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Fundamental Mechanisms of Regulated Cell Death and Implications for Heart Disease
Abstract
Twelve regulated cell death programs have been described. We review in detail the basic biology of nine including death receptor-mediated apoptosis, death receptor-mediated necrosis (necroptosis), mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial-mediated necrosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, parthanatos, and immunogenic cell death. This is followed by a dissection of the roles of these cell death programs in the major cardiac syndromes: myocardial infarction and heart failure. The most important conclusion relevant to heart disease is that regulated forms of cardiomyocyte death play important roles in both myocardial infarction with reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion) and heart failure. While a role for apoptosis in ischemia/reperfusion cannot be excluded, regulated forms of necrosis, through both death receptor and mitochondrial pathways, are critical. Ferroptosis and parthanatos are also likely important in ischemia/reperfusion, although it is unclear if these entities are functioning as independent death programs or as amplification mechanisms for necrotic cell death. Pyroptosis may also contribute to ischemia/reperfusion injury, but potentially through effects in non-cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte loss through apoptosis and necrosis is also an important component in the pathogenesis of heart failure and is mediated by both death receptor and mitochondrial signaling. Roles for immunogenic cell death in cardiac disease remain to be defined but merit study in this era of immune checkpoint cancer therapy. Biology-based approaches to inhibit cell death in the various cardiac syndromes are also discussed.
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The molecular and metabolic landscape of iron and ferroptosis in cardiovascular disease
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Thrombin induces ACSL4-dependent ferroptosis during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion
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Ma, X.-H., Liu, J.-H.-Z., Liu, C.-Y., Sun, W.-Y., Duan, W.-J., Wang, G., Kurihara, H., He, R.-R., Li, Y.-F., Chen, Y., et al. (2022) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-022-01090-z · Cited by 281
Immune checkpoint inhibitor–associated myocarditis: manifestations and mechanisms
Moslehi, J., Lichtman, A. H., Sharpe, A. H., Galluzzi, L., & Kitsis, R. N. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci145186 · Cited by 237
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Del Re, D. P., Amgalan, D., Linkermann, A., Liu, Q., & Kitsis, R. N.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-10-01
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1765-1817
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2964712707
- Cited by
- 961
- References
- 562
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
