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Cited by 109Plant tissue culture and regenerationPlant Genetic and Mutation StudiesChromosomal and Genetic Variations

Somaclonal Variation—Advantage or Disadvantage in Micropropagation of the Medicinal Plants

Open access
Duta-Cornescu, Georgiana, Constantin, Nicoleta, Pojoga, Daniela-Maria, Nicuta, Daniela, Simon-Gruita, Alexandra·2023·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms24010838PMC PMC9821087
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Abstract

Cell and tissue plant cultures are used either to save vulnerable species from extinction or to multiply valuable genotypes, or both, and are widely applied for economically important plant species. For medicinal plants, the use of in vitro technologies for the production of secondary metabolites and pathogen-free plants has been greatly developed. Two opposite aspects characterize the in vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants: maintaining genetic fidelity for the perpetuation and preservation of elites, and the identification and exploitation of somaclonal variations associated with new, useful traits. A balance between what is advantageous and what is undesirable is necessary, and this implies the identification of somaclonal variability at all levels, from the phenotypic to molecular ones. This review addresses the somaclonal variation arising from the in vitro multiplication of medicinal plants from three perspectives: cytogenetics, genetics, and epigenetics. The possible causes of the appearance of somaclones, the methods for their identification, and the extent to which they are desirable are presented comparatively for different plant species with therapeutic properties. The emphasis is on the subtle changes at the genetic and epigenetic level, as it results from the application of methods based on DNA markers.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review argues that somaclonal variation in medicinal plant micropropagation is double-edged: it threatens genetic fidelity but can also generate useful traits. It synthesizes cytogenetic, DNA-marker, and epigenetic evidence and calls for multi-level screening of regenerants.

Key findings

  • Somaclonal variation is most frequent in callus and protoplast cultures, with polyploidy predominating over aneuploidy; examples include 16% abnormalities among 75 garlic somaclones, 25% variation in *Oroxylum indicum* somaclones and 33% in callus, 26% chromosomal rearrangements in *Lathyrus sativus* regenerants, and a maximum of 12.4% mitotic abnormalities in *Centaurea ragusina*.
  • DNA-marker studies often reveal genetic fidelity, but results vary by marker and species: *Hibiscus cannabinus* showed 68.18% RAPD polymorphism, *Plantago major* callus samples showed 98.61% ISSR polymorphism, while many ISSR/RAPD/SCoT/SSR studies reported 100% monomorphism or very low polymorphism.
  • Epigenetic variation includes altered global DNA methylation, histone modifications, small RNA changes, and transposable element activation; for example, Siberian ginseng non-embryogenic callus had 16.99% methylated 5′-CCGG-3′ sites versus 11.20% in embryogenic callus, and *Gentiana pannonica* showed total culture-induced variation of ca. 16%.
  • Somaclones can have practical benefits: *Curcuma longa* variants had higher curcumin, oleoresin, and volatile oil contents; *Brassica juncea* R0 and R1 somaclones had erucic acid at 5.48% and 5.52% versus 41.36% in the mother plant, and another genotype had no detectable erucic acid despite 1.07% in the mother plant.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review of somaclonal variation arising from in vitro multiplication of medicinal plants, organized around cytogenetic, genetic, and epigenetic perspectives.
  • Data/sample: published studies and literature-derived tables, including Table 1 on cytogenetic abnormalities and Table 2 on DNA-marker identification of somaclonal variation across medicinal plant species.
  • Main analysis: comparative synthesis of causes, detection methods, and desirability of somaclonal variation, with emphasis on DNA-marker-based methods and epigenetic changes.

Limitations

  • Stated: cytogenetic studies investigating somaclonal variation in medicinal plants regenerated through in vitro cultures are rare.
  • Stated: for medicinal plants, there are no results on in vitro culture-induced transposable element activity, and little is known about small RNA responses to in vitro cultivation or their involvement in somaclonal variation.
  • Stated: only a handful of studies on true medicinal plants correlate genetic and epigenetic changes with gene expression and analyze phenotypic differences, including medically important phytoconstituent profiles, between donor plants and acclimatized in vitro clones; evident from the text: as a narrative review, it presents no new experimental data and relies on cited studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijms24010838

Cites

139 of 139 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

51 of 117 cited sources checked · 20 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    SSR markers are considered genetically stable because, when used, they did not reveal any polymorphism, or only a very low level of it, between the original plants and the regenerants.

    “SSR markers are considered genetically stable because, when used, they did not reveal any polymorphism, or only a very low level of it, between the original plants and the regenerants [81,82,83].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [81] Elshafei, 2018, Analysis of diversity using simple sequence repeat (SSR): Distinctions between original Parmentiera cereifera tree and somaclones, Bull. Natl. Res. Cent. source

      The SSR analysis reports low polymorphism (60 of 1,324 bands, 4.49%) and concludes that the micropropagated Parmentiera cereifera plants are genetically stable. It does not say that the SSR markers themselves are genetically stable; they are the means used to assess stability. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [82] Altan, 2020, Callus induction and micropropagation of Lilium candidum L. using stem bulbils and confirmation of genetic stability via SSR-PCR, IJSM

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [83] Ioannidis, K., Tomprou, I., Mitsis, V., and Koropouli, P. (2022). Genetic evaluation of in vitro micropropagated and regenerated plants of Cannabis sativa L. using SSR molecular markers. Plants, 11. source
  • Premisecitation

    In vitro plant regeneration depends, to a large extent, on the genotype of the explant donor plant.

    “In vitro plant regeneration depends, to a large extent, on the genotype of the explant donor plant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Ahmad, 2021, The effects of genotypes and media composition on callogenesis, regeneration and cell suspension culture of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), PeerJ source
  • Premisecitation

    Somaclonal variability is a source of genetic diversity that breeders can use for the generation of new plants with superior economic traits.

    “At the same time, somaclonal variability is a source of genetic diversity that breeders can use for the generation of new plants with superior economic traits [29,30,31,32].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [29] Nwauzoma, 2013, A review of somaclonal variation in plantain (Musa spp.): Mechanisms and applications, J. Appl. Biosci. source
    • cites [30] Bouharmont, 1994, Application of somaclonal variation and in vitro selection to plant improvement, Acta Hortic. source
    • cites [31] Mehta, 2000, Somaclonal variation for disease resistance in wheat and production of dihaploids through wheat × maize hybrids, Genet. Mol. Biol. source
    • cites [32] Predieri, 2001, Mutation induction and tissue culture in improving fruits, Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. source
  • Premisecitation

    ISSR markers, applied comparatively between plantlets and mother plant, generally revealed the clonal nature of analyzed regenerants, highlighting genetic fidelity of in vitro propagation, even after several years.

    “However, the ISSR markers, applied comparatively between the plantlets and the mother plant revealed, in general, the clonal nature of the analyzed regenerants, highlighting the genetic fidelity of in vitro propagation, even after several years [70,71,72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [70] Ali, H., Musa, I.F., Abu Bakar, N.A., Karsani, S.A., and Yaacob, J.S. (2019). In vitro regeneration and ISSR-based genetic fidelity analysis of orthosiphon stamineus benth. Agronomy, 9. source

      The Introduction says the study compared regenerants with the mother plant using ISSR markers, and the Discussion describes ISSR as a means of assessing clonal fidelity. The Methods (sections 2.2 and 2.4; pages unavailable) describe plantlets examined after the third subculture and regeneration observed for four weeks. This supports the comparison and fidelity assessment, but not the claim that fidelity persisted for several years. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [71] Zhang, 2010, Analysis of genetic stability through intersimple sequence repeats molecular markers in micropropagated plantlets of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata, a medicinal plant, Biol. Pharm. Bull. source

      The Discussion (page not provided) concludes that ISSR results showed high genetic fidelity in A. formosanus after more than five years of in vitro propagation. But Materials and Methods (page not provided) identifies the controls as two-year micropropagated plantlets from the same mother seedling, not the mother plant itself; the claimed direct comparison with the mother plant is therefore unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [72] Grzegorczyk-Karolak, I., Hnatuszko-Konka, K., Krzemińska, M., Olszewska, M.A., and Owczarek, A. (2021). Cytokinin-based tissue cultures for stable medicinal plant production: Regeneration and phytochemical profiling of salvia bulleyana shoots. Biomolecules, 11. source

      Section 3.3 (page unavailable) reports that ISSR comparisons of control shoots and regenerants showed mainly monomorphic patterns and high genetic similarity, supporting the general claim of clonal fidelity. The paper does not establish fidelity after several years: Section 2.3 describes assessment after 9–11 passages, and Section 2.5 describes 10 passages as approximately one year. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Most molecular techniques for detecting genetic variations between source plants and somaclones are based on DNA markers, because these markers are phenotypically neutral and are not influenced by developmental changes or environmental factors.

    “Most of these techniques are based on different types of DNA markers, due to the fact that these markers are phenotypically neutral and are not influenced by any developmental changes or environmental factors [16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Krishna, 2016, Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops improvement, 3 Biotech source
  • May combine two claims. 40
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    One explanation for the high chromosomal abnormalities in callus/protoplast cultures is that regenerants result from a long series of mitoses during which numerous mutations appear spontaneously and uncontrolled, and the greater the number of subcultures, the more these mutations affect a greater amount of genetic material, as a result of disruption of cell division control mechanisms.

    “One explanation is the fact that the regenerants are the result of a long series of mitoses during which numerous mutations appear spontaneously and uncontrolled, and the greater the number of subcultures, the more these mutations affect a greater amount of genetic material, as a result of the disruption of the cell division control mechanisms [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Nwauzoma, 2013, A review of somaclonal variation in plantain (Musa spp.): Mechanisms and applications, J. Appl. Biosci. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Curcuma aromatica, callus-regenerated plants were mostly exclusively diploid (75.22%), and only 24% were partially diploid; analysis confirmed diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid cells.

    “Using flow-cytometry, Mohanty et al. (2008) [26] detected that the callus (initiated from shoots)-regenerated plants of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. were mostly exclusively diploid (75.22%), and only 24% of them were partially diploid; the analysis of the distribution of DNA content confirmed the presence of diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Mohanty, 2008, Plant regeneration from callus culture of Curcuma aromatica and in vitro detection of somaclonal variation through cytophotometric analysis, Biol. Plant. source

      The copy’s Abstract reports 85 of 113 regenerants as exclusively diploid and 28 as predominantly diploid, with diploid, tetraploid, and octoploid cells detected in the latter group. Those counts yield 75.22% and 24.78%, not 24%. The methods passage describes cytophotometric analysis using a microspectrophotometer, not flow cytometry. (LLM, conf=0.91)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The most used DNA markers are ISSR, RAPD, RFLP, SSR, AFLP, and SCoT.

    “The most used DNA markers are inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), microsatellites (SSR), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), and start codon-targeted (SCoT) polymorphism [47,48,49,50,51].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [47] Krishna, 2007, Biotechnological advances in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their future implication in crop improvement—A review, Biotechnol. Adv. source
    • cites [48] Pathak, 2012, ISSR assay for ascertaining genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants of apple rootstock Merton 793, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Plant. source
    • cites [49] Hossain, 2013, The application of biotechnology to orchids, Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. source
    • cites [50] 2014, Somaclonal variation in habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) as assessed ISSR molecular markers, HortScience source

      The Methods and Results and Discussion passages (page not provided) show that the paper uses ISSR markers and discusses RAPD and SSR markers used in other studies. They do not establish that the six listed markers are the most used, or address RFLP, AFLP, or SCoT. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [51] Attia, 2022, Using of DNA-barcoding, SCoT and SDS-PAGE protein to assess soma-clonal variation in micro-propagated fig (Ficus carica L.) plant, PJBS source

      The Introduction (page not provided) names ISSR, RAPD, AFLP and SCoT among the most commonly used assays for assessing somaclonal variation. It does not include RFLP or SSR in that list, and its statement is specific to somaclonal-variation assessment rather than DNA markers generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Global DNA methylation is the most evaluated epigenetic somaclonal variation; in plants it is at higher levels than in other eukaryotes and is correlated with expression of different genes and changes in mobility of transposable elements.

    “The most evaluated epigenetic somaclonal variation is global DNA methylation, which, in plants, is at higher levels compared with other eukaryotes, and is correlated with the expression of different genes, and changes in the mobility of the numerous transposable elements presented in plant genomes [99,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 10 sources checked
    • cites [99] Wang, X., Wu, R., Lin, X., Bai, Y., Song, C., Yu, X., Xu, C., Zhao, N., Dong, Y., and Liu, B. (2013). Tissue culture-induced genetic and epigenetic alterations in rice pure-lines, F1 hybrids and polyploids. BMC Plant Biol., 13. source

      The Results section on epigenetic alteration in rice calli and regenerants measures changes in DNA methylation patterns as somaclonal variation, and the Discussion describes transposable-element reactivation in plant tissue culture. The paper does not establish that methylation is the most evaluated epigenetic somaclonal variation, that plants have higher methylation levels than other eukaryotes, or that methylation changes correlate with expression of different genes and transposable-element mobility. Its Conclusions instead associate altered expression of genes involved in DNA methylation with genetic and epigenetic alterations in rice; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [101] Wibowoa, 2022, Partial maintenance of organ-specific epigenetic marks during plant asexual reproduction leads to heritable phenotypic variation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [102] Madlung, 2004, The effect of stress on genome regulation and structure, Ann. Bot. source
    • cites [103] Grandbastien, 2005, Stress activation and genomic impact of Tnt1 retrotransposons in Solanaceae, Cytogenet. Genome Res. source
    • cites [104] Lisch, 2009, Epigenetic regulation of transposable elements in plants, Annu. Rev. Plant. Biol. source
    • cites [105] Yaakov, 2011, Methylation, transcription, and rearrangements of transposable elements in synthetic allopolyploids, Int. J. Plant Genomics source

      The Introduction states that methylation of transposable elements is associated with their activation or silencing, and that transposable elements can affect nearby gene expression. It does not say that global DNA methylation is the most evaluated epigenetic somaclonal variation or that methylation levels in plants exceed those in other eukaryotes. Its comparison is between transposable elements and host genes within plants, not between plants and other eukaryotes. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [106] Pecinka, 2012, Stress-induced chromatin changes: A critical view on their heritability, Plant Cell Physiol. source

      In “Lasting responses inherited by progeny” (page unavailable), the paper calls DNA methylation a popular indicator of stress-related changes and links methylation at gene promoters and transposons with transcriptional silencing. It does not establish that global DNA methylation is the most evaluated somaclonal variation, that plants have higher methylation levels than other eukaryotes, or that methylation correlates with changes in transposable-element mobility. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [107] Miyao, 2012, Molecular spectrum of somaclonal variation in regenerated rice revealed by whole-genome sequencing, Plant Cell Physiol. source
    • cites [108] Sabot, 2011, Transpositional landscape of the rice genome revealed by paired-end mapping of high-throughput re-sequencing data, Plant J. source

      The Results and Discussion (page not specified) say that DNA methylation silences one copy of the rice transposable element Tos17, supporting a link between methylation and transposable-element activity. The paper does not establish that global DNA methylation is the most evaluated epigenetic somaclonal variation, that plants have higher methylation levels than other eukaryotes, or that methylation correlates with expression of different genes. It also says whether demethylation activates the other TE families studied remains unresolved. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [109] Lin, 2012, Dramatic genotypic difference in, and effect of genetic crossing on, tissue culture-induced mobility of retrotransposon Tos17 in rice, Plant. Cell. Rep. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In Populus nigra, the methylation pattern decreased mainly in the first and second generations and became stable throughout subsequent generations.

    “The conclusion of the study was that the methylation pattern decreased mainly in the first and second generations, and became stable throughout subsequent generations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Zhang, 2021, Assessment of epigenetic and phenotypic variation in Populus nigra regenerated via sequential regeneration, Front. Plant Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Hibiscus cannabinus, 3 of 25 decametric primers were selected for analysis of the whole sample set.

    “Haque et al. (2017) [28], working on Hibiscus cannabinus L., screened 25 decametric primers and selected only 3 for the analysis of the whole sample set.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Haque, 2017, In vitro regeneration and PCR-RAPD based detection of somaclonal variation in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Progress Agric. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In six chamomile genotypes, regeneration was 77.5% genotype-dependent in direct embryogenesis and 77% in indirect embryogenesis.

    “Ahmad et al. (2021) [15] observed that regeneration was 77.5% genotype-dependent in direct embryogenesis and 77% in the case of indirect embryogenesis [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Ahmad, 2021, The effects of genotypes and media composition on callogenesis, regeneration and cell suspension culture of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), PeerJ source

      The Results (Direct shoot regeneration and root induction; page not provided) report 77.5% shoot regeneration for the Isfahan genotype among six genotypes. The Results (In vitro regeneration; page not provided) report 77% indirect regeneration from leaf-derived callus, not 77% genotype-dependent regeneration. The paper describes these outcomes as shoot regeneration, not direct and indirect embryogenesis. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Populus nigra regenerated from callus, all regenerated plants had significantly lower levels of DNA methylation, with considerable differences between the first generation and the other four generations, but no notable differences between G3, G4, and G5.

    “The results indicated that all the regenerated plants had significantly lower levels of DNA methylation, with considerable differences between the first generation regenerated plants (G1) and those of the other four generations (G2–G5), but with no notable differences between the G3, G4, and G5 in vitro clones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang [96] Zhang, 2021, Assessment of epigenetic and phenotypic variation in Populus nigra regenerated via sequential regeneration, Front. Plant Sci. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In hop, plants recovered from the first and second callus subcultures had very similar methylation profiles to the in vitro control pools, while regenerants from the third callus subculture showed the highest genetic distance from controls.

    “Peredo et al. (2006) [121] identified, using the MSAP technique, that the plants recovered from the first and second callus subcultures had very similar methylation profiles to the in vitro control pools, while the regenerants from the third callus subculture showed the highest genetic distance from the controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peredo et al. (2006) [121] source

      The available indexed passages contain repository metadata and an abstract, but no section or page of the paper’s full text. Searches for the MSAP phenogram, methylation profiles, and third-subculture distance returned only that same abstract; under the supplied evidence rule, it cannot establish the verdict. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When used alone, RAPD generated only monomorphic bands across all analyzed plants (regenerants/mother plant) and had a low degree of reproducibility.

    “Moreover, numerous studies show that, when used alone, RAPD generated only monomorphic bands across all the analyzed plants (regenerants/mother plant) [65,66,67,68] and had a low degree of reproducibility.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [65] Liberatore, 2020, In vitro leaf-derived organogenesis and somaclonal variant detection in Humulus lupulus L., In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant source
    • cites [66] Sahu, 2018, Assessment of genetic fidelity of micro propagated plants of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. using DNA markers, ASAG

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [67] Mahmood, 2010, Detection of somaclonal variations using RAPD fingerprinting in Silybum marianum (L.), J. Med. Plant Res. source
    • cites [68] Samantaray, 2010, An assessment of genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants of Chlorophytum borivilianum using RAPD markers, Biol. Plant. source

      The results passage (page not supplied) reports monomorphic RAPD amplification products across the micropropagated Chlorophytum borivilianum plants, and the discussion says their bands matched the mother plant. The paper does not report a low degree of RAPD reproducibility; its methods say the reactions were repeated three times. Its finding is specific to these plants, not RAPD results generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitro cultivation conditions affect mitotic stability, so variability in chromosome number and structure is more common in plant cell or tissue cultures than in the natural environment.

    “The in vitro cultivation conditions affect mitotic stability, thus the variability in chromosome number and structure is more common in plant cell or tissue cultures than in the natural environment [36].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Moradi, 2017, Somaclonal variation in banana (Musa acuminate Colla cv. Valery) regenerated plantlets from somatic embryogenesis: Histological and cytogenetic approaches, Caryologia source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Agave fourcroydes and A. angustifolia, no significant differences in global DNA methylation were found between clones grown in Magenta boxes and bioreactors, but a two-fold difference was found between the two species independent of the in vitro system used.

    “A global DNA methylation level analysis revealed no significant differences between the A. fourcroydes clones grown in either M or B in vitro systems, but, when the two agave species were compared, there was a two-fold difference between them, independent of the in vitro system used.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites de-la-Pena et al. (2012) [126] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the Arabidopsis genome, histone modifications such as H2BK143 ubiquitination, H3K4/H3K36/H3 methylation, and H3/H4 lysine acetylation are associated with gene activation, while H3K9/H3K27/H4K20 methylation and H4R3 dimethylation are associated with gene inactivation.

    “For example, it is well known that modifications such as the ubiquitination of H2BK143, mono-, di-, and trimethylation of H3K4, H3K36, and H3 and H4 lysine acetylation are associated, in Arabidopsis genome, with gene activation, while the mono-, di- and trimethylation of H3H9, H3K27, and H4K20, and the dimethylation of H4R3, are associated with gene inactivation [90,91,92,93]).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [90] Pfluger, 2007, Histone modifications and dynamic regulation of genome accessibility in plants, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. source
    • cites [91] Miguel, 2011, An epigenetic view of plant cells cultured in vitro: Somaclonal variation and beyond, JXB source
    • cites [92] Bernatavichute, Y.V., Zhang, X., Cokus, S., Pellegrini, M., and Jacobsen, S.E. (2008). Genome-wide association of histone H3 lysine nine methylation with CHG DNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS ONE, 3. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [93] Smulders, 2011, Epigenetics in plant tissue culture, Plant Growth Regul. source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The age of the culture and the number of subcultures favor the appearance of somaclonal variations.

    “The age of the culture and the number of subcultures favor the appearance of somaclonal variations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Mohanty, 2008, Plant regeneration from callus culture of Curcuma aromatica and in vitro detection of somaclonal variation through cytophotometric analysis, Biol. Plant. source

      The passage labeled Abstract reports more polyploid cells in plants regenerated from 180-day-old callus than from 60-day-old callus and attributes this to callus aging. The copy does not establish that a greater number of subcultures favors variation; subculture frequency appears only in a cited work’s title in the References. No page numbers are provided for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cytogenetic variation appears to be more frequent in callus cultures than in other culture types, because callus formation implies a dedifferentiation phase followed by uncontrolled cell division.

    “This cytogenetic variation appears to be more frequent in callus cultures than in other culture types, because callus formation implies a dedifferentiation phase followed by an uncontrolled cell division [37,38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [37] Saravanan, 2011, Identification of DNA elements involved in somaclonal variants of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) arising from indirect organogenesis as evaluated by ISSR analysis, Indian J. Sci. Technol. source

      The Abstract (page not specified) reports an ISSR polymorphic band among callus regenerants. Our copy does not address whether cytogenetic variation is more frequent in callus cultures than in other culture types or attribute such a difference to dedifferentiation and uncontrolled cell division. Searches for those terms and for comparisons with direct organogenesis found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [38] Vazquez, 2001, Insight into somaclonal variation, Plant Biosyst. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Arabidopsis thaliana, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs are essential regulators of plant development, guide DNA methylation, and act as transcriptional repressors.

    “As proven in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, microRNAs (miRNA) and small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are essential regulators of plant development, guide DNA methylation in plants (especially de novo methylation), and act as transcriptional repressors [127,128].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [127] Brodersen, 2008, Widespread translational inhibition by plant miRNAs and siRNAs, Science source
    • cites [128] Chellappan, 2010, siRNAs from miRNA sites mediate DNA methylation of target genes, Nucleic Acids Res. source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that Arabidopsis MIR-derived siRNAs direct de novo DNA methylation and regulate gene expression at the transcriptional level. It distinguishes these from typical miRNAs, which act mainly through post-transcriptional repression. The cited passages do not establish that both RNA classes are essential regulators of plant development. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Brassica juncea, for one genotype, R0 and R1 somaclones presented much lower erucic acid content (5.48% and 5.52%, respectively) than the mother plant (41.36%), and higher amounts of palmitic and linolenic acids.

    “For one of the genotypes, the R0 and R1 somaclones presented much lower erucic acid content (5.48% and 5.52%, respectively) than the mother plant (41.36%), and higher amounts of palmitic and linolenic acids.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shyam et al., 2021 [141] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Mentha piperita, the content of photosynthetic pigments in plants regenerated in vitro was higher than in seed-generated plants, while total phenol content was higher in plants obtained by classical methods than in in vitro ones.

    “Radomir et al., 2022 [143], compared a number of biochemical indicators in in vitro- and seed-generated Mentha piperita L. plants and identified some differences between the two types of regenerants: the content of photosynthetic pigments in the plants regenerated in vitro was higher than in the ones obtained from seeds, while the total phenol content in the plants obtained by classical methods”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Radomir et al., 2022 [143] source

      The Abstract (page not provided) says the study compared biochemical compounds in micropropagated and conventionally obtained peppermint and found some differences. The available passages do not say that the conventional plants were seed-generated or establish which group had higher photosynthetic pigments or total phenols; searches for those comparisons found no results passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In A. thaliana cells, TEs with the strongest reactivation were Athila retrotransposons and some members of the Helitron, Mu, Vandal, and En/Spm families; activation correlated with an increase of 21-nt siRNA; TEs that remained silenced generated 24-nt siRNAs at the same level as the mother's vegetative tissue.

    “Tanurdzic et al. (2008) [135] studied the epigenomic consequences of long-term culture on A. thaliana cells and identified that TEs with the strongest reactivation were Athila retrotransposons, and some members of the Helitron, Mu, Vandal, and En/Spm families of transposons. The activation of these TEs was correlated with an increase of 21-nt siRNA in the cultured cells. In contrast, TEs that”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tanurdzic et al. (2008) [135] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitro culture-induced transposable element activity has been reported in rye, maize, and rice, but for medicinal plants there are no results.

    “So far, in vitro culture-induced TE activity has been reported in various commercial plant species such as rye [136], maize [137] and rice [138], but, for medicinal plants, there are no results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [136] Alves, 2005, RYS1, a foldback transposon, is activated by tissue culture and shows preferential insertion points into the rye genome, Theor. Appl. Genet. source
    • cites [137] Barret, 2006, A sequence related to rice Pong transposable element displays transcriptional activation by in vitro culture and reveals somaclonal variations in maize, Genome source
    • cites [138] Huang, 2009, Identifcation of a high frequency transposon induced by tissue culture, nDaiZ, a member of the hAT family in rice, Genomics source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Somaclonal variation may or may not be expressed at the phenotypic level and may have a genetic or epigenetic origin.

    “Somaclonal variation may or may not be expressed at the phenotypic level and may have a genetic or epigenetic origin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Bhatia, S., Sharma, K., Dahiya, R., and Bera, T. (2015). Chapter 13—Technical glitches in micropropagation. Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Aloe vera, karyotypes of cultivars can be distinguished based on average chromosome length, type, and position of satellites and secondary constrictions, and regenerated plants were very stable genetically.

    “In a study made on natural and in vitro regenerated plants of sweet aloe, Das et al. (2010) [41] showed that the karyotypes of the cultivars of A. vera (L.) Burm.f., although very similar, can be distinguished, mainly based on the average chromosome length, type, and position of satellites and secondary constrictions, and that the regenerated plants were very stable genetically.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Das, 2010, Comparative karyomorphological analyses of in vitro and in vivo grown plants of Aloe vera L. BURM. f, Nucleus source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hypermethylation is usually associated with promotion of somatic embryogenesis and silencing of repetitive elements, while hypomethylation suppresses somatic embryogenesis, but these processes are species-specific.

    “Usually, hypermethylation is associated with the promotion of SE and silencing of repetitive elements, while hypomethylation suppresses SE, but these processes are species-specific.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110] Karim, 2016, Importance of DNA and histone methylation in in vitro plant propagation for crop improvement: A review, Ann. Appl. Biol. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Centaurea ragusina has a very stable genome even when cultured for long periods; maximum percentage of mitotic abnormalities in plants regenerated from 94 callus subcultures was 12.4%, mostly irregular anaphases, twisted equatorial plates, and lagging chromosomes.

    “According to Radic et al. (2005) [46], Centaurea ragusina L. (a medicinal plant with antimicrobial properties) has a very stable genome, even if it is cultured for long periods of time. The authors investigated plants regenerated from 94 callus subcultures and observed that the maximum percentage of mitotic abnormalities was 12.4%, most of them being represented by irregular anaphases, twisted equ”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Radic, 2005, Cytogenetic stability of Centaurea ragusina long-term culture, PCTOC source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although cytogenetic studies on somaclonal variations in medicinal plants regenerated through in vitro cultures are rare, they all confirm that the highest percentage of chromosomal abnormalities is observed in callus and protoplast cultures, with a predominance of polyploidy, followed by aneuploidy.

    “Although cytogenetic studies that investigate somaclonal variations in medicinal plants regenerated through in vitro cultures are rare, they all confirm that the highest percentage of chromosomal abnormalities is observed, as expected, in callus and protoplast cultures, with a predominance of polyploidy, followed by aneuploidy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Siberian ginseng, induction of somatic embryogenesis is associated with hypomethylation of DNA, while hypermethylation is associated with its repression.

    “Contrariwise, Chakrabarty et al., (2003) [115] showed that, in Siberian ginseng, the induction of SE is associated with the hypomethylation of DNA, while hypermethylation is associated with the repression of it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chakrabarty et al., (2003) [115] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Genetic changes in somaclonal variation are either at the chromosomal level, largely changes in chromosome number or structure, or at the level of the DNA sequence, mostly point mutations.

    “The genetic changes are either at the chromosomal level, largely changes in chromosome number (aneuploidy or polyploidy) or structure (deletions, duplications, insertions, translocations), or at the level of the DNA sequence, mostly being point mutations in the DNA sequence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Bhatia, S., Sharma, K., Dahiya, R., and Bera, T. (2015). Chapter 13—Technical glitches in micropropagation. Modern Applications of Plant Biotechnology in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academic Press. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The presence of auxins in the culture medium is necessary for the induction of calli, with type and concentration varying from one species to another.

    “In general, it was found that the presence of auxins in the culture medium is necessary for the induction of calli, their type, and concentration, varying from one species to another [20,21]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [20] Cachiță-Cosma, D., Deliu, C., Rakosy-Tican, L., and Ardelean, A. (2004). Tratat de Biotehnologie Vegetală, Dacia.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [21] 2019, A journey into of the universe of in vitro cultures of plants, Callogenesis Environ. Nat. Resour. Res.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Acca sellowiana, combined treatment with 5-azacytidine and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid determined an overall increase in methylation level, correlated with a positive influence on somatic embryogenesis induction, with response varying by genotype.

    “For example, Fraga et al. (2012) [111], in a study on Acca sellowiana O.Berg., (a medicinal plant used to treat diarrhea, tumors, and microbial infections [112]) showed that a combined treatment with 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) determined an overall increase in the methylation level, corelated with a positive influence on SE induction, even if the response to”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fraga et al. (2012) [111] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In palm, fast growing calli generate almost 100% mantled plantlets, while nodular compact calli generate only 5% abnormal plants.

    “Jaligot et al. (2000) [116], which investigated DNA methylation levels in two different palm calli: fast growing (that generate almost 100% of ”mantled” plantlets—with abnormalities in their floral development, involving an apparent feminization of male parts in the flowers of both sexes), and nodular compact calli (that generate only 5% abnormal plants).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jaligot et al. (2000) [116] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In hop, after 2 years of micropropagation, no genetic variation was identified between 12 cycles of micropropagated accessions and controls, but epigenetic variations were observed when plants grown from seeds and in vitro samples were compared.

    “Following this research, Peredo et al. (2009) [122] tested two hop accessions that were micropropagated for 2 years, and did not identify any genetic variation between the 12 cycles of micropropagated accessions and controls, but observed epigenetic variations when the plants grown from seeds and in vitro samples were compared.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Peredo et al. (2009) [122] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data

    AFLP markers require high-molecular-weight DNA and, when mother plant and micropropagated regenerants were compared, generated very low levels of polymorphism.

    “The use of AFLP markers is quite laborious, due to the fact that they require high-molecular-weight DNA, and, when the mother plant and micropropagated regenerants were compared, AFLP generated very low levels of polymorphism (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Incorporation of histone variant H2A.Z has a repressive role in transcription and counteracts unwanted expression in noninductive conditions.

    “Incorporation of different histone variants can contribute to chromatin remodeling, as shown by Sura et. al, 2017 [94] (incorporation of histone variant H2A.Z has a repressive role in transcription and counteracts unwanted expression in noninductive conditions).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sura et. al, 2017 [94] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    An advantage of producing somaclonal variations in medicinal plants is that the variations occur with high frequency, which is advantageous compared to conventional mutagenesis.

    “2. The variations occur with high frequency, which is advantageous compared to conventional mutagenesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Viscum album, in approximately 10% of 100 assayed calli, protein concentration was six-times higher than in donor stem tissues, but protein content and profiling were not identified.

    “The authors assayed 100 individual callus tissues and, in approximately 10% of the calli, determined that the protein concentration was six-times higher than in the donor stem tissues. However, the protein content and its profiling were not identified [140].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [140] Kintzios, 2003, Effect of medium composition and explant source on the distribution profiles selected micronutrients in mistletoe tissue cultures, J. Plant Nutr. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    miRNAs mediate posttranscriptional gene silencing by mRNA degradation or repression of translation; siRNAs target specific DNA and histone sequences for methylation and heterochromatinization via the RdDM pathway.

    “miRNAs (usually 21–22 nt) mediate posttranscriptional gene silencing by mRNA degradation or by a repression of translation. siRNAs (24–26 nt) target specific DNA and histone sequences for methylation and heterochromatinization via a specialized RNA-dependent DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway [129].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Azman, 2014, Transposable elements and the detection of somaclonal variation in plant tissue culture: A review, Malays. Appl. Biol.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Advantages of producing somaclonal variations in medicinal plants include that it is a simpler, faster, and cheaper way to obtain new varieties compared to classic breeding methods, and is useful for perennial species with a long vegetation period.

    “To resume, some of the advantages of producing somaclonal variations in medicinal plants are: 1. It represents a simpler, faster, and cheaper way to obtain new varieties of plants compared to classic breeding methods. Thus, it is also very useful for perennial species, with a long vegetation period;”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In medicinal plants, changes in secondary metabolite synthesis patterns can be observed, most often generated by genetic and epigenetic adaptations of secondary metabolite production mechanisms to stressful conditions associated with in vitro multiplication.

    “In medicinal plants, and not only those obtained by in vitro cultivation technologies, changes in the secondary metabolite synthesis patterns can be observed. These changes are most often generated by the genetic and epigenetic adaptations of the mechanisms of secondary metabolite production to the stressful conditions associated with the in vitro multiplication process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In vitro multiplication conditions are stressful for medicinal plants.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Maintaining genetic fidelity is essential because the aim is to preserve a useful character of economic importance, so genetic or epigenetic variations reflected in the phenotype represent a big problem.

    “Maintaining genetic fidelity is essential because the aim is to preserve a useful character of economic importance, so the genetic or epigenetic variations reflected in the phenotype represent a big problem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some transposable elements become reactivated in in vitro cultures, with epigenetic changes occurring through the cultivation process being responsible for their activation.

    “Some TEs become reactivated in in vitro cultures, with epigenetic changes that occur through the cultivation process being responsible for their activation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    An advantage of producing somaclonal variations in medicinal plants is that it is appropriate for plant species with limited genetic diversity, and the generation of somaclonal variations does not require knowledge about the genome of the respective species.

    “3. It is appropriate for plant species with limited genetic diversity. However, the generation of somaclonal variations does not require knowledge about the genome of the respective species.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In strawberry, four miRNAs were differentially expressed between conventional and in vitro micropropagated plants: miR535 and miR390 were up-regulated, and miR169a and miR169d were down-regulated in in vitro micropropagated plants.

    “They found that four miRNAs were differentially expressed between the two groups of plants: miR535 and miR390 were up-regulated, and miR169a and miR169d down-regulated in in vitro micropropagated plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al. (2012) [132]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants represents an alternative to conventional crop improvement, ensuring rapid propagation of disease-free plants, preservation of valuable genotypes, exploitation of somaclonal variations, and manipulation of plant genomes through genetic engineering.

    “In vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants represents an alternative to conventional crop improvement, ensuring the rapid propagation of disease-free plants, preservation of valuable genotypes, exploitation of somaclonal variations, and manipulation of plant genomes through genetic engineering.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
43 of 43

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a very high demand for a wide variety of medicinal plants on the market, and these species face challenges in natural habitats due to excessive harvesting and environmental pollution, leading to a dramatic decrease in genetic diversity within these species.

    “At present, there is a very high demand for a wide variety of medicinal plants on the market; therefore, these species face numerous challenges in their natural habitats, especially due to excessive harvesting and environmental pollution, which lead to a dramatic decrease in genetic diversity within these species.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In vitro multiplication of medicinal plants allows obtaining disease-free plants on a large scale and commercial-scale production of plant metabolites, thus compensating for habitat degradation and preserving natural plant populations.

    “The in vitro multiplication of medicinal plants allows for obtaining disease-free plants on a large scale, as well as commercial-scale production of plant metabolites, thus compensating for habitat degradation and preserving natural plant populations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chromosomal or genomic mutations have phenotypic consequences, some of which are associated with economically/commercially useful characters.

    “More than point mutations, chromosomal or genomic ones have phenotypic consequences, some of which are associated with economically/commercially useful characters.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    ISSR and RAPD are dominant markers and do not allow discrimination between heterozygote and homozygote individuals.

    “For example, ISSR and RAPD have a major disadvantage because are dominant markers, i.e., do not allow discrimination between heterozygote and homozygote individuals.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    SSR markers can differentiate between homo- and heterozygotes and do not require high-molecular-weight DNA, but involve high costs if adequate primer sequences for the species of interest are unavailable.

    “SSR markers have the advantage that they can differentiate between homo- and heterozygotes and do not require high-molecular-weight DNA (because the amplified sequences are between 100–300 pb), but they have the major disadvantage that they involve high costs if adequate primer sequences for the species of interest are unavailable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    SSR markers are prone to have “null alleles”, i.e., no amplification of the intended PCR product, due to mutation in primer annealing sites, which may lead to errors in scoring.

    “Moreover, SSR markers are prone to have “null alleles”, i.e., no amplification of the intended PCR product, due to the mutation that can occur in the primer annealing sites, which may lead to errors in scoring.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Activation of transposable elements can be a source of mutations, duplications, rearrangements, modification of gene expression, and genomic instability.

    “Since the activation of TE can be a source of mutations, duplications, rearrangements, modification of gene expression, and, finally, genomic instability, it is necessary to deepen the studies regarding the involvement of TE in the generation of somaclonal variations in medicinal plants micropropagated in vitro.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Not all somaclonal variations at the level of the genome and epigenome are manifested phenotypically.

    “However, it is necessary that the morphological, biochemical, genetic, or epigenetic differences between donor plants and clones be identified as early as possible, using a complex of screening techniques, especially since not all somaclonal variations at the level of the genome and epigenome are manifested phenotypically.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In vitro multiplication conditions are stressful for medicinal plants.

    “These changes are most often generated by the genetic and epigenetic adaptations of the mechanisms of secondary metabolite production to the stressful conditions associated with the in vitro multiplication process.”
9 of 9

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • RAPD results described as monomorphic despite reported polymorphism

    Minor

    The sentence cites study [65] as an example in which RAPD produced only monomorphic bands, but Table 2 reports 9.6% polymorphisms for that study.

  • Cited study's year differs from its reference entry

    Minor

    The text calls the cited Li et al. study a 2012 publication, whereas reference [132] lists its year as 2010.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 8

  1. Bojadzievski, 1992, The health services in Bitola through the centuries, Bitola Soc. Sci. Art, 1992, 15
  2. Egbuna, C., Prakash Mishra, A., and Goyal, M.G. (2021). Preparation of Phytopharmaceuticals for the Management of Disorders, Academic Press Elsevier Inc.
  3. Everett, N. (2012). The Alphabet of Galen: Pharmacy from Antiquity to the Middle Ages—A Critical Edition of the Latin Text with English Translation and Commentary, University of Toronto Press.
  4. Maftei, 2011, Some considerations regarding the in vitro culture of Rhodiola rosea L., Rom. Biotechnol. Lett., 16, 5902
  5. Tripathy, 2016, Somaclonal variation for genetic improvement in grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.), Legum. Res., 39, 329
  6. Wakhlu, 1988, Chromosome studies in hypocotyl callus cultures and regenerated plants of Plantago ovata Forssk, Nucleus, 31, 14
  7. Sahu, 2018, Assessment of genetic fidelity of micro propagated plants of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. using DNA markers, ASAG, 2, 121
  8. Gandhi, 2020, Genetic fidelity of the in vitro micropropagated Pavetta indica by RAPD and ISSR markers assay, IJSTR, 9, 1759

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Duta-Cornescu, G., Constantin, N., Pojoga, D.-M., Nicuta, D., & Simon-Gruita, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Bucharest (RO)
  • Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 06010 Bucuresti, Romania
  • Department of Biology, Ecology and Environment Protection, Faculty of Science, University “Vasile Alecsandri”, 600115 Bacau, Romania
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-01-03
Volume
24
Issue
1
Pages
838
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms24010838
PMC
PMC9821087
OpenAlex
W4313466536
Cited by
108
References
129
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 15
FWCI
2.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Genetic and Mutation Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Keywords
somaclonal variation, micropropagation, medicinal plants, plant tissue culture, genetic fidelity, cytogenetics, epigenetics, DNA markers, secondary metabolites, pathogen-free plants, plant conservation
MeSH terms
Genetic Markers, Genotype, Phenotype, Plants, Medicinal, Epigenesis, Genetic

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

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