., McGahern, C., Aglipay, M., Sangha, G., Boutis, K., Beer, D., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1203 · Cited by 900
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Taylor A.N., , Tio D.L., , Paydar A., , and Sutton R.L. (2017). Sex differences in thermal, stress and inflammatory responses to minocycline administration in rats with traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma, 35, 630–638.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research
Maas, A. I. R., Menon, D. K., Manley, G. T., Abrams, M. B., Åkerlund, C. A. I., Anđelić, N., Aries, M. J. H., Bashford, T., Bell, M. J., Bodien, Y. G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00309-x · Cited by 1,737
Epidemiology of Chronic Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Haarbauer-Krupa, J. K., Pugh, M. J., Prager, E. M., Harmon, N., Wolfe, J., & Yaffe, K. S. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0062 · Cited by 380
The NLRP3 inflammasome in traumatic brain injury: potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target
O’Brien, W. T., Pham, L., Symons, G. F., Monif, M., Shultz, S. R., & McDonald, S. J. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-01778-5 · Cited by 233
Association of Sex and Age With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury–Related Symptoms: A TRACK-TBI Study
Levin, H. S., Temkin, N. R., Barber, J. K., Nelson, L. D., Robertson, C. S., Brennan, J., Stein, M. B., Yue, J. K., Giacino, J. T., McCrea, M., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3046 · Cited by 184
Hergenroeder, G. W., Moore, A. N., McCoy, J. P., Samsel, L., Ward, N. H., Clifton, G. L., & Dash, P. K. (2010) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-7-19 · Cited by 165
Metadata
- Authors
- Gupte, R. P., Brooks, W. M., Vukas, R. R., Pierce, J. D., & Harris, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Kansas Medical Center (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harris, Janna L.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-10-23
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 3063-3091
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- PMC
- PMC6818488
- OpenAlex
- W2915478013
- Semantic Scholar
- df6dea32c0f453621f674193fcab8f821850d6d1
- Cited by
- 533
- References
- 298
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 84 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 31.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002366)
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG058052, P30AG035982, P30AG072973)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS091920)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, sex differences, women in clinical trials, injury severity, mitochondrial function, sex as a biological variable, sex differences in recovery, translational research
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
