The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 32 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Cingulate-Precuneus Interactions: A New Locus of Dysfunction in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Pathophysiologic models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have focused on frontal-striatal circuitry with alternative hypotheses relatively unexplored. On the basis of evidence that negative interactions between frontal foci involved in cognitive control and the non-goal-directed "default-mode" network prevent attentional lapses, we hypothesized abnormalities in functional connectivity of these circuits in ADHD.Methods Resting-state blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans were obtained at 3.0-Tesla in 20 adults with ADHD and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers.Results Examination of healthy control subjects verified presence of an antiphasic or negative relationship between activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (centered at x = 8, y = 7, z = 38) and in default-mode network components. Group analyses revealed ADHD-related compromises in this relationship, with decreases in the functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex regions (p < .0004, corrected). Secondary analyses revealed an extensive pattern of ADHD-related decreases in connectivity between precuneus and other default-mode network components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p < 3 x 10(-11), corrected) and portions of posterior cingulate (p < .02, corrected).Conclusions Together with prior unbiased anatomic evidence of posterior volumetric abnormalities, our findings suggest that the long-range connections linking dorsal anterior cingulate to posterior cingulate and precuneus should be considered as a candidate locus of dysfunction in ADHD.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Resting-state functional connectivity in adults with ADHD showed reduced negative coupling between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and posterior default-mode regions, especially precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex. The authors propose cingulate–precuneus long-range connections as a candidate locus of dysfunction in ADHD.
Key findings
- Healthy controls showed an antiphasic/negative relationship between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC; centered at x=8, y=7, z=38) and default-mode network components.
- ADHD participants had significantly less negative dACC–precuneus/PCC connectivity (p<.0004, corrected; cluster = 13,436 mm³).
- Secondary analyses found ADHD-related decreases between precuneus and other default-mode components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p<3×10⁻¹¹, corrected) and portions of posterior cingulate (p<.02, corrected).
- Regression parameter estimates for the negative dACC–PCC/precuneus relationship were −0.23 ± 0.12 in healthy controls and −0.01 ± 0.15 in ADHD (t(38)=5.10, p=9.6×10⁻⁶; d=1.61, 95% CI 0.79–2.43), and across the whole sample correlated with ADHD symptoms (Pearson r between −0.61 and −0.54, n=38, p<.001).
Methods
- Resting-state BOLD fMRI at 3.0 Tesla in 20 adults with ADHD and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers; 9 ADHD patients were currently treated with stimulants, discontinued for at least one day before scanning.
- Seed-based functional connectivity analyses used three frontal ROIs (dACC, right inferior frontal gyrus, right medial frontal gyrus), GLM in FEAT, nuisance covariates, and mixed-effects group analyses in FSL/FLAME with cluster-level correction.
- A study-specific template was created for spatial normalization; secondary analyses used the precuneus/PCC region as a seed, and exploratory correlations examined symptom severity.
Limitations
- The paper states that no significant relationship was detected between connectivity estimates and inattention severity within the ADHD group, possibly because symptom ranges were restricted and inattentive/hyperactive symptoms were highly correlated (r=0.68).
- The authors note that undiagnosed learning disorders in ADHD participants may have contributed, though high educational attainment diminishes this concern; they also note divergence from a prior adolescent ADHD connectivity report and suggest differences in seed ROI, anti-correlations, and age group as possible explanations.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (20 per group), cross-sectional, and did not directly assess attentional lapses, working memory, response variability, medication response, or effective connectivity.
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20 Not checked yet · 13 Own result · 6 Own method · 3 Own interpretation · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Group analyses revealed ADHD-related compromises in this relationship, with decreases in the functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex regions (p<.0004, corrected).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary analyses revealed an extensive pattern of ADHD-related decreases in connectivity between precuneus and other default-mode network components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p<3×10−11, corrected) and portions of posterior cingulate (p<.02, corrected).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Examination of healthy controls verified presence of an antiphasic or negative relationship between activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (centered at x=8, y=7, z=38) and in default-mode network components.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Secondary analyses revealed an extensive pattern of ADHD-related decreases in connectivity between precuneus and other default-mode network components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p<3×10−11, corrected) and portions of posterior cingulate (p<.02, corrected).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 4 shows the distribution of regression parameter estimates for the negatively correlated relationship between dACC ROI and PCC/precuneus in the two groups (means ±SD −0.23 ± 0.12 and −0.01 ± 0.15 for healthy control and ADHD groups, respectively; t(38) = 5.10, p=9.6 × 10−6; d= 1.61, 95% CI 0.79 – 2.43).”
plaincorrelationaln = 38 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, despite our prediction, we did not detect significant relationships between the parameter estimates and severity of inattentive symptoms in the ADHD group (or the control group), presumably reflecting the highly restricted ranges of symptom counts within each group.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“We did not find a specific relationship between functional connectivity measures and inattention symptoms within the ADHD group, perhaps because inattentive and hyperactive symptoms, both of which were significantly negatively correlated with the regression parameter estimates, were highly correlated in our combined-type ADHD sample (r=0.68).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As the right panel of Figure 3 shows, the groups differed significantly in medial prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus (p<3×10−11, corrected) and also in PCC/precuneus (p<.02, corrected; see Table 3).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Iteratively using the precuneus/PCC region as a ‘seed’ for an additional regression analysis revealed ADHD-related decreases in connectivity among components of the default-mode network, notably between precuneus/PCC and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.”
plaincorrelationaln = 38- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By contrast, functional connectivity analyses of the dACC ROI demonstrated significantly less negatively correlated activity (p<.0004, corrected; 3989 cubic voxels 1.5mm per side =13,436mm3) in precuneus/PCC in subjects with ADHD (see Figure 2 and Table 2).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Consistent with our hypothesis that ADHD is associated with abnormalities in fronto-default-mode interactions implicated in preventing attentional lapses, we found ADHD-related decreases in functional connectivity between a dorsal ACC seed and posterior components of the default-mode network (i.e., precuneus and PCC).”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · boosted
“In summary, we found strong evidence of disconnection between an anterior cingulate control region implicated in ADHD (32, 37) and posterior components of the default-mode network, i.e., precuneus and PCC.”
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The regression parameter estimates were significantly negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms across the entire sample (Pearson correlation coefficients ranged between −0.61 and −0.54 (n=38, p<.001) for the childhood or adulthood symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity or inattention.”
plaincorrelationaln = 38 ·- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ACC was the only seed region to show significant group differences with decreased negative connectivity in ADHD compared to controls.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 20
- It may state two separate claims as one. 7
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although both rIFG and rMFG ROIs were significantly negatively related to precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in both groups (see Supplementary Figure 1), these relationships did not differentiate the groups significantly.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ADHD group also showed significantly less negatively correlated functional activity in ACC (BA 24, 31, 32) and medial frontal gyrus (BA 6) (p<0.00002, corrected) and in superior temporal gyrus (BA 22, 41; p<0.04, corrected), including claustrum and precentral gyrus (BA 43, 44).”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The positively correlated regions coincided with the default-mode network in controls, but the ADHD group lacked the anterior component of that network.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This method of functional connectivity (8), first applied to mapping the motor cortical system (9), provides remarkably detailed spatial maps of putatively functionally related regions (10).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Friston, 1994, Functional and effective connectivity in neuroimaging: A synthesis, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Biswal, 1995, Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI, Magn Reson Med source
- Not checked yetcites [10] Margulies, 2007, Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex, Neuroimage source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Momentary lapses in attention have been associated with failure to suppress activity in the ‘default-mode’ network (11).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Weissman, 2006, The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention, Nat Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants with ADHD met lifetime criteria for Combined Type ADHD; they were also administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) to rule out other axis I comorbid diagnoses.”
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptom data on this scale unavailable for two subjects diagnosed with combined type ADHD by clinical interview.”
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ‘default-mode’ network, first identified by Raichle et al. (12), is a large and robustly replicable network (13, 14, 15) that comprises medial ventral prefrontal cortex (MVPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus in the midline and which has been linked to non-goal-directed processes (16).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Raichle, 2001, A default mode of brain function, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [13] Greicius, 2004, Default-mode activity during a passive sensory task: Uncoupled from deactivation but impacting activation, J Cogn Neurosci source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Fransson, 2005, Spontaneous low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations: An fMRI investigation of the resting-state default mode of brain function hypothesis, Hum Brain Mapp source
- Not checked yetcites [15] Damoiseaux, 2006, Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ‘default-mode’ network, first identified by Raichle et al. (12), is a large and robustly replicable network (13, 14, 15) that comprises medial ventral prefrontal cortex (MVPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus in the midline and which has been linked to non-goal-directed processes (16).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Raichle, 2007, A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea, Neuroimage source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All participants were evaluated with the Adult ADHD Clinical Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) Version1.2 (26), a semi-structured interview that probes for the presence, severity and impairment associated with ADHD symptoms in childhood and adulthood, and which has been validated with informant-only reports (27).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Kessler, 2006, The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Am J Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In order to optimize automated spatial normalization and avoid possible group differences related to registration errors (28), we created a study specific template based upon the approach employed in optimized voxel based morphometry protocols (28).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] Good, 2001, A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains, Neuroimage source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“However, as pointed out in a recent quantitative meta-analysis of functional imaging studies of ADHD (4), the focus on executive dysfunction and the frontal lobes has left alternative hypotheses unexplored.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [4] Dickstein, 2006, The neural correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ALE meta-analysis, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“All prospective participants were screened with the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90 R), to exclude a broad range of psychiatric psychopathology (25).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Deragotis, 1986
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Pathophysiological models of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have focused on prefrontal-striatal and mesolimbic circuits (1), based on findings of executive and motivational dysfunction (2, 3).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Castellanos, 2006, Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction, Trends Cogn Sci source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Willcutt, 2005, Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sonuga-Barke, 2005, Causal models of ADHD: from common simple deficits to multiple developmental pathways, Biol Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age, sex distributions and educational attainment did not differ significantly (p>.20).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The ‘default-mode’ network, first identified by Raichle et al. (12), is a large and robustly replicable network (13, 14, 15) that comprises medial ventral prefrontal cortex (MVPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and precuneus in the midline and which has been linked to non-goal-directed processes (16).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Raichle, 2001, A default mode of brain function, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Repeating our analyses using the standard adult 152 brain MNI template rather than the study specific template yielded nearly identical results.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The starting point for the present study was the finding that decreased cue-related activation in three prefrontal regions predicted slower response times and decreased default-mode network suppression in healthy adult volunteers (11), suggesting potential control loci for default-mode regulation.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] Weissman, 2006, The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention, Nat Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A psychiatrist (AK, MG) administered a semi-structured clinical interview to healthy comparison subjects to rule out all axis I psychiatric disorders, including presence of ADHD or learning disorders in childhood or adulthood.”
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Better performance on a working memory task has been reported to be positively related to the strength of functional connectivity between anterior and posterior default-mode components (VMPFC and PCC) (34).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Hampson, 2006, Brain connectivity related to working memory performance, J Neurosci source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First, ACC is functionally and structurally complex (35, 10); we ‘seeded’ an ACC subregion empirically linked to default-mode interactions, while the seed ROI used by Tian et al. comprised the entire dorsal ACC.”
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Second, Tian et al. did not differentiate the anti-phase relationships (“anti-correlations”) (24, 14) that accounted for our findings.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Fox, 2005, The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source
- Not checked yetcites [14] Fransson, 2005, Spontaneous low-frequency BOLD signal fluctuations: An fMRI investigation of the resting-state default mode of brain function hypothesis, Hum Brain Mapp source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We produced individual subject-level maps of all positively- and negatively-predicted voxels for each regressor, correcting for multiple comparisons at the cluster level using Gaussian random field theory (min Z>2.3; cluster significance: p<0.05, corrected).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Cortical connectivity should be reciprocal.
“Based on the assumption that cortical connectivity should be reciprocal (29), we used the timeseries corresponding to the”
“Based on the assumption that cortical connectivity should be reciprocal (29), we used the timeseries corresponding to the region which differed significantly between groups in our primary analyses, and derived the corresponding positively and negatively predicted networks and their significant group differences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Standard task-based functional imaging studies depend on the precise specification of underlying neuropsychological deficits.
“Additionally, standard task-based functional imaging studies depend on the precise specification of underlying neuropsychological deficits.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“this brain region is underactive in many patients with ADHD”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In patients with ADHD, the white matter tracts that link the PFC to other brain regions also appear less well organized (Casey et al., 2007; Makris et al., 2008), and functional connectivity is reduced (Castellanos et al., 2008).”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Several imaging studies have shown that the dorsolateral PFC has a smaller volume and reduced activity in patients with ADHD compared with controls (Castellanos et al., 2002; Castellanos et al., 2008; Mostofsky et al., 2002; Rubia et al., 1999; Seidman et al., 2005).”
From Catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical function: Relevance to treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and related disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Connections to the default network were atypical in ADHD in all the three subgroups, corroborating previous findings of atypical connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and regions of the default network in a group of children with ADHD combined type (which shared some participants with the current study) (Costa Dias et al., 2012), and of atypical integration of this network in ADHD (Castellano”
From Characterizing heterogeneity in children with and without ADHD based on reward system connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Previous studies suggest systems that are positively correlated may be interpreted as integrated systems, while the ones negatively correlated may be highly segregated (Castellanos et al., 2008, Fox et al., 2005, Fox et al., 2009).”
From Characterizing heterogeneity in children with and without ADHD based on reward system connectivity (2015) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the group difference in the WM correlation was in the opposite direction within three other regions. These regions included ventromedial PFC (BA10), which has been implicated in “default mode” processing (38).”
From Attentional Control Activation Relates to Working Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2010) · cites this paper as [38]
In the citing paper
“The default mode network is implicated in ADHD (Fair et al., 2010) and is associated with poorer attentional regulation in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008).”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Another example includes assessment of the default mode network, which is another promising target for mindfulness (Sood & Jones, 2013) and is implicated in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010)”
From Mindfulness Meditation Training for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adulthood: Current Empirical Support, Treatment Overview, and Future Directions (2015) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“When comparing ADHD participants to controls, some data suggest, reduced functional activity and connectivity within the DFN during rest (Castellanos et al., 2008; Uddin et al., 2008b), but others report an overactive DFN during quiescence (Tian et al., 2006; Tian et al., 2008).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Castellanos et al (2008) found that a group of adults with ADHD had reduced negative correlation with a region in the DMN (precuneus/ posterior cingulate gyrus).”
From Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al (2008)
In the citing paper
“Rs-fcMRI has been used to study brain functional connectivity in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010), but studies focusing on cortical-subcortical connections remain infrequent.”
From Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“in the first section we found that NAcc is atypically connected to several cortical regions in children with ADHD, including regions previously shown to present atypical correlated spontaneous activity in adults and children with the disorder (Castellanos et al., 2008; Fair et al., 2010; Mills et al., 2012).”
From Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2013) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Functional hyperconnectivity in clinical populations is increasingly interpreted as reflecting delayed or stunted maturational processes.”
From Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism (2011) · cites this paper as [67]
In the citing paper
“increased local and reduced long-range FC- characteristic of immature development- has been reported to be widespread in Tourette’s disorder (along with two anomalous circuits) (67) and was also found in ADHD (68).”
From Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism (2011) · cites this paper as [67]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ RESULTS
“The regression parameter estimates were significantly negatively correlated with ADHD symptoms across the entire sample (Pearson correlation coefficients ranged between −0.61 and −0.54 (n=38, p<.001) for the childhood or adulthood symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity or inattention.”
§ RESULTS
“means ±SD −0.23 ± 0.12 and −0.01 ± 0.15 for healthy control and ADHD groups, respectively”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ RESULTS
“ADHD-Related Decreases in Negatively-Correlated Functional Connectivity with Precuneus/Posterior Cingulate Regions Region BA x y z Cluster Size (# Voxels) Cluster Significance Peak Z-scores Medial Frontal Gyrus * 9 −4 45 25 13,479 p=3 ×10 −11 , corrected -”
§ RESULTS
“The positively correlated regions coincided with the default-mode network in controls, but the ADHD group lacked the anterior component of that network. As the right panel of Figure 3 shows, the groups differed significantly in medial prefrontal cortex and superior frontal gyrus (p<3×10−11, corrected) and also in PCC/precuneus (p<.02, corrected; see Table 3).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ METHODS
“rIFG: x=34, y=45, z=23; rMFG: x=49, y=19, z=0”
§ Supplementary Material
“right medial frontal gyrus (rMFG; BA10; x=34, y=45, z=19), and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG; BA47; x=49, y=18, z=−1)”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Castellanos, F. X., Margulies, D. S., Kelly, C., Uddin, L. Q., Ghaffari, M., Kirsch, A., Shaw, D., Shehzad, Z., Di Martino, A., Biswal, B., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Rotrosen, J., Adler, L. A., & Milham, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- New York University (US)
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (US)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Castellanos, F. Xavier
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 332-337
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2745053
- OpenAlex
- W2023981958
- Cited by
- 854
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 48 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 66 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 26.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r21mh066393-03, 5t32mh067763-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (5T32MH067763, 5R21MH066393, R01MH083246, R21-MH066393, T32MH-067763)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016979)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, default mode network, functional connectivity, resting-state functional connectivity, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, adult ADHD
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain Mapping, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Oxygen, Case-Control Studies, Prefrontal Cortex
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