Cited by 7,180Memory and Neural MechanismsSpatial Cognition and NavigationCognitive Abilities and Testing

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Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat

Morris, Richard·1984·Journal of Neuroscience Methods

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Abstract

Developments of an open-field water-maze procedure in which rats learn to escape from opaque water onto a hidden platform are described. These include a procedure (A) for automatically tracking the spatial location of a hooded rat without the use of attached light-emitting diodes; (B) for studying different aspects of spatial memory (e.g. working memory); and (C) for studying non-spatial discrimination learning. The speed with which rats learn these tasks suggests that they may lend themselves to a variety of behavioural investigations, including pharmacological work and studies of cerebral function.

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Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions
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Self-citation
Hippocampus, space, and memory
Olton, D. S., Becker, J. T., & Handelmann, G. E. (1979) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00062713 · Cited by 2,018

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“The Morris Water Maze (MWM) was used to assess spatial reference memory [48] and was performed as previously described [21].”
Method
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Roflumilast Reduces Pathological Symptoms of Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease in Rats Produced by Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin by Inhibiting NF-κB/BACE-1 Mediated Aβ Production in the Hippocampus and Activating the cAMP/BDNF Signalling Pathway
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Retracted
Neuron Loss and Behavioral Deficits in the TBA42 Mouse Model Expressing N-Truncated Pyroglutamate Amyloid-β3–42
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Prolonged inactivation of the hippocampus reveals temporally graded retrograde amnesia for unreinforced spatial learning in rats
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Environmental Enrichment Protects Against Cognition Deficits Caused by Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy
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In vitro anti-cholinesterase and cognitive enhancing properties of essential oils from Piper nigrum L. and Monodora myristica (Gaertn) dunal
I J, O., S A, N., E E, E., F S, B., & E M, O. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.14419/ijpt.v6i2.13578 · Cited by 2

Authors: Morris, R.
Corresponding author: Morris, Richard
ORCID: Morris, Richard
Venue: Journal of Neuroscience Methods
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1984-05
Volume: 11
Issue: 1
Pages: 47-60
ISSN: 0165-0270 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/0165-0270(84)90007-4
OpenAlex: W2169473035
Cited by: 7,180
References: 2
Citations by year: 2026: 142 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 247 · 2023: 269 · 2022: 302 · 2021: 288 · 2020: 342 · 2019: 336 · 2018: 305 · 2017: 374 · 2016: 359 · 2015: 361 · 2014: 339 · 2013: 320 · 2012: 333
FWCI: 12.61
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience Methods (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Keywords: water maze, spatial learning, spatial memory, working memory, escape learning, automatic tracking, hooded rats, rat behavior
MeSH terms: Animals, Cues, Discrimination Learning, Escape Reaction, Female, Male, Neurophysiology, Orientation, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Swimming, Transfer, Psychology, Rats

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Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat

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