The DOI matches its Crossref record; 703 of the 703 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 153 of the 275 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Photonic quantum information processing: a review
Open accessAbstract
Photonic quantum technologies represent a promising platform for several applications, ranging from long-distance communications to the simulation of complex phenomena. Indeed, the advantages offered by single photons do make them the candidate of choice for carrying quantum information in a broad variety of areas with a versatile approach. Furthermore, recent technological advances are now enabling first concrete applications of photonic quantum information processing. The goal of this manuscript is to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of the state of the art in this active field, with a due balance between theoretical, experimental and technological results. When more convenient, we will present significant achievements in tables or in schematic figures, in order to convey a global perspective of the several horizons that fall under the name of photonic quantum information.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review surveys photonic quantum information processing across single-photon encoding and technologies, quantum communication, and quantum simulation. It synthesizes theoretical, experimental, and technological milestones, using tables and schematic figures to map the field.
Key findings
- The review organizes the field into three chapters: single-photon encoding and photonic technologies, quantum communication, and photonic quantum simulation.
- In quantum communication, it reports a dense-coding channel capacity of (1.665 ± 0.018), beating the linear-optics/entanglement limit log₂3 ≈ 1.585 bits; teleportation of single-photon qubits over 1400 km to a satellite; and 2018 decoy-state QKD between a low-Earth-orbit satellite and ground stations separated by 7600 km.
- In quantum simulation/BosonSampling, it notes four 2013 experiments with n = 3 photons and classical simulation up to 30 photons in 2017; quantum repeaters are classified into three generations, with type III transferring blocks of ∼200 qubits.
- Photonic technologies reviewed include single-photon sources in the 750–1550 nm range, integrated circuits, and detectors; the paper states current sources fulfill only a limited number of ideal requirements.
Methods
- Design: narrative review, not primary research; it aims for a balance among theoretical, experimental, and technological results.
- Data/sample: literature and reported achievements, presented in tables or schematic figures; no new sample or dataset is generated.
- Analysis: classification and synthesis into three chapters; no systematic review protocol or meta-analysis is stated.
Limitations
- Stated: the field evolves rapidly, making it “challenging to stay up-to-date” during completion; the classification includes works that “easily overlap.”
- Evident: as a review, it reports no original experiments or data, and no systematic search or inclusion criteria are described.
- Evident: coverage is selective and organized by the authors’ three-chapter framework, so it cannot be exhaustive.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
46 Not checked yet · 29 Couldn’t confirm · 27 No basis given · 20 Partly supported · 10 Own interpretation · 6 Sources not found · 6 No full text of the sources · 4 Mixed support · 3 Supported so far · 3 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Indeed, accurate control over these qubits for universal manipulation is possible with relatively low technological requirements when compared to other encoding schemes [37,122].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.1.2.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [37] Kaiser, 2014, Opt. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion describes precise control of polarization-entangled states, not path-encoded qubits. A search for path encoding found discussion of interferometer paths in the polarization-entanglement preparation stage, but no claim about universal manipulation of path-encoded qubits or their technological requirements relative to other encodings. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Disputedcites [122] Goyal, 2013, Sci. Rep. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that preparing and manipulating the paper’s path-separated single-rail qubits is problematic compared with OAM-encoded qudits. It also says general deterministic single- and two-qubit gates are unavailable for single-rail qubits, contrary to the claimed ease of universal manipulation. The paper assigns the advantage of standard preparation and manipulation techniques to OAM-encoded qudits, not these qubits. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“In the same year, Zhang et al. reported a faulttolerant implementation of quantum key distribution (see Section 2.2.3) with polarization encoding, capable to account for bit-flip errors and collective rotation of the polarization state, without the need for a calibration of the reference frame [387].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [387] Pfaff, 2014, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These features have unlocked a number of advancements in free-space quantum key distribution and quantum communication [67,81,86,[96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103] with high bit exchange rates [104,105].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [67] Giovannini, 2011, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says that studying OAM-qubit resilience in free-space propagation is important for quantum communication, and the Conclusions (page unavailable) call OAM qubits a useful communication resource. The paper does not report that alignment-free states unlocked advances in free-space quantum key distribution or achieved high bit exchange rates. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Forbes, 2016, Adv. Opt. Photonics source
- Partly supportedcites [86] Beltran, 2017, J. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes OAM as useful for information encoding and says correlated OAM modes can increase information capacity. The Discussion also mentions possible use in communications. Neither passage establishes alignment-free operation, advances in free-space quantum key distribution, or high bit exchange rates. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [104] Leonhard, 2017, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses OAM states in free-space quantum cryptography and reports prior quantum key distribution and entanglement distribution; the Conclusion suggests adaptive optics could improve OAM-based quantum communication. Neither section describes the states as alignment-free or establishes that they unlocked the claimed advancements. The high-bit-exchange-rate phrase has its own citations [104,105], so it is not attributed to this source by the printed sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [105] Jabir, 2017, Sci. Rep. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes polarization–OAM hybrid entanglement as useful for quantum information and identifies quantum communication and cryptography as applications of entanglement. It does not report alignment-free OAM states unlocking advances in free-space quantum key distribution or quantum communication. The high-bit-rate clause has separate citations in the citing sentence and is not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“However, their cost, the selectivity in wavelength and the hardness to generate qudits still limit their applicability [49].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [49] Steinlechner, 2017, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses adaptive-optics challenges for orbital-angular-momentum encoding, and the Discussion describes a two-dimensional limit of the paper’s calcite-based measurements. Neither passage addresses spiral wave plates or their cost, wavelength selectivity, or difficulty generating qudits. Searches for those specific terms found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, an integrated manipulation of polarization qubits requires ad-hoc designs that represent additional challenges, as demonstrated for instance by the fabrication of rotated waveplates in integrated femtosecond laser-written circuits [20,123].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.1.2.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [20] Bliokh, 2015, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section on anisotropic structures (p. 12) describes designed elements for controlling light’s polarization, but does not address integrated polarization-qubit manipulation or its fabrication challenges. Searches for integrated circuits, polarization qubits, and femtosecond laser-written waveplates found no passage establishing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked yetcites [123] Ding, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, photonic 'flying' qubits encoded in OAM can be prepared in alignment-free states [67,95], being insensitive to rotation of the reference frame.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [67] Giovannini, 2011, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) says single-photon qubits can be encoded in OAM, supporting that part of the claim. The paper studies resilience to transverse obstructions that mimic optical misalignments, not insensitivity to rotation of the reference frame; our copy does not establish the claimed alignment-free property. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [95] Ibrahim, 2013, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes OAM-encoded photonic qubits as candidates for free-space quantum communication, and Section IV models photons encoded in OAM modes. Neither passage establishes that these qubits can be prepared in alignment-free states or are insensitive to rotation of the reference frame; the paper instead examines distortion from atmospheric turbulence. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Together, the three pairs of states form a set of mutually unbiased bases encoded in polarization [15], at the core of several applications that we will overview in the following sections.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > System Quantity Encoding
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [15] Xiang, 2013, Rev. Mod. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The supplied passage from “II. Elements in Hybrid Quantum Circuits—B. Spins” discusses spin qubits, not polarization-state bases. Further searches for “mutually unbiased” and polarization-state pairs found no passage in our copy addressing whether three pairs of polarization states form mutually unbiased bases; the returned passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Lastly, interesting possibilities are offered by the qplate (QP), a device built on liquid crystals, polymers or sub-wavelength gratings that allows to manipulate OAM depending on the input polarization state [46,51,54,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [46] Vallone, 2009, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The conclusion (page unavailable) mentions orbital angular momentum only as a possible degree of freedom for future work. The experimental-setup passage describes a quarter-wave plate, not a q-plate. Searches for q-plates and polarization-dependent OAM manipulation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Kwiat, 1997, J. Mod. Opt. source
- Could not verifycites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 4.3 (page unavailable) discusses a vortex phase plate and spatial light modulator changing OAM, not a q-plate. Section 2.1 (page unavailable) uses polarization optics to control the spectrometer’s pulse-energy distribution, but does not say that OAM manipulation depends on input polarization. Searches for q-plates and polarization-dependent OAM manipulation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, its resilience to noise acting on polarization, such as depolarizing media or decoherence and mode dispersion, makes time-bin a good candidate for applications in state teleportation [131][132][133], quantum communication and quantum key distribution, both free-space and in-fiber [134][135][136][137].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.1.3. Encoding in time -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [131] Matthews, 2009, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes path-encoded qubits in waveguides (p. 1) and broadly mentions enhanced communication security (p. 1). Its Discussion (p. 4) proposes quantum-information applications, but the passages found do not address time-bin encoding, resistance to polarization noise, or its suitability for teleportation and free-space or fiber communication. Searches for those terms found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [132] Shadbolt, 2012, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory section mentions prior manipulation of time-bin qubits, and the References list a quantum key distribution experiment. Neither passage addresses time-bin encoding’s resilience to polarization noise or its suitability for teleportation and free-space or in-fiber communication; searches for those properties found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [133] Carolan, 2015, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Universal Linear Optics section (pp. 1–2) discusses polarization and path encoding and photonic quantum gates, but not the claimed advantage of time-bin encoding. Searches for time-bin encoding, polarization-noise resilience, teleportation, and quantum key distribution found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [134] Corrielli, 2014, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes polarization-encoded information and mentions quantum key distribution as a possible application of integrated waveplates. Neither the supplied passages nor searches for time-bin encoding, polarization noise, and free-space or fiber communication found a passage addressing time-bin resilience or the claimed applications of time-bin encoding. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [135] Silverstone, 2014, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s on-chip interference section (page unavailable) discusses path- and colour-entangled photon pairs; its off-chip HOM measurements discuss matching photon polarisation, not time-bin encoding’s resilience to polarisation noise. Searches for time-bin encoding and quantum key distribution found no passage in our copy linking that resilience to teleportation, communication, or free-space and fibre applications. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [136] Jin, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The chip-characterization passage (section “2 ' C”; page unavailable) describes controlling photon polarization and arrival time for a Hong–Ou–Mandel experiment, not time-bin encoding. Searches for time-bin resilience, polarization noise, teleportation, and free-space or fiber quantum communication found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [137] Harris, 2014, Phys. Rev. X sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion and Outlook says the source could enable quantum-key-distribution devices based on time-energy entanglement. It does not say that time-bin encoding resists polarization noise or establish its suitability for free-space and fiber communication; the only explicit time-bin mention is the title of another work in the References. The teleportation citations attach to a different part of the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In this sense, single photons can also turn effective as mediators between distant matter qubits, as already reported with single trapped ytterbium ions [371], quantum dots [372], rare-earth-ion doped crystals [113] or diamond spin qubits [373].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [371] Yukawa, 2008, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation [113] is attached to the rare-earth-ion-doped-crystal example. Our copy’s experimental-system passage (labeled Abstract; page unavailable) describes PPKTP crystals used to generate squeezed optical states, not rare-earth-ion-doped matter qubits. Searches for rare-earth-doped crystals and single-photon mediation found no passage addressing that example. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [372] Lee, 2011, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation [113] is attached specifically to the example of rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. The Abstract describes teleportation of nonclassical wave packets of light, and the Additional information describes optical crystals used in the apparatus; neither addresses photons mediating between distant matter qubits in rare-earth-ion-doped crystals. Searches for rare-earth ions, crystals, and matter qubits found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [113] Sit, 2017, Optica sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods section describes single photons used for quantum key distribution across a free-space link, not as mediators between matter qubits. Searches for rare-earth-ion-doped crystals and photon–matter entanglement found no passage in our copy addressing the part of the sentence cited to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Could not verify
- It may state two separate claims as one. 43
- Probably not a substantial claim. 34
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Among probabilistic sources we mention (a) parametric down-conversion (PDC) in bulk crystals [204], semiconductors [166,215], microresonators [183, 185] and optical waveguides [32, 172-175, 177-182, 209, 210, 212-214] and (b) four-wave mixing (FWM) in optical waveguides [184,189,211], few-mode fibers [186] and microdisks [187].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.1. Single-photon sources -
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [204] Portalupi, 2015, Nano Lett. source
- Partly supportedcites [166] Hayat, 2012, Opt. Express sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) identifies cavity parametric down-conversion as a way to obtain single-photon states, supporting the PDC portion of the claim. The paper does not substantiate the listed range of source platforms or the four-wave-mixing examples; it focuses on temporal encoding of PDC-generated photons. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Disputedcites [215] Khoshnegar, 2017, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to parametric down-conversion in semiconductors. The paper’s Abstract instead describes its semiconductor quantum-dot molecule as producing photon triplets by triple cascade recombination, and contrasts that approach with SPDC-based schemes. It does not present the quantum-dot molecule as a parametric down-conversion source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [183] Huntington, 2004, Phys. Rev. A source
- Supportedcites [185] Tian, 2016, J. Phys. Soc. Japan source
The Introduction describes spontaneous parametric down-conversion in nonlinear crystals, and the paper reports generating photon pairs with a crystal placed inside a cavity. It therefore supports the crystal-based PDC example for which it is cited; the other platforms in the sentence have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Entanglement swapping has also been tested with discrete [377,378] and continuous variables [354], or even with a hybrid approach [379].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [377] Krauter, 2013, Nat. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening section reports an experiment in continuous-variable quantum teleportation between distant atomic ensembles, not a test of entanglement swapping. A search for “entanglement swapping” and “swapping” found no passage in our copy addressing such a test. The other citations in the sentence are attached to the discrete-variable and hybrid approaches, so those are not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [378] Barrett, 2004, Nature source
- Disputedcites [354] Boschi, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s opening summary describes an experiment in teleporting unknown pure quantum states, not an entanglement-swapping test. Its description of the experiment specifies two photons and one EPR pair formed through path entanglement; the citation is attached to the discrete-variable entanglement-swapping claim, which is a different experiment. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Supportedcites [379] Sherson, 2006, Nature source
This citation is attached to the continuous-variables part of the sentence, not the discrete-variable or hybrid claims. The paper's main text (shown under Abstract, page not provided) explicitly states that later work demonstrated entanglement swapping for continuous variables. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Next to the discrete-variable schemes of the first demonstrations, teleportation was also reported on squeezed entangled states [352][353][354][355][356][357][358], for which a review is available [359].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [352] Raussendorf, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Disputedcites [353] Bouwmeester, 1997, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Next Steps (p. 6) identifies this experiment as transferring a photon's polarization state using polarization-entangled photon pairs, not squeezed entangled states. The Results (p. 5) likewise report teleportation of photon polarization states. The cited paper therefore describes a different kind of demonstration from the one attributed to it here. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Disputedcites [354] Boschi, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The experimental description (page unavailable) says the EPR pair for teleportation is provided by photon path (k-vector) entanglement. The paper reports teleporting linearly and elliptically polarised states, not teleportation on squeezed entangled states. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [355] Furusawa, 1998, Science source
- Disputedcites [356] Jennewein, 2001, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes teleportation by entanglement swapping, but specifies that its experiment uses polarization-entangled photon pairs in Bell states (p. 2). That is a discrete-variable scheme, not teleportation on squeezed entangled states. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [357] Pan, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper reports high-fidelity teleportation through entanglement swapping (p. 1), so it supports the general point that teleportation was reported. But its experiment uses polarization-entangled photon pairs and Bell-state measurements (pp. 1, 3), not squeezed entangled states; that defining part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Disputedcites [358] Lombardi, 2002, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The experiment described in the paper (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) teleports entangled states in a vacuum–one-photon qubit, not squeezed entangled states. It explicitly describes the states used as simple single-photon states prepared with a beam splitter. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Single-photon qubits have been teleported on atomic ensembles [363,364] such as Caesium atoms [365] or 87 Rb atoms [366][367][368], on a pair of trapped calcium ions [369] or diamond [370].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [363] Ma, 2012, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Experiment section describes teleporting a single-photon state across a 143 km free-space optical link. It does not report teleportation onto caesium or rubidium atoms, trapped calcium ions, or diamond; the receiving system uses another photon. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Disputedcites [364] Yin, 2012, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Teleportation through one-link channel' section describes teleporting a photon's polarization state to another photon across a free-space optical link, not onto an atomic ensemble. The separate citations for caesium, rubidium, trapped ions and diamond are not attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [365] Ren, 2017, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The figure caption reports teleportation of single-photon qubits from a ground observatory to a satellite. The paper does not report teleportation onto caesium or rubidium ensembles, trapped calcium ions, or diamond, so it supports the general teleportation point but not the listed destinations. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Disputedcites [366] Zhang, 2003, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusion describe this paper’s experiment as continuous-variable teleportation of optical fields, using squeezed beams and coherent-state inputs. That is contrary to attributing to it teleportation of single-photon qubits on atomic ensembles, trapped calcium ions, or diamond. The passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Could not verifycites [367] Bowen, 2003, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Our copy describes teleportation of optical-field quadratures and modulation sidebands of a bright beam (Abstract; page unavailable). Searches for atomic ensembles, caesium, rubidium, calcium ions, diamond, and single-photon qubits found no passage reporting the claimed teleportations. The paper’s different experimental system does not establish that those teleportations did not occur. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [368] Takei, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract reports teleportation of a coherent optical state and mentions earlier experiments with photonic qubits and atomic qubits separately. Neither that passage nor the additional passages searched for Caesium, 87Rb, trapped calcium ions, diamond, and atomic ensembles addresses teleporting single-photon qubits onto any of the listed systems. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Since 2015, a number of alternative schemes have been proposed: driven BosonSampling, where the input photons are generated within the interferometer [585], BosonSampling with microwave photons [586] or squeezed states [587,588], one using Gaussian measurements and the symmetry of the evolution under time reversal [589,590], and one time-bin loop-based [150]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > . State-of-the-art classical simulation of
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [585] Broome, 2013, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation [150] is attached to the time-bin loop-based scheme. The experimental-scheme description (p. 2) instead identifies this paper’s circuit as using spatial and polarization modes with integrated optical-fibre beam splitters, not a time-bin loop. The cited paper also predates the sentence’s “Since 2015” timeframe. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Could not verifycites [586] Crespi, 2013, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation [150] is attached specifically to the time-bin loop-based scheme. The paper’s experimental description (p. 2) reports a three-photon experiment in a five-mode integrated photonic chip; searches for time bins and optical loops found no passage addressing a time-bin loop-based scheme. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Disputedcites [587] Tillmann, 2013, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this paper is attached specifically to the time-bin loop-based scheme. Instead, the paper’s Experiment section (p. 2) describes three photons entering a five-mode integrated waveguide circuit, and its optical-network description (p. 3) specifies spatial input and output modes, not a time-bin loop. The paper is also dated 2013, not since 2015. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Could not verifycites [588] Aaronson, 2015, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses BosonSampling experiments and robustness to losses, while the Summary and Open Problems addresses photon loss in the network. Searches for the named alternative schemes found no passage in our copy discussing driven, microwave-photon, squeezed-state, Gaussian-measurement, or time-bin loop-based BosonSampling. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While, in fact, polarization encoding requires to resolve only two components, which can be done easily by means of waveplates and polarizing beam splitters, the number of OAM modes is potentially unbounded and as such challenging to characterize [68].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [68] Nape, 2017, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section says OAM offers an infinitely large Hilbert space, supporting the claim that the number of modes is potentially unbounded. The paper does not say that this makes OAM modes challenging to characterize; its detection scheme addresses a selected two-mode subspace. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Besides quantum communication, timebin encoding has been proposed as a suitable scheme also for quantum walks [146-148] and for photonic BosonSampling [149, 150] (see Section 3.2).”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.1.3. Encoding in time -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [146] Marcikic, 2004, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes time-bin encoding for quantum communication and reports transmission of entangled photons over optical fiber (pp. 1, 4). Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [147] Tang, 2016, Chin. Phys. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s main text describes a time-bin phase-encoding scheme for measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution. Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage addressing either proposed application, so our copy does not verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [148] Gündoǧan, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper discusses storing time-bin qubits and describes them as a resource for quantum communication and processing (Abstract section; page unavailable). Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application, so our copy does not verify the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
- Could not verifycites [149] Donohue, 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The BosonSampling part of the citing sentence is the relevant attribution; quantum walks have separate citations. Our copy’s Introduction discusses time-bin encoding for communication and fundamental experiments, and its supplementary section discusses higher-dimensional time-bin states, but neither addresses BosonSampling. Searches for “BosonSampling” and “boson sampling” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Could not verifycites [150] Marcikic, 2002, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section II describes time-bin qubits, and the Introduction discusses their use in long-distance quantum communication. Searches for quantum walks and photonic BosonSampling found no passage proposing time-bin encoding for either application; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“At a fundamental level, OAM has enabled researches on optimal quantum cloning of OAM-encoded qubits [66,81] and photonic quantum walks in the orbital angular momentum states, with theoretical analyses [82,83] and experimental demonstrations [51,54,60].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [66] Zhang, 2010, Phys. Rev. A source
The Introduction and Experimental Scheme describe a proposed photonic quantum walk using OAM states as positions, and the Abstract calls it a proposed scheme. In the citing sentence, this paper supports the theoretical-analysis portion of the quantum-walk claim; the cloning and experimental-demonstration portions have separate citations. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [81] Forbes, 2016, Adv. Opt. Photonics source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [82] Zhao, 2017, Opt. Lett. source
- Could not verifycites [83] Piccirillo, 2015, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Experimental demonstration; page unavailable) describe measurements of the moments of OAM superpositions, not cloning or photonic quantum walks. The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies the demonstration as a classical-optics experiment. Searches for quantum walks and cloning found no passage addressing the research attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Kwiat, 1997, J. Mod. Opt. source
- Could not verifycites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes OAM applications, and the Experimental implementation and Conclusions describe a time-mapping OAM spectrometer. None addresses optimal cloning of OAM-encoded qubits or photonic quantum walks; searches for those topics found no relevant passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Supportedcites [60] Cardano, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
The citation is offered for an experimental demonstration of a photonic quantum walk in OAM states, not for quantum cloning. The Results sections on the quantum-walk protocol and experimental results describe an OAM-encoded walker and measurements after a six-step walk, alongside theoretical predictions. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Several approaches for single-photon sources have been developed in the last decades (see Table 2) [172][173][174][175].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.1. Single-photon sources -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [172] Menicucci, 2010, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passages labeled Abstract discuss approaches to producing continuous-variable cluster states, not single-photon sources. Searches for single-photon sources and generation found no passage addressing the cited claim; the paper’s mention of photon counting concerns detection, not source development. No page numbers are supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [173] Menicucci, 2011, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction discusses several methods for constructing continuous-variable cluster states, not approaches for single-photon sources. The Discussion likewise concerns cluster-state generation; searches for “single-photon sources” and “single photon source generation” found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [174] Yokoyama, 2013, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text discusses approaches to generating continuous-variable cluster states and notes probabilistic photon-pair generation, but it does not discuss the development of several approaches to single-photon sources. A search for single-photon sources and single-photon generation found no passage addressing that claim; no page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [175] Chen, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract describes generating multipartite entanglement in optical frequency-comb modes, not approaches for single-photon sources. Searches for “single-photon sources” and “single photon source generation heralded photons” found no passage in our copy addressing the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Polarization encoding has always played an important role in a significant number of investigations in quantum information, ranging from quantum simulation [16,17] to quantum computation [18][19][20][21][22] and communication [23,24].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > System Quantity Encoding
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Braunstein, 2014, Rev. Mod. Phys. source
This citation appears in the quantum-computation group of references. The section on polarization and spin representations (p. 10) describes encoding quantum information in optical polarization variables, and the experimental dense-coding section (p. 59) reports a conditional quantum gate that used polarization-mode encoding. Together, these support the cited example of polarization encoding in quantum information processing. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [17] Martínez-Herrero, 2010, Opt. Express sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions discuss polarization as a component of light-beam angular momentum, not polarization encoding in quantum information. Searches for quantum computation and for quantum simulation, computation, and communication found no passage addressing those applications. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [18] Kok, 2010 source
- Partly supportedcites [19] Bliokh, 2015, Phys. Rep. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.3 (p. 33) identifies quantum information as a potential application of polarization-related spin-direction locking. It does not establish that polarization encoding has played an important role across quantum simulation, computation, and communication; the passage describes a potential application, not that broader history. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [20] Bliokh, 2015, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introduction (p. 1) identifies polarization as a photon degree of freedom, and the Concluding remarks (p. 17) say spin degrees of freedom promise applications in optical communications and quantum information processing. The paper does not establish that polarization encoding has already played an important role across quantum simulation, computation, and communication; it frames the applications chiefly as prospective and does not address simulation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Partly supportedcites [21] Hou, 2015, Opt. Express sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes applications of mutually unbiased bases in quantum key distribution and quantum state estimation, and §2.1 describes measurements on polarization qubits in optical experiments. This supports the broad point that polarization is important in quantum-information work, but the paper does not establish the claimed range extending to quantum simulation and computation. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Supportedcites [22] Sansoni, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
The paper describes a quantum-walk simulation using two-photon polarization-entangled states (main text, pp. 3–4). This supports its citation as an example of polarization-based quantum simulation; the sentence cites other works for computation and communication. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [23] Matthews, 2013, Sci. Rep. source
This paper is cited among the quantum-simulation examples, not for the separately cited computation and communication examples. Its Abstract describes using polarisation entanglement in a photonic chip to simulate particle statistics, so it supports the part of the sentence attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites [24] Walther, 2005, Nature source
The citation is attached to quantum computation, not to the separate examples of simulation or communication. In “Experimental One-Way Quantum Computing” (pp. 3, 7), the paper identifies photon polarization as its physical qubits and reports implementing quantum circuits and a search algorithm with a four-photon cluster state. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“In this direction, a spectrum analyzer is a device capable to measure the instantaneous power and phase distributions of OAM components [48,52,[69][70][71][72][73][74].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [48] Chen, 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The indexed passages (labeled Abstract; page not provided) describe polarization-based quantum key distribution and measurements of photon states. Searches for an OAM spectrum analyzer and for measurements of OAM-mode power and phase found no passage addressing the claimed capability. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [52] Cardano, 2012, Appl. Opt. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Experiment section (page unavailable) describes CCD-based polarization tomography and reconstruction of a beam’s polarization pattern, not an OAM spectrum analyzer. Searches for instantaneous power and phase measurements of OAM components found no passage in our copy addressing that capability. (LLM, conf=0.77)
- Partly supportedcites [69] D’Errico, 2017, Optica sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) explains how interference images yield the complex coefficients of OAM components, supporting measurement of their power and phase. It says full decomposition requires four images and interferometric stability; it does not establish that the distributions are measured instantaneously. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Path-encoded qubits, as well as qudits [119], are perfectly fit for photonic integrated circuits, since waveguide arrays inherently implement a spatial separation and coupling between modes is easily accomplished with directional couplers.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.1.2.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [119] Garcia-Escartin, 2012, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section IV (Information Encoding; page unavailable) distinguishes path from the polarization degree of freedom used to encode the paper’s qubits. Searches for qudits, photonic integrated circuits, waveguide arrays, and directional couplers found no passage addressing the cited claim. Section VIII discusses limitations of OAM-based networks, not the suitability of path-encoded states for integrated circuits. (LLM, conf=0.75)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Two methods can be adopted to circumvent the issue of noisy channels: to increase the resilience of a protocol to losses and noise [380][381][382] (two-way classical communications), or to decrease their influence by encoding information in immune states (decoherence-free subspaces, DFS), for both quantum computation [383] and quantum communication tasks [384].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [380] Chen, 2008, Nat. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text says the teleportation fidelity is insensitive to photon losses, supporting the loss-resilience part of the clause to which this paper is cited. The Figure 1 description says Bell-state measurement results are sent from Alice to Bob over a classical channel; it does not describe two-way classical communication as the source of resilience, or establish resilience to channel noise generally. The decoherence-free-subspace method is cited separately in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [381] Nölleke, 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes teleportation as an alternative to direct transfer over lossy channels, and the Efficiency of the protocol section says successful transfers are heralded. This supports the loss-resilience part of the cited clause, but our copy does not establish the claimed use of two-way classical communication or general resilience to channel noise. The DFS clause is cited to other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [382] Bao, 2012, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Experimental details (page unavailable) describe heralded state preparation, a trigger for successful teleportation, and classical measurement results sent to node B. These support the use of classical signaling in a heralded protocol, but the paper does not establish the cited claim that two-way classical communication increases resilience to channel losses and noise. The decoherence-free-subspace alternative is attributed to other citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [383] Riebe, 2004, Nature source
- Could not verifycites [384] Hou, 2016, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation appears to support using decoherence-free subspaces for quantum communication. The Results (Photon-to-phonon teleportation scheme; Experimental realization of teleportation) describe teleportation and measured noise, but do not describe encoding information in decoherence-free subspaces to protect it from noisy channels. Searches for decoherence-free subspaces and protected encoding found no passage addressing that method. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Importantly, their scheme was also alignmentfree, i.e. with no need for a shared reference frame, and dense coding quantum teleportation entanglement swapping entanglement purification decoherence-free subspaces insensitive to phase fluctuations in the interferometer.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [42] Rojas-Rojas, 2014, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Experimental Results discuss polarization-dependent propagation in waveguide arrays; the Conclusion describes a compact polarizing beam splitter. Searches for an alignment-free scheme, a shared reference frame, and interferometer phase fluctuations found no passage addressing the attributed claim about Chen et al. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Other significant features reported in their work were the capability to extend the scheme to multipartite states, thanks precisely to the state-independence, and its applicability also with single-mode fibers.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [388] Khalique, 2014, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions describe Khalique and Sanders’s entanglement-swapping model, not features of Yamamoto et al.’s work. Searches for Yamamoto, multipartite states, state-independence, and single-mode fibers found no passage in our copy addressing the attributed capabilities. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“On the above platforms, photonic circuits can be implemented [243,244] according to linear-optical interferometric schemes capable to perform arbitrary unitary evolutions [245,246], or designs optimized for Fourier and Hadamard transformations [241, 244].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Femtosecond laser writing (FLW).
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [243] Ding, 2017, npj Quantum Inf. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Experimental results section (page unavailable) describes a silicon photonic circuit using cascaded Mach–Zehnder interferometers and phase shifters to prepare and measure quantum states. This supports the citation as an example of an implemented interferometric circuit, but our copy does not identify its design as optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations. The arbitrary-unitary claim is attached to different citations. (LLM, conf=0.80)
- Partly supportedcites [244] Harris, 2017, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The processor description (p. 3) supports citing this paper as an example of an implemented photonic interferometric circuit: it reports 88 Mach–Zehnder interferometers and programmable phase shifters. The Discussion (p. 6) discusses arbitrary unitary operators as a possibility using embedded circuits, but our copy does not report a design optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations, the other part of the sentence citing this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [245] Taballione, 2018, 8×8 programmable quantum photonic processor based on silicon nitride waveguides source
- Partly supportedcites [246] Tanzilli, 2012, Laser Photonics Rev. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section VI (page not provided) describes integrated photonic circuits and says a spatial Hadamard gate can be realized with a 50/50 directional coupler. The cited paper does not substantiate the Fourier-transform design attributed to it. The arbitrary-unitary claim is attached to different citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [241] Poot, 2016, Opt. Express sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Section 8 describe integrated SiN photonic circuits and characterize a linear-optical CNOT circuit, supporting the citation for implementing photonic circuits. The paper does not describe designs optimized for Fourier or Hadamard transformations, which the citing sentence also attributes to this source. Its Section 4 statement that beam splitters and phase shifters can generate any unitary operation is relevant background, but the citing sentence assigns that point to different references. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Additional features of their work were the use of backward propagation of coherent light in combination with single-photon states, and the violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality [316] to prove nonlocality in the transmission.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [389] Pan, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Could not verifycites [316] Schuck, 2016, Nat. Commun. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Experimental set-up; page unavailable) describe sending a telecom laser in reverse to optimize photon-pair generation, but do not describe Ikuta et al.'s work. Searches for Ikuta, backward propagation, CHSH, and nonlocality found no passage addressing the claimed test of nonlocality in transmission. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A solution to this issue consists in exploiting hyperentangled photons [44], leading to complete BM demonstrations in orbital angular momentum/polarization [324], momentum/polarization [325] and time/polarization [326,327].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Dense coding.
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [44] Fickler, 2012, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The OAM/polarization demonstration is the part of the citing sentence associated with this source; the momentum/polarization and time/polarization demonstrations have separate citations. The paper reports transferring polarization entanglement to OAM and verifying it with an entanglement witness (Abstract; Additional information), but the passages searched for complete Bell-state measurement do not describe such a demonstration. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [324] Stucki, 2011, New J. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this paper is attached to the time/polarization Bell-measurement demonstration. Section 2.4 describes a plug-and-play quantum key distribution system, not hyperentangled photons or a complete Bell measurement. Searches for those terms and for time/polarization found no passage addressing the attributed demonstration. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [325] Xu, 2009, Chin. Sci. Bull. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Citation [44] is attached to exploiting hyperentangled photons as a solution; the separate demonstration claims have other citations. Our copy’s Technical introduction (§1.1; page unavailable) describes a Faraday–Michelson interferometer for phase-coded quantum key distribution, not hyperentangled photons or complete Bell measurements. Searches for those terms found no passage addressing the attributed solution. (LLM, conf=0.77)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To this aim, in 2014 Bell et al. reported the experimental demonstration of a graph-state quantum secret sharing protocol [605], whose implementation was subsequently verified using the scheme in Ref. [604]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.3. Verification of quantum simulation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [605] Hamilton, 2017, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation to this paper, [604], is attached to the claim that a scheme verified the secret-sharing implementation, not to Bell et al.’s demonstration [605]. The Abstract and Conclusions describe Gaussian Boson Sampling, and searches for graph-state secret sharing and verification found no passage in our copy addressing that claim. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked yetcites [604] Peropadre, 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the scalability of parametric down-conversion sources and the relevance of non-ideal detectors' efficiencies have been addressed in Ref. [579] and investigated experimentally in 2015 with the Scattershot implementation [580,581]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > . State-of-the-art classical simulation of
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [579] Harrow, 2017, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Boson sampling section says parametric-downconversion sources scale poorly and describes scattershot sampling as an alternative using many sources. It also notes a scattershot implementation, but does not address non-ideal detector efficiencies specifically (searched: detector efficiency). The citing sentence assigns the 2015 experimental investigation to separate references, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Could not verifycites [580] Valiant, 1979, Theor. Comput. Sci. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Introduction (page numbers unavailable) address the computational complexity of the permanent, not optical sources or detectors. Searches for parametric down-conversion, detector efficiency, and Scattershot found no relevant passage in our copy. In the citing sentence, the experimental Scattershot claim is attached to [580,581], rather than [579]. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [581] Scheel, 2008, Acta Phys. Slovaca source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Recently the implementation of a lossy BosonSampling experiment has been reported [595]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.3. Verification of quantum simulation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [595] Rohde, 2012, Phys. Rev. A sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (page unavailable) discusses lossy BosonSampling theoretically and says experimentalists may be able to implement such a system. Searches for a reported implementation or experimental demonstration found no passage in our copy saying one had been reported. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“In 2016, further improvements led McCutcheon et al. to a verification of multipartite entanglement for photonic quantum networks, adopting two single-photon sources similar to Ref. [605] to produce three-and four-photon polarization encoded states [606]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.3. Verification of quantum simulation
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [606] Kruse, 2018, A detailed study of gaussian boson sampling source
- Could not verifycites [605] Hamilton, 2017, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions discuss Gaussian boson sampling and photonic inputs, not McCutcheon et al.’s entanglement experiment. Searches for McCutcheon, multipartite entanglement, and three- and four-photon polarization-encoded states found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Notwithstanding, two approaches exist to circumvent these issues: reducing the transmission loss using free-space communication [43,96,105,348,350,351,393-399] and decoherencefree subspaces [42,116,385,386,[388][389][390][391], or employing quantum repeaters.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.2.1. Quantum repeaters -
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [43] Bonneau, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The discussion of telecom networks (p. 2) and the conclusion on reducing losses in integrated circuits (p. 5) do not address free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, or quantum repeaters as ways to overcome transmission loss. Searches for those approaches and for transmission loss found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [96] Goyal, 2014, Sci. Rep. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract says quantum repeaters are needed for long-range quantum communication and discusses transmission through the atmosphere. It does not say that free-space communication reduces transmission loss or identify decoherence-free subspaces as an approach to that problem. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Could not verifycites [105] Jabir, 2017, Sci. Rep. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) discusses photon loss during orbital-angular-momentum imprinting and a method for generating hybrid entangled states, not transmission loss during communication. Searches for free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum repeaters found no passage in our copy supporting the approaches attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Partly supportedcites [348] Kalb, 2017, Science sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion and outlook (page unavailable) identifies encoding qubits into decoherence-protected subspaces as a possible improvement and describes entanglement distillation as a way to counteract decoherence in extended networks. It does not say that such subspaces reduce transmission loss, or present free-space communication and quantum repeaters as the two approaches claimed. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Could not verifycites [350] Gottesman, 1999, Nature sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s discussion of teleportation and fault-tolerant quantum gates (p. 1) does not address the proposed ways to reduce transmission loss. Searches for free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum repeaters found no passage in our copy that evaluates those approaches. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [351] Ishizaka, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract describes a multi-port quantum teleportation protocol, and the concluding passage discusses its asymptotic fidelity and use as a programmable processor (page numbers unavailable). Searches for transmission loss, free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum repeaters found no passage addressing the claimed approaches. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Partly supportedcites [393] Takeda, 2015, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The introductory passage (labelled Abstract; page unavailable) identifies entanglement swapping as a key element of long-distance quantum communication using quantum repeaters. The conclusion (also labelled Abstract) discusses transmission loss, but our copy does not describe free-space communication or decoherence-free subspaces as ways to reduce it. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Could not verifycites [394] Gottesman, 2003, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract discusses extending secure QKD distance by tolerating higher bit-error rates, and Section III discusses entanglement purification over a noisy channel. Neither passage addresses reducing transmission loss through free-space communication or decoherence-free subspaces, or using quantum repeaters; searches for those terms found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Could not verifycites [395] Xiang, 2010, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The main text discusses extending the range of quantum communication through entanglement distillation, but it does not describe the claimed approaches of free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, or quantum repeaters. Searches for those approaches and for transmission loss found no passage in our copy that establishes the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Could not verifycites [396] Kocsis, 2013, Nat. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s Abstract discusses transmission loss and heralded noiseless amplification as a way to mitigate it. Searches for free-space communication, decoherence-free subspaces, and quantum repeaters found no passage in our copy describing the two approaches attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Soon after its introduction, in 2013 four experimental demonstrations with n = 3 photons were re-ported [240, 567-569]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > . State-of-the-art classical simulation of
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [240] Flamini, 2015, Light Sci. Appl. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Could not verifycites [567] Rebentrost, 2009, New J. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and section 4 discuss environment-assisted quantum transport, not BosonSampling experiments. Searches for BosonSampling and three-photon demonstrations found no passage addressing the reported 2013 experiments. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Could not verifycites [568] Caruso, 2009, J. Chem. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s ‘B. Entanglement dynamics’ section discusses excitations in a light-harvesting complex, while ‘A. Destructive interference suppression’ uses a single-photon interferometer as an illustration. Searches for BosonSampling and four three-photon demonstrations in 2013 found no passage addressing the claim; no page numbers were available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked yetcites [569] Caruso, 2011, Phys. Rev. A source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The computational complexity for exact classical BosonSampling was given in the same year in Ref.[565] by Clifford and Clifford (CC): state-ofthe-art sampling time is equal, within a factor of 2, to computing the permanent of one single scattering matrix[566]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [565] Abouraddy, 2012, Phys. Rev. A source
- Could not verifycites [566] Lahini, 2008, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper’s experimental setup (p. 1) concerns light propagation in disordered optical waveguide lattices. Searches for BosonSampling, classical sampling time, matrix permanents, and Clifford and Clifford found no passage addressing the factor-of-two comparison attributed to citation [566]. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The second generation of QRs (II) employs (i) HEG to reduce the deterioration induced by losses and (ii) quantum error correction (QEC) to correct gate errors [414,415].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Table 5.
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [414] Briegel, 1998, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
- Supportedcites [415] Muralidharan, 2016, Sci. Rep. source
The Results section, under “Three generations of quantum repeaters,” states directly that second-generation QRs use HEG to suppress loss errors and QEC to correct operation errors. “Gate errors” is a reasonable paraphrase of operation errors here. (LLM, conf=0.95)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further results were reported also with continuous-time QWs, with the observation of two-photon quantum correlations [17,532,535,538], quantum Rabi model [35], floquet topological insulators [536], growth of entanglement in spin chains [529], Majorana dynamics [539], Fano interference [540] and Bloch oscillations [541].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [17] Martínez-Herrero, 2010, Opt. Express sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Conclusions discuss the angular momentum of nonparaxial light beams, not continuous-time quantum walks. Searches for the listed quantum-walk results, including Bloch oscillations, found no passage addressing them in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [532] Buluta, 2009, Science source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [535] Gräfe, 2016, J. Opt. source
- Partly supportedcites [538] Schreiber, 2011, Phys. Rev. Lett. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The passage labeled Abstract (page not provided) reports that an earlier study [14] observed quantum correlations during a simultaneous two-particle walk. It does not identify that result as a continuous-time, two-photon walk; this paper’s own experiment is a single-photon, discrete quantum walk. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [35] Müller, 2014, Nat. Photon. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s quantum-state-tomography passage reports measured polarization correlations between two photons as a signature of entanglement. It does not report continuous-time quantum walks, so it supports the two-photon-correlation portion of the cited claim but not the setting attributed to it. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [536] Venegas-Andraca, 2012, Chapter: Quantum walks: a comprehensive review sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The citation is attached to the two-photon correlations item, not to the later results in the sentence. The Conclusions report observed quantum correlations in photon walks and, separately, a two-photon continuous-time walk. Our copy does not explicitly say that the observed photon correlations were in a two-photon continuous-time walk. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Topological transitions have been also the focus of a recent study carried out with orbital angular momentum encoding [54].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [54] Bierdz, 2013, New J. Phys. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction describes an OAM-to-time mapping study, while §4.3.2 discusses topological charge error. Neither passage addresses a study focused on topological transitions; searches for “topological transitions” and “orbital angular momentum encoding topological phase transitions” found no such passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Could not verify
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current sources can fullfil only a limited number of the above requirements, while keeping very high performances for specific applications.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.1. Single-photon sources -
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Photons naturally fit this quantum revolution [5] as an effective system to process information: they propagate fast, do not interact with the environment and can be easily manipulated.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Ladd, 2010, Nature source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the so-called tuning condition, a qplate implements the transformations QP L / R |l = L / R |l ± 2q , i.e. it flips the qubit polarization in the circular basis and shifts the OAM of a quantity ∆l = ±2q.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, in the limit of paraxial waves of Eq.( 1), the SAM component interacts with anisotropic transparent systems such as birefringent crystals, which are consequently widely employed for polarization manipulation.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > System Quantity Encoding
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The ease and versatility of SLMs can be exploited in many applications ranging from optical communication [55,56] to holography-based optical tweezers [57,58].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Orbital angular momentum.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [55] D’Ambrosio, 2016, Photonic high dimensional systems and their applications in fundamental quantum mechanics, quantum information and quantum communication
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Willner, 2015, Adv. Opt. Photon. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Cardano, 2015, Sci. Adv. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Gruneisen, 2011, New J. Phys. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Photons are by far the most suitable physical system to implement flying qubits to deliver information: they experience negligible decoherence through free space or optical fibers, they allow a high spatial control, and the technology for linear-optical devices to manipulate qubits is accessible and at an advanced stage [316,317].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1. Protocols for quantum communication
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Schuck, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked yetcites [317] Beyer, 2015, Waveguide-coupled superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recently, in 2005 Jiang et al. reported a test of DFS against collective noise on polarization and phase with four two-qubit states again from PDC [386]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [386] Gao, 2013, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly to teleportation, photons offer a convenient solution for an implementation of the scheme.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In 2004, for instance, a single-mode discrete teleportation scheme using a quantum dot single-photon source has been demonstrated [345].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [345] Sheng, 2015, Sci. Rep. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si-based devices present a very high refractive index that allows for reduced-size circuits and that is suitable for nonlinear processes.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Silicon-on-Insulator (SoI).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the very low energy of a single photon (∼ 10 -19 J), a PNR detector requires high gain and low noise to be able to discriminate the correct number.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.3. Single-photon detectors -Photodetectors are
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Entanglement purification is a key ingredient also in quantum computation, such as for quantum errorcorrection protocols, in quantum cryptography and quantum teleportation.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Entanglement purification.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One further requirement for a reliable and practical quantum communication is the capability of storing information for subsequent uses.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the probability of success is 50% lower than the one with CNOT gates, the quality of these optical elements allow for a purification with much higher precision and control.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Entanglement purification.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Si-based platforms, including silicon (Si), silicon nitride (SiN) and silicon carbide (SiC), are advanced platforms whose development benefits from the know-how given by electronics technologies [235].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Silicon-on-Insulator (SoI).
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [235] Crespi, 2011, Nat. Commun. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Si-based SPADs exhibit good performances with visible light but still suffer in the infrared window, due to the incompatibility between good IR absorption and low-noise.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.3. Single-photon detectors -Photodetectors are
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The original approach was based on CNOT operations [328]; few years later a simpler solution was introduced [329] and verified experimentally [330] based on only polarizing beam splitters.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Entanglement purification.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [329] Hughes, Network-centric quantum communications with application to critical infrastructure protection
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [330] Nielsen, 2010 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To bridge the gap between discrete and continuous variables, a hybrid approach has been recently proposed and tested [360].”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [360] Xia, 2017, Quantum Sci. Technol. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future implementations of quantum repeaters in optical networks will require active synchronization of the single-photon sources involved in the exchange of information between the various nodes.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The first experimental demonstration of DFS communication was reported in 2000 by Kwiat et al. [385], where the authors induced a controllable collective decoherence on an entangled photon pair generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (PDC) and observing that, as predicted, one specific entangled state was immune to decoherence.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [385] Olmschenk, 2009, Science source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations of the SoS technique are the need for a mask and the restriction to one polarization, due to the birefringence induced by the rectangular cross-sections.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Silica-on-Silicon (SoS).
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Limitations are the low mode-matching with optical fibers and the relatively high propagation losses.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Silicon-on-Insulator (SoI).
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This technique does not require the adoption of masks, thus reducing the complexity of fabrication, and allows for arbitrary 3D geometries.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > UV writing.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Integrated optical circuits are built upon architectures of directional couplers, with additional geometries to account for deformationinduced phase shifts.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.1. Single-photon sources -
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“First demonstrations of entanglement swapping go back to 1998 by Pan et al. [375], to 2001 by Jennewein et al. and to 2002 by Sciarrino et al., all based on parametric down-conversion sources.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Quantum state teleportation.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [375] Kimble, 2008, Nature source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Future quantum networks, engineered to deliver quantum information between distant nodes on the globe, are the sought-after goal underlying most of the investigations described above (see Fig. 4).”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.2. Long-distance quantum communication
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Entanglement is an essential physical resource to this aim [318] and, as such, it is necessary to protect it during the transfer.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.1. Photons as quantum information carriers -
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [318] Shainline, 2017, Opt. Express source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One widely adopted material for the integration remains fused silica thanks to its numerous benefits: low propagation losses, low birefringence, operation from visible to infrared, good coupling efficiency with single mode fibers and low temperature dependence.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.1. Single-photon sources -
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Detecting photons with high probability and reliability is a key requirement for most tasks, often representing a bottleneck for the overall efficiency of an apparatus.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 1.2.3. Single-photon detectors -Photodetectors are
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, a good solution to this drawback could be multiplexing in one of the degrees of freedom (see Section 1.1) to increase the transmission rate.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Table 5.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“lattices subject to external gradient forces exhibit a characteristic periodic oscillation between spreading and localization of the wave packet, the so-called Bloch oscillations, which have been observed experimentally in photonic platforms [524,541,[554][555][556]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Continuous-time quantum walks.
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [524,541,[554][555][556]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The idea here is to create entanglement between adjacent nodes and to use teleportation to exchange information.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Table 5.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, errors can occurr all along the transmission due to imperfect gates or measurements, without the possibility of duplicating quantum states deterministically [316] and with conditions much more sensitive than in the classical case.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.2.1. Quantum repeaters -
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [316] Schuck, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The key resource for its fulfillment is pro- blind quantum computing free-space QKD quantum repeater fiber-based QKD vided by quantum entanglement, at the core of quantum dense coding, teleportation, entanglement purification and entanglement swapping.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.2.1. Quantum repeaters -
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“recently BosonSampling was shown to be equivalent to short-time evolutions of n excitations in a XY model of 2n spins [586]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > . State-of-the-art classical simulation of
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [586] Crespi, 2013, Nat. Photon. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, analytical solutions for quantum many-body problems are available only for the simplest systems, thus making simulations necessary and heavily based on classical techniques such as the Born-Oppenheimer or Hartree-Fock approximations, the density-functional theory or even machine learning [622]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [622] Pappa, 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The approach adopted in the latter work consisted in encoding the state of the molecule on single-photon polarization qubits, simulating its evolution in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation and estimating the energy E of its eigenstates |ψ using the quantum phase estimation (QPE) algorithm [624], since e iEt/ |ψ = e i2πφ |ψ .”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [624] McCutcheon, 2016, Nat. Commun. source
- Not checked yetcites [630] Agresti, 2017, Pattern recognition techniques for boson sampling validation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Currently there exist several protocols to validate BosonSampling, most of which have already been successfully demonstrated experimentally [122,149,241,474,516,581,582,595,[609][610][611][612][613]]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.3. Verification of quantum simulation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [122,149,241,474,516,581,582,595,[609][610][611][612][613]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Very recently, a new quantum approach based on variational methods and phase estimation was introduced [634], and experimentally tested, to approximate eigenvalues for ground and excited states.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [634] Dittel, 2018, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The belief in this quantum approach was indeed supported in the 90's by the first efficient quantum algorithms [316], which were rapidly followed by breakthrough discoveries applicable to quantum chemistry [3,624]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“First experimental demonstrations in bulk optics were reported in 2009 for the simulation of anyons, fractional-statistics particles responsible for the fractional quantum Hall effect [628,629] and for the calculation of the energy spectrum of a hydrogen molecule [630]”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.4. Photonic simulation in quantum chemistry and condensed matter
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [628] Viggianiello, 2017, Optimal photonic indistinguishability tests in multimode networks source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [629] Bentivegna, 2014, Int. J. Quantum Inf. source
- Not checked yetcites [630] Agresti, 2017, Pattern recognition techniques for boson sampling validation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not checked yet
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“An efficient certification protocol for photonic state preparation was also introduced theoretically [614], allowing to discriminate relevant classes of Fock states and Gaussian/non-Gaussian pure states.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 3.3. Verification of quantum simulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [614] Morimae, 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not checked yet
The authors state this as an assumption.
The two highly plausible conjectures used by Aaronson and Arkhipov hold.
“Assuming two highly plausible conjectures [559], Aaronson and Arkhipov showed that, should a classical polynomial-time algorithm exist capable to solve BosonSampling, it would imply the collapse of the polynomial hierarchy of complexity classes to the third level, a possibility of huge consequences widely believed to be unlikely.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Discussion
“Table 2 . Platforms reported in the last three years for singlephoton sources in the range 750-1550 nm.”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Discussion
“| | [178] | PPLN | 1551+1611+1625 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
“U (t) |0 = e -ıω0t |0 and U (t) |1 = e -ıω1t |0 .”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > 2.1.2. Decoherence-free communication -
“U (t) |ψ + = e -ı(ω0+ω1)t |ψ +”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Table 6.
“2016 [460] Renes2004 protocol 0 [461] BBM92 protocol 50 [462] WDM GPOM 24 [463] QDS 90 [464] MDI DS 36 [465] MDI DS 404 [466] Phase-encoded passive-DS 10 [467] DP-QPSK DS 100 [468] HD DS DO 43 [469] HD 0 [470] HD MCF DS 0.3”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > References
“470. Cañas G, Vera N, Cariñe J, González P, Cardenas J, Connolly P W R, Przysiezna A, Gómez E S, Figueroa M, Vallone G, Villoresi P, Ferreira da Silva T, Xavier G B and Lima G 2017 Phys. Rev. A 96 022317”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > Discussion
“| 2016 [24] | Si | Attenuated laser | 3 | 1550 | 4 (a,b) | BB84 protocol | | [25] | SoI | 2 | 4+2 (d) | 1550 | 5 | Entanglement distribution | | [228] | SiN | 2 | 6 | 1550 | n.r. | CNOT | | [229] | SoI | Attenuated laser | 3 | 1550 | 5 (c) | QKD protocol |”
§ Photonic quantum information processing: a review > References
“229. Sibson P, Kennard J E, Stanisic S, Erven C, O'Brien J L and Thompson M G 2017 Optica 4 172-177”
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 772
Ultra-long quantum walks via spin–orbit photonics
Colandrea, F. D., Babazadeh, A., Dauphin, A., Massignan, P., Marrucci, L., & Cardano, F. (2022) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.474542 · Cited by 42
Single-Photon Synchronization with a Room-Temperature Atomic Quantum Memory
Davidson, O., Yogev, O., Poem, E., & Firstenberg, O. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.131.033601 · Cited by 41
The reservoir learning power across quantum many-body localization transition
Xia, W., Zou, J., Qiu, X., & Li, X. (2022) · Frontiers of Physics · doi:10.1007/s11467-022-1158-1 · Cited by 40
Quantum adiabatic algorithm design using reinforcement learning
Lin, J., Lai, Z. Y., & Li, X. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.101.052327 · Cited by 39
Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning for quantum communication applications
Mafu, M. (2024) · IET Quantum Communication · doi:10.1049/qtc2.12094 · Cited by 38
Bremer, L., Jimenez, C., Thiele, S., Weber, K., Huber, T., Rodt, S., Herkommer, A., Burger, S., Höfling, S., Giessen, H. W., et al. (2022) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.456777 · Cited by 38
Efficient verification of boson sampling
Chabaud, U., Grosshans, F., Kashefi, E., & Markham, D. (2021) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2021-11-15-578 · Cited by 37
Nonreciprocal tripartite entanglement based on magnon Kerr effect in a spinning microwave resonator
Zheng, Q., Zhong, W., Cheng, G., & Chen, A. (2023) · Optics Communications · doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2023.129796 · Cited by 37
A bibliometric analysis of quantum computing literature: mapping and evidences from scopus
Wang, J., Shen, L., & Zhou, W. (2021) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2021.1963429 · Cited by 37
Experimental Investigation of Superdiffusion via Coherent Disordered Quantum Walks
Geraldi, A., Laneve, A., Bonavena, L. D., Sansoni, L., Ferraz, J., Fratalocchi, A., Sciarrino, F., Cuevas, Á., & Mataloni, P. (2019) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.140501 · Cited by 36
Self-citationGupta, R., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., Yadav, N., Brajpuriya, R., Yadav, A. K., Wu, Y., Zheng, H. Y., Biswas, A., et al. (2022) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d2nr05610k · Cited by 36
Photonic architecture for reinforcement learning
Flamini, F., Hamann, A., Jerbi, S., Trenkwalder, L. M., Nautrup, H. P., & Briegel, H. J. (2020) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ab783c · Cited by 35
Self-citationUltra-high extinction ratio polarization beam splitter with extreme skin-depth waveguide
Ahmed, S. Z., Ahmed, I., Mia, M. B., Jaidye, N., & Kim, S. (2021) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.420824 · Cited by 35
Karli, Y., Vajner, D. A., Kappe, F., Hagen, P. C. A., Hansen, L. M., Schwarz, R., Bracht, T. K., Schimpf, C., da Silva, S. F. C., Walther, P. J., et al. (2024) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-024-00811-2 · Cited by 35
On-chip rotated polarization directional coupler fabricated by femtosecond laser direct writing
Wang, C.-Y., Gao, J., & Jin, X.-M. (2019) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.44.000102 · Cited by 34
Superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors integrated with tantalum pentoxide waveguides
Wolff, M. A., Vogel, S., Splitthoff, L., & Schuck, C. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-74426-w · Cited by 33
Quantum Interference of Resonance Fluorescence from Germanium-Vacancy Color Centers in Diamond
Chen, D., Fröch, J. E., Ru, S., Cai, H., Wang, N., Adamo, G., Scott, J. A., Li, F., Zheludev, N. I., Aharonovich, I., et al. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01959 · Cited by 33
Processing Entangled Photons in High Dimensions with a Programmable Light Converter
Lib, O., Sulimany, K., & Bromberg, Y. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.014063 · Cited by 35
NISQ Quantum Computing: A Security-Centric Tutorial and Survey [Feature]
Chen, F., Jiang, L., Müller, H. A., Richerme, P., Chu, C., Fu, Z., & Min, Y. (2024) · IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine · doi:10.1109/mcas.2024.3349665 · Cited by 32
Progress in integrated and fiber optics for time-bin based quantum information processing
Montaut, N., George, A., Monika, M., Nosrati, F., Yu, H., Sciara, S., Crockett, B., Peschel, U., Wang, Z. M., Franco, R. L., et al. (2025) · Advanced Optical Technologies · doi:10.3389/aot.2025.1560084 · Cited by 22
Shukhin, A., Keloth, J., Hakuta, K., & Калачев, А. А. (2020) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.101.053822 · Cited by 32
Entanglement characterization using quantum designs
Ketterer, A., Wyderka, N., & Gühne, O. (2020) · Quantum · doi:10.22331/q-2020-09-16-325 · Cited by 32
Topologically protecting squeezed light on a photonic chip
Ren, R.-J., Lu, Y., Jiang, Z.-K., Gao, J., Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Jiao, Z., Wang, X., Solntsev, A. S., & Jin, X. (2021) · Photonics Research · doi:10.1364/prj.445728 · Cited by 32
Pure Single Photons From Scalable Frequency Multiplexing
Hiemstra, T., Parker, T. F., Humphreys, P., Tiedau, J., Beck, M., Karpiński, M., Smith, B. J., Eckstein, A., Kolthammer, W. S., & Walmsley, I. A. (2020) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.14.014052 · Cited by 32
Precise programmable quantum simulations with optical lattices
Qiu, X., Zou, J., Qi, X., & Li, X. (2020) · npj Quantum Information · doi:10.1038/s41534-020-00315-9 · Cited by 31
Nonlinear nanoresonators for Bell state generation
Weissflog, M. A., Dézert, R., Vinel, V., Gigli, C., Leo, G., Pertsch, T., Setzpfandt, F., Borne, A., & Saravi, S. (2024) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0172240 · Cited by 31
Nofer, M., Bauer, K., Hinz, O. F., van der Aalst, W. M. P., & Weinhardt, C. (2023) · Business & Information Systems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12599-023-00823-w · Cited by 31
Information processing at the speed of light
AbuGhanem, M. (2024) · Frontiers of Optoelectronics · doi:10.1007/s12200-024-00133-3 · Cited by 31
Deterministic and highly indistinguishable single photons in the telecom C-band
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Communication Over Quantum Channels With Parameter Estimation
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Quantum data hiding with continuous-variable systems
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Metadata
- Authors
- Flamini, F., Spagnolo, N., & Sciarrino, F.
- Affiliations
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Flamini, Fulvio
- Spagnolo, Nicolò
- Sciarrino, Fabio
- Venue
- Reports on Progress in Physics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2018-11-13
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 016001
- ISSN
- 0034-4885 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6633
- OpenAlex
- W2793137815
- Cited by
- 770
- References
- 690
- Citations by year
- 2026: 97 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 124 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 29.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Reports on Progress in Physics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (307783)
- H2020 Future and Emerging Technologies (641039)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum optics and atomic interactions
- Keywords
- photonic quantum information processing, single photons, quantum information, quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum computing, quantum optics
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