The DOI matches its Crossref record; 374 of the 386 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 71 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion
Open accessAbstract
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society recently released a Consensus Statement regarding the recommended amount of sleep to promote optimal health in adults. This paper describes the methodology, background literature, voting process, and voting results for the consensus statement. In addition, we address important assumptions and challenges encountered during the consensus process. Finally, we outline future directions that will advance our understanding of sleep need and place sleep duration in the broader context of sleep health.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was consensus that the appropriateness of 9 or more hours of sleep on optimal adult health could not be ascertained with certainty.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
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In the paper
“Round 3 voting revealed uncertainty regarding the appropriateness of > 9 hours of sleep for adult health.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
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In the paper
“All three found a significant association between short sleep duration and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.24,72,44”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.3 Metabolic Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Quantity and quality of sleep and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2010;33:414–20. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Holliday EG, Magee CA, Kritharides L, Banks E, Attia J. Short sleep duration is associated with risk of future diabetes but not cardiovascular disease: a prospective study and meta-analysis. PloS One 2013;8:e82305. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Shan Z, Ma H, Xie M, et al. Sleep duration and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Care 2015;38:529–37. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Substantial heterogeneity was present in sleep duration assessment instruments.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.2 Modified RAND Appropriateness Method
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is less evidence for an association of longer sleep duration and adverse health status, with only a few studies demonstrating an association of poorer general health or increased risk/presence of disease with ≥ 9 hours of sleep.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.1 General Health
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)/Sleep Research Society (SRS) Sleep Duration Consensus Conference used a modified RAND Appropriateness Method (RAM) 54 to establish consensus for the amount of sleep needed to promote optimal health in adults.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM)/Sleep Research Society (SRS) Sleep Duration Consensus Conference
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fitch K, Bernstein S, Aguilar M, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User's Manual. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2001.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After a preliminary review of the literature, the scope of the recommendation was limited to adults aged 18 to 60 years.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.3 Detailed Literature Search and Review
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Older adults are more likely to suffer from medical disorders that could confound associations between sleep duration and health outcomes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Epidemiological studies of a very large representative sample of Americans also supported the conclusion that adults aged 18 to 60 years had shorter sleep durations than those younger and older.50,59”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.3 Detailed Literature Search and Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Basner M, Fomberstein KM, Razavi FM, et al. American time use survey: sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. Sleep 2007;30:1085–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [59] Basner M, Spaeth AM, Dinges DF. Sociodemographic characteristics and waking activities and their role in the timing and duration of sleep. Sleep 2014;37:1889–906. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fewer prospective studies were available for hypertension, but similar to overall cardiovascular disease, short sleep durations, especially less than 6 hours were associated with hypertension in comparison to 7-8 hours of sleep.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.2 Cardiovascular Health
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“Environmental factors, such as occupational duties and commute time, family responsibilities, and social and recreational opportunities, can lead to substantial discrepancies between the amount of sleep needed and the amount of sleep obtained.50”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Basner M, Fomberstein KM, Razavi FM, et al. American time use survey: sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. Sleep 2007;30:1085–95. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
- It may state two separate claims as one. 25
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“After round 1 voting, however, the gender-specific votes were collapsed after voting results demonstrated the evidence did not meaningfully suggest different sleep duration recommendations between genders.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.3 Detailed Literature Search and Review
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the panel was unable to come to a consensus regarding biologically plausible pathways by which long sleep could explicitly cause poor health”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consensus could not be reached regarding the appropriateness of sleep durations in the 6-7 hour range, but the median vote indicated this duration was in the inappropriate range.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also consensus that 7-9 hours of sleep were appropriate to support optimal health in adults.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was consensus that 6 hours of sleep or less was inappropriate to support optimal health in adults.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 5.0 VOTING SUMMARY
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In the paper
“This trend represents a near doubling in the number of U.S. adults sleeping ≤ 6 hours in a 24-hour period from 38.6 million to 70.1 million.51”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Trends in self-reported sleep duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012. Sleep 2015;38:829–32. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In accordance with recommendations of the RAM, the Sleep Duration Consensus Conference panel comprised 15 members, including a moderator (who was also a member of both the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the National Healthy Sleep Awareness Project Strategic Planning Group).”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.1 Expert Panel Selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One hour increments were selected because these were the most commonly-reported units in epidemiologic and experimental studies.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.2 Modified RAND Appropriateness Method
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Panel members were sent a formal letter of invitation from the AASM and SRS, and were required to complete Conflict of Interest disclosures before being officially accepted.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.1 Expert Panel Selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Panel members were instructed not to discuss the evidence or their votes with each other to ensure independence.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.4 Round 1 Voting
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present, however, sleep duration is the most widely-studied, best-supported, and most straightforward sleep measure to address in relation to health.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To avoid further conflicts, panel members were not permitted to participate in similar consensus activities by other organizations.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.1 Expert Panel Selection
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analysis shows that between 1985 and 2012 mean sleep duration decreased and the percentage of adults sleeping ≤ 6 hours in a 24-hour period increased.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Ford ES, Cunningham TJ, Croft JB. Trends in self-reported sleep duration among US adults from 1985 to 2012. Sleep 2015;38:829–32. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The CDC presently considers this progressive decline in sleep duration a public health epidemic.52”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NCfCDaPaHP, Division of Adult and Community Health. Accessed March 27, 2015. Available from:http://www.cdc.gov/features/dssleep/.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a modification to RAM, the Consensus Conference included a third round of voting, which considered all available evidence and the previous voting results, to establish a single recommendation for the amount of sleep needed to promote optimal health in adults.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.2 Modified RAND Appropriateness Method
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In summary, elevated risk for both overall cardiovascular disease and hypertension is associated with sleep durations less than 6 hours, and possibly for sleep durations of 6-7 hours compared to sleep durations of 7-8 hours.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.2 Cardiovascular Health
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, clinical, public policy, and public health activities would all benefit from a consensus recommendation addressing the amount of sleep necessary to support optimal health and functioning in an adult.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Public policy initiatives addressing operator fatigue and transportation safety are hindered by the absence of evidence-based guidance regarding healthy habitual sleep duration in adults.
- Rests on an assumption: The lack of consensus regarding healthy sleep duration in adults undermines the message that sleep is essential for health.
In the paper
“The age cutoffs were based on a meta-analysis of sleep obtained by healthy individuals across the lifespan that showed children and adolescents have longer sleep times than adults, and older adults show no substantial age related declines in sleep duration after the age of 60. 58”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.3 Detailed Literature Search and Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] Ohayon MM, Carskadon MA, Guilleminault C, Vitiello MV. Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan. Sleep 2004;27:1255–73. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep timing, self-reported sleep quality, day-to-day variability in sleep duration, napping, and sleep disorders all influence health outcomes in cross-sectional and/or longitudinal studies.56,57”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Buysse DJ. Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep 2014;37:9–17.
- Not checked yetcites [57] Czeisler C. Duration, timing and quality of sleep are each vital for health, performance and safety. Sleep Health 2015;1:5–8. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Twin studies show sleep duration heritability between 31% and 55%, suggesting substantial genetic influences on sleep need.23,48,49”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Watson NF, Buchwald D, Vitiello MV, Noonan C, Goldberg J. A twin study of sleep duration and body mass index. J Clin Sleep Med 2010;6:11–7. source
- Not checked yetcites [48] de Castro JM. The influence of heredity on self-reported sleep patterns in free-living humans. Physiol Behav 2002;76:479–86. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Partinen M, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M, Putkonen P, Langinvainio H. Genetic and environmental determination of human sleep. Sleep 1983;6:179–85. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis of crosssectional studies found a significant negative association between hours of sleep and body mass index; short sleep duration was significantly associated with obesity.73”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.3 Metabolic Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Cappuccio FP, Taggart FM, Kandala NB, et al. Meta-analysis of short sleep duration and obesity in children and adults. Sleep 2008;31:619–26. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All panel members are experts in sleep medicine and/or sleep science.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.1 Expert Panel Selection
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first round of voting is completed without panel interaction to prevent panel members from influencing each other's votes.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.2 Modified RAND Appropriateness Method
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In contrast, another meta-analysis found an association between both short and long sleep and hypertension in cross-sectional studies, but only for short sleep in longitudinal studies.63”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.2 Cardiovascular Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Guo X, Zheng L, Wang J, et al. Epidemiological evidence for the link between sleep duration and high blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2013;14:324–32. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A panel of 15 experts in sleep medicine and sleep research used a modified RAND Appropriateness Method 54 to develop an evidence based recommendation statement regarding the sleep duration that promotes optimal health in adults aged 18 to 60 years.55”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [54] Fitch K, Bernstein S, Aguilar M, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method User's Manual. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2001.
- Not checked yetcites [55] Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for a healthy adult: a joint consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep 2015;38:843–4. source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Accepted publications were graded for quality using Oxford criteria.60”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 2.3 Detailed Literature Search and Review
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine. Accessed May 15, 2015. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/ocebm-levels-of-evidence/.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Experimental sleep restriction reduces cellular and whole body insulin sensitivity, lowers glucose tolerance, and raises afternoon and evening levels of cortisol, an insulin antagonist.64,65”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.3 Metabolic Health
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Van Cauter E, Knutson KL. Sleep and the epidemic of obesity in children and adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;159Suppl 1:S59–66. source
- Not checked yetcites [65] Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep restriction for 1 week reduces insulin sensitivity in healthy men. Diabetes 2010;59:2126–33. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sleep duration is associated with mortality risk [38][39][40] and with illnesses ranging from cardiovascular 41 and cerebrovascular 42 disease to obesity, 43 diabetes, 44 cancer, 45,46 and depression.47”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38][39][40]
- Not checked yetcites [41] Xie D, Li W, Wang Y, et al. Sleep duration, snoring habits and risk of acute myocardial infarction in China population: results of the INTERHEART study. BMC Public Health 2014;14:531. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Ge B, Guo X. Short and long sleep durations are both associated with increased risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke 2015;10:177–84. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“total sleep duration per 24 hours is the critical factor relative to performance, since split-sleep schedules also show the same sleep dose-response effects.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.6 Human Performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [96] Mollicone DJ, Van Dongen HP, Rogers NL, Banks S, Dinges DF. Time of day effects on neurobehavioral performance during chronic sleep restriction. Aviat Space Environ Med 2010;81:735–44. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Level I evidence demonstrates that cognitive performance involving vigilance attention, cognitive processing speed and working memory, as well as physiological sleep propensity and drowsy driving are all sensitive to sleep duration below 7 hours.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.6 Human Performance
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Three large prospective cohort studies assessed sleep duration and general cancer mortality, with none showing an association for either short or long sleep duration.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.7 Cancer
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sleep duration-mortality risk relationship appears relatively stable across demographic groups, with one exception: Increased mortality risk associated with long sleep may be partially explained by age.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.9 Mortality
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reported sleepiness does not show the latter dynamic and therefore cannot be used to track increasing performance deficits.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.6 Human Performance
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Four studies showed no association between sleep duration and breast cancer, while one showed ≤ 6 hours of sleep was associated with increased risk of breast cancer compared to 7 hours of sleep.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.7 Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] Kakizaki M, Kuriyama S, Sone T, et al. Sleep duration and the risk of breast cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2008;99:1502–5. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“adults reporting sleep durations of 6.75 to 7.5 hours, and less than 6.75 hours, had a 27% and 73% increase, respectively, in the risk of sleep onset during the MSLT, compared to adults reporting > 7.5 hours of sleep.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.6 Human Performance
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [99] Punjabi NM, Bandeen-Roche K, Young T. Predictors of objective sleep tendency in the general population. Sleep 2003;26:678–83. source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This U-shaped relationship has been demonstrated repeatedly (but not universally) and has been replicated using objective sleep measurement with actigraphy.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.9 Mortality
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A third study only found an association in those who were overweight or snored, which may signify the impact of sleep apnea and its attendant intermittent hypoxemia.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.7 Cancer
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [103] Zhang X, Giovannucci EL, Wu K, et al. Associations of self-reported sleep duration and snoring with colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Sleep 2013;36:681–8. source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both meta-analyses found increased mortality risk associated with short sleep and long sleep durations.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.9 Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Gallicchio L, Kalesan B. Sleep duration and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res 2009;18:148–58. source
- Not checked yetcites [111] Cappuccio FP, D'Elia L, Strazzullo P, Miller MA. Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sleep 2010;33:585–92. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“self-reported sleep duration of 7-8 hours was generally associated with the lowest mortality risk, and both short and long sleep duration were associated with increased risk.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.9 Mortality
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it seems plausible that illness associated inactivity likely increased both subjective reports of sleep duration and mortality risk.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 6.0 DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the only study to assess the relationship between sleep duration and mortality in healthy individuals showed no association; 40 an association was evident only in those who were in poor health at the start of the study.”
§ Society on the Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: Methodology and Discussion Consensus Conference Panel > 3.9 Mortality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Magee CA, Holliday EG, Attia J, Kritharides L, Banks E. Investigation of the relationship between sleep duration, all-cause mortality, and preexisting disease. Sleep Med 2013;14:591–6. source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Older adults are more likely to suffer from medical disorders that could confound associations between sleep duration and health outcomes.
“Older adults are also more likely to suffer from medical disorders that could confound associations between sleep duration and health outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep restriction is the most common cause of sleepiness in society.
“Sleep restriction is the most common cause of sleepiness in society, yet clinicians struggle to tell their adult patients how much sleep is necessary to improve alertness.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Public policy initiatives addressing operator fatigue and transportation safety are hindered by the absence of evidence-based guidance regarding healthy habitual sleep duration in adults.
“Public policy initiatives addressing operator fatigue and transportation safety are likewise hindered by the absence of evidence-based guidance regarding healthy habitual sleep duration in adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lack of consensus regarding healthy sleep duration in adults undermines the message that sleep is essential for health.
“The sleep medicine and research community stresses the importance of sleep for health, but this message is likewise undermined by the lack of consensus regarding healthy sleep duration in adults.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep is a biological imperative.
“Sleep is a biological imperative.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Meeting our need for sleep duration, timing, regularity, and quality requires volitional behaviors partially dictated by genetic and physiologic factors.
“Meeting our need for sleep duration, timing, regularity, and quality requires volitional behaviors partially dictated by genetic and physiologic factors.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“An important consideration in determining accumulated sleep debt is that sleep need itself decreases with older age.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Expert opinion suggests that adults aged between 18–64 require 7–9 h of sleep per night, whereas adults over 65 need 7–8 h, including naps [17].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is because sleep need decreases with age, but only up to 60 years, after which sleep need remains stable.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The recent position statement from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society12–15 broadly categorizes effects of insufficient sleep as pertaining to the following categories: general health, cardiovascular health, metabolic health, mental health, immunologic health, human performance, cancer, pain, and mortality.”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The downstream consequences of insufficient sleep duration and/or inadequate sleep quality (including sleep disorders and circadian misalignment of sleep) are varied and impact many physiologic systems.”
From Sleep, Health, and Society (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Citation 55 does not identify the consensus recommendation statement
MinorThe text cites reference 55 for the final consensus recommendation statement, but reference 55 is a different article. The recommendation statement is listed as reference 54.
“The final Consensus Recommendation Statement 55 resulted from the third round of voting.”
“55. Buysse DJ. Sleep health: can we define it? Does it matter? Sleep 2014;37:9-17.”
Citations
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Self-citationEffect of Sleep Deprivation on Response to Immunizaton
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Thompson, C. L., Larkin, E. K., Patel, S. R., Berger, N. A., Redline, S. S., & Li, L. (2010) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.25507 · Cited by 158
Self-citationHaack, M., Lee, E., Cohen, D. A., & Mullington, J. M. (2009) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.05.029 · Cited by 158
Sleep Disturbances in Midlife Unrelated to 32-Year Diabetes Incidence
Björkelund, C., Bondyr-Carlsson, D., Lapidus, L., Lissner, L., Månsson, J., Skoog, I., & Bengtsson, C. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.11.2739 · Cited by 158
Faraut, B., Boudjeltia, K. Z., Dyzma, M., Rousseau, A., David, E., Stenuit, P., Franck, T. J., Antwerpen, P. V., Vanhaeverbeek, M., & Kerkhofs, M. (2010) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.001 · Cited by 158
Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men
Broussard, J. L., Chapotot, F., Abraham, V., Day, A., Delebecque, F., Whitmore, H. R., & Tasali, E. (2015) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-015-3500-4 · Cited by 156
Self-citationMANCONI, M., FERRI, R., SAGRADA, C., PUNJABI, N. M., TETTAMANZI, E., ZUCCONI, M., OLDANI, A., CASTRONOVO, V., & FERINI-STRAMBI, L. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00801.x · Cited by 156
Duration, timing and quality of sleep are each vital for health, performance and safety
Czeisler, C. A. (2015) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.008 · Cited by 156
Shankar, A., Koh, W., Yuan, J., Hp, L., & Yu, M. C. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn281 · Cited by 156
Tiede, W., Magerl, W., Baumgärtner, U., Durrer, B., Ehlert, U., & Treede, R.-D. (2010) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2009.08.029 · Cited by 153
Basner, M., Spaeth, A. M., & Dinges, D. F. (2014) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4238 · Cited by 151
Self-citationLo, C., & Lee, P. (2012) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-10-72 · Cited by 150
Sleep and the affective response to stress and pain
Hamilton, N. A., Catley, D., & Karlson, C. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.288 · Cited by 149
Flagged first, then by citations
12 of the 386 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine. Accessed May 15, 2015. Available from: http://www.cebm.net/ocebm-levels-of-evidence/.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption
Medic, G., Wille, M., & Hemels, M. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s134864 · Cited by 1,776
Grandner, M. A. (2017) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2016.10.012 · Cited by 720
Self-citationSleep is essential to health: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine position statement
Ramar, K., Malhotra, R. K., Carden, K. A., Martin, J. L., Abbasi-Feinberg, F., Aurora, R. N., Kapur, V. K., Olson, E. J., Rosen, C. L., Rowley, J. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.9476 · Cited by 648
Self-citationRole of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Sleep quality: An evolutionary concept analysis
Nelson, K. L., Davis, J. E., & Corbett, C. F. (2021) · Nursing Forum · doi:10.1111/nuf.12659 · Cited by 733
Metadata
- Authors
- Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., Bliwise, D. L., Buxton, O. M., Buysse, D., Dinges, D. F., Gangwisch, J., Grandner, M. A., Kushida, C., Malhotra, R. K., Martin, J. L., Patel, S. R., Quan, S. F., Tasali, E., Twery, M., Croft, J. B., Maher, E., Barrett, J. A., Thomas, S. M., & Heald, J. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Chicago (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Watson, Nathaniel F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
- Published
- 2015-08-15
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 931-952
- ISSN
- 1550-9389 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9397
- PMC
- PMC4513271
- OpenAlex
- W1848122840
- Semantic Scholar
- b5833ccff040fc2272bb1591a53911db97a4351e
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 386
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 56 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10
- FWCI
- 52.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000430)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL110216)
- National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (1U50DP004930-01)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep duration, healthy adults, sleep need, sleep health, voting procedures
- MeSH terms
- Academies and Institutes, Adult, Humans, Research, Sleep, Societies, Medical, Time Factors, United States, Consensus, Sleep Medicine Specialty
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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